Bücher von Andreas Sofroniou

Logic as a subject includes the study of correct reasoning, especially as it involves the drawing of inferences.This book is concerned with the basic elements and problems of contemporary logic and provides the history of Logic and an overview of its different fields.Theorists have applied the rational choice approach to politics. In these fields it competes especially with explanations in terms of cultural, socialization and adherence to social norms.The theory of Logic and its various references explores possible ways of escaping from such dilemmas.

Rousseau was one of the leading figures in the so-called 'Romantic Reaction' which followed the 'Age of Enlightenment'. The latter was the name given to the period from about 1650 till late in the eighteenth century when the leading thinkers of both England and France were inspired by a faith in the power of human reason to achieve a final understanding of the universe and to provide a rational guide for human conduct. It is generally agreed that the central theme of Rousseau's Social Contract - man's loss of his natural liberties in the modern state played no small part in fanning the flames of discontent which culminated in the French Revolution. Rousseau argues that the social contract provides the solution to this fundamental problem. By this he means that a society founded upon a social contract, will provide its members with both the freedom of the state of nature and the advantages of civil law and order.

Machiavelli's first post was that of Clerk in the Second Chancery of the Commune and in I498 he was promoted as a Second Chancellor and Secretary. He continued in this office till the year 15I2.While thus employed he undertook a large number of diplomatic missions both to the petty courts of Italy and to other countries, and it was the experience of these missions which was largely responsible for forming the views which he subsequently expounded in his political writings. He was specially influenced by his mission to the camp of Cesare Borgia, Duke of Valentinois, in 1502.Although Machiavelli had undertaken this mission unwillingly, he soon conceived an intense admiration for Cesare's resourcefulness in resorting alternatively to diplomacy and force as instruments of government and for his firm administration of conquered provinces.Machiavelli idealised Cesare's achievements and thought that Cesare had attained, more than any other public figure of the time; the embodiment of a perfect ruler.

The Eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus is probably one of the most ancient of civilised countries in the world, with a history of more than twelve thousand years of civilisation and human development.Yet, hardly ever was Cyprus completely liberated from the most ancient and historical empires of the Middle East and the European dynasties.From the ancient classical times, the Greeks settled in Cyprus and remained until the present times. Since Alexander the Great's occupation, the Ptolemaic period, Cleopatra's kingdom, and thereafter centuries long of Byzantine Hellenism, the Cypriots remained as Grecian as any other part of the prolonged Hellenic history.Otherwise, Empires such as the Hittites, Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, Egyptians, Greeks, Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Italian Kingdoms, French, Franks, Ottoman, British, and Turks, are just a few of the people who made Cyprus their own.

In reading through this book, the reader will find that through the centuries, philosophy as a subject contributed more than any other subject in the shaping of our lives, how we exist, behave and how we control our destiny.The content of this book will still be of importance to the reader and without any compromising, a training tool for the philosopher, psychologist. sociologist and behaviourist. There is no doubt that this subject is deep and vast. Backed by recent social events and political debating, philosophy in its plentiful branches can only be helpful in preparing people to obtain an acceptable style of living and a harmonious mode of interacting with society.Although this concept centres around the universal reason behind social events, the basic idea of reason behind human events works through the ideas held by an individual, until they are challenged by ideas which replace them and are challenged usually by conflict. So conflict (war), reasoned Hegel, is an instrument of progress.

For us Cypriots poetry means the creation of anything, in this case structurally using words with specific meaning. The composition of poetry is, therefore, an art where words construct sentences, verses using metaphors and symbols, which in turn are based on imagination...A poem does not have to rhyme and yet it can be a stanza, a canto to a loved one, an ode to a hero, a sarcastic remark to emphasise the importance of a point made, an elegy composed to explain feelings arranged as a work of art.What prose can explain in three hundred pages, a poem (as a masterpiece) can express in one single page; with more meaning, using larger-than-life pictures describing timeless classic scenes, memorable events and bringing immortality to life itself.The poems included in this collection have endured time and kept the promise of including all that is described above. The subjects chosen, show such versatility that the reader will require time to read the elevated expression of thoughts and feelings.

Yusuf's Odyssey:From one range of mountains to the next hilly land, the adventures of a young man in the eastern-most of islands in the Mediterranean sea, a beautiful youth, willingly and against his wishes and by fate, he is thrown into the bitter conflicts of human races and their cultures. Bitter fights follow him, from one country to the other. His unexpected adventures continue as a modern-day slave in a male brothel in London. His many quests continue in unexpected places until his bravery lands him on his feet...

PSYCHOTHERAPY, CONCEPTS OF TREATMENTThe simplistic explanation of psychotherapy is that it deals with the treatment of disorders of emotion or personality by psychological methods. There are arguments about the effectiveness of psychotherapies, but it is generally agreed that success depends on a secure, confiding relationship between the therapist and patient and on a shared confidence in the capacity of the therapist and his or her theory to explain and eliminate the problem.In recent times psychotherapy gained recognition as a theory of and therapy for the mental disorders known as neuroses, and a general theory of personality and emotional development constructed by the many schools of behavioural sciences.Although the theories which psychotherapists follow are arguably the most inclusive in psychology, they still have fundamental conceptual weaknesses. Never-the-less, it is consider effective alongside the other forms of therapy, i.e. behavioural therapy, and treatments offered by psychiatry.

An instinct is the mechanism by which animals and humans can perform complex behaviour patterns without learning or conscious effort. Instinctive behaviours are inherited and have evolved to be adaptive, fitting the organism to its particular role.Instinct is of particular importance in animal behaviours such as courtship, mating, and other reproductive activities. More general behaviours such as feeding and defence may have an instinctive base. Many birds, some grasshoppers, frogs, and a number of other animals have song or call patterns that attract mates and are based upon instinct.Instinctive behaviours often require a stimulus or releaser to initiate them. The herring-gull chick pecks the red spot on the adult's bill, releasing its instinctive feeding behaviour. A releaser will operate only if conditions, both internal and external to the organism, are suitable.

The three terms 'Marxism', 'Socialism', and 'Communism' have different meanings and are often confused.While Marxism is a philosophical and scientific theory about the nature of social evolution, 'Communism' and' 'Socialism' are words which are usually employed to designate certain political policies. The relationship between these policies and Marxism is that they aim, in varying degrees, at achieving the ends which Marxism is believed to justify.The difference, between Communists and Socialists is that Socialists accept the principle of achieving their ends through the machinery of a free democracy while Communists accept this only in so far as it is inevitable, and are ready to resort to unconstitutional means to attain their ends when such methods appear likely to be more successful.Although these seem to be the ends of both Socialism and Communism, there is no ground for the belief that Marxism justifies these ends in a moral sense, i.e. shows that they ought to be pursued.

The importance of democracy as a system of government the reader must remember that this sovereignty rests with the whole people, who rule either directly or through representatives. In the contemporary world, democracy is closely associated with the idea of choosing governments by periodic free multiparty elections. The chief elements of representative democracy are: Freedom of speech and expression; Periodic free elections; the right to form competing parties to contest these elections; a government which is responsible to the legislature and to public opinion. Where one or more of these elements is absent, the system is unlikely to be genuinely democratic. There has also been pressure for more democracy at a lower level, particularly in the way that work is organised. The social conditions for stable democratic government have been considered, with the level of economic development. Thus, the advanced capitalist societies are nearly all representative democracies.

A young, handsome Cypriot Turk called Yusuf is tossed by fate into the vortex of a bitter conflict. Following his many adventures, the young Turk is forced to continue his quest for his future in unexpected circumstances and places. What follows is love, lust, violence, philosophy, architecture, battle, poetry, psychology and politics; from alpha to omega. Yusuf, a dazzlingly handsome young citizen of a noble family, is capture in battle and delivered into modern slavery and prostitution. Befriended by an academic in London and adopted by an English gentleman, he rises to prominence in an era of matchless braver, corruption and conflict.

The application of technology and its integrations includes the scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to the change and manipulation of the human environment. Circa 3000 years BC many new technologies were developed; irrigation systems, road networks and wheeled vehicles, a pictographic form of writing and new building techniques. The new ideas and techniques engendered official persecution, but by the mid-17th century the tide of opinion had changed. By the late 17th century, technology essentially meant engineering. During the 19th century science began to create new technologies. This continued into the 20th century with the introduction of computing, Internet, Artificial Intelligence and other services made possible only because of further advances in science. In recent years Western aid has sought to develop appropriate technologies, using local materials and techniques, in partnership with the indigenous peoples.

The philosophy of the mind deals with the examination of problems revolving around the concept of the mind. The mental may be distinguished from the physical in various ways: intentionality and consciousness provide important features of mental states. An important part of the argument is the claim that mental states are known in a special way: they are directly given, transparent to their owner and known infallibly.Monist and materialist believe that reality is physical and explained by natural science; sought in various ways to understand the mind in material terms. Behaviourism advocates that psychology should concern itself exclusively with observation of behaviour, disregarding introspection altogether. Others propose that mental states are the same as states of the brain. Dissatisfaction with these overly simple attempts to incorporate the mental into the physical realm led to the development of functionalism.

Religion is a crucial source of legitimacy and Political mobilisation in Cultures. Conflict between groups is often within one state, based upon different religion, race, language, culture, history and ethnicity. Chaos may be caused due to scarce resources or in forms of oppression and prejudice, racism, segregation, and discrimination; culminating in civil war.Language differences reinforced by religious beliefs have often been a focus of political tension. Ethnic conflict is widespread in former colonies, where borders were drawn with no regard for the cultural differences. Secularisation and decline of religious belief are regarded as hallmarks of modernisation.

The Hellenic Diaspora (Dispersion) is the collective term for the process which began with the accelerated destruction of the captured Greek territories by the Roman Empire. Some Greeks interpret diaspora as exile, others as a positive aspect of Hellenism's ethnic and spiritual destiny, who remained loyal to their faith, ethnicity and homeland. The beheading of Archimedes was the beginning of the brain drain of Greeks to the Middle East, Asia and Northern Africa.The existence of these diaspora communities was also an important factor in the spread of Christianity. By the early Middle Ages Europe was the centre of Hellenic scholarship, but from the time of the Crusaders, anti-orthodoxy and the persecution of Hellenes begun. Eastern Europe welcomed Greek victims of persecution and by the 17th century Eastern Europe had become the diaspora's centre, until the massacres of the 1821 and 1915 by the Ottomans, thus many Greeks migrated to Germany, Britain and the USA.

THEOLOGY RELATIONSHIP OF RELIGIONS AND PHILOSOPHYTheological functions and interests imply that theology can master the disciplines with which it is confronted. Theology is based on authority (revelation) as documented in scriptures of various religions, philosophical, philological, historical studies and hermeneutical (critical interpretive) questions. Theological tasks broaden into a concern with the history and traditions of religions. With such approaches difficult and controversial questions arise; whether and to what extent the scriptural standards of the sources of revelation are modified by traditions.These problems play an important part in the relationship of people, cultures and their political philosophies. Thus, the question of truth posed by theology requires the constitution of a discipline that specifically concerns itself with fundamental questions, as is in systematic theology.

Every individual has the right to pursue knowledge, to engage in research, or to teach independently of any political control. Academic freedom is desirable because knowledge is best discovered by the open investigation of facts and opinions. Nations exercise control over academic and educational systems. Some exploit this control for the purpose of indoctrination.Political theorists as diverse as Plato and Marx have argued that education gives people power to change their lives and enables whole societies to develop. The value of education can be illustrated by its impact in poorer countries. For the individual, education means access to better-paid, more varied jobs and higher status. Governments usually wish to hold down the potentially limitless costs of education while ensuring the production of a skilled and law-abiding citizenry, whereas others may have concerns about curriculum, assessment and discipline. In consequence, battles may be fought, but are rarely conclusively won.

The simplistic explanation of psychotherapy is that it deals with the treatment of disorders of emotion or personality by psychological methods. Formerly, this was the treatment of disease by psychic or hypnotic influence. As the profession of psychotherapy is now established, the treatment of emotional or behavioural problems by psychological means, often in one-to-one interviews or small groups, is now the accepted norm.The amount of branches in the fields of psychotherapies, psychology and counselling, medical and psychiatric treatments; the schools of ideas are innumerable. In certain cases the encouragement to develop their talents, follow academic studies, and show them the way of professional portability and continuous self-development will improve their chances for suitable careers. Any of these may be the suitable treatment of uncertainty, anxiety, panic attacks and a few other psychological and medical complaints.

This book is dealing with the study of mythology around the world, relating to and dealing with the interpretation of myths, legends, and occasionally extending to logos, speech. It explains myths and their allegorical narrative pertaining to the gods, demigods, and legendary heroes of a particular people and their branch of knowledge that deals with a popular belief or assumption that has grown up around someone or something. Myths explained as traditional stories about the past, often including religious or fantastic elements; as they can be found in all societies, although they may function in different ways. They may be attempts to explain the origins of the universe and of mankind, the development of political institutions, or the reasons for ritual practices, or they may simply be told for the love of a good story.

This book deals with Metaphysics as a branch of philosophy which studies the most general categories, concepts and descriptions of ourselves and the world; causality, substance, ontology, time, and reality. Metaphysical questions can ask whether our actions are subject to causality, which gives rise to the problem of free will, and the question of whether our mental experiences involve a separate substance from body is a major issue in the philosophy of mind. Although metaphysics dates back to the ancient Greeks, the rise of science led to attempts by philosophers to limit the claims of metaphysics, and earlier in the last century scientifically minded philosophers such as the logical positivists claimed that metaphysical assertions were meaningless. In modern times the term used for the interpretation of Metaphysics is widely miscomprehended. The misunderstanding of the subject of Metaphysics extends to the mystical and esoteric feelings of the oriental religions and conceptions of therapeutic methods.

The nine sections of this book, under the title of ART FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY include the understanding of the children's and adults' approach to life, their artistic expressions, and the various diagnostic methods of art, as regards the behaviour and therapy of human beings. Explained in the book are the concepts of doodling, scribbling, painting, sketching, sculpturing, and art in general. Also, described are the history of cinematography and its modern technological devices, such as the imaginary stories and the computerised cartoons for all ages of viewers. The history of sorcery and magic, and their modern scientific concepts are also included. Described and illustrated in length are: Art Therapy as a recognised profession, Adlerian Individual Psychology, Jungian Psychotherapy, Freudian Psycho-analysis, the ethical approach to practising, and how in modern times these occupations handle the treatment of children and adults.

Through the ages man has been pre-occupied with logic, sanity and moral standards, probably more than other concepts. Societies through their various stages of evolution varied the theme with distinct differences in their demands on standards, dogmas, and regional culture. These variations of morality place a big demand on science. Individuals from different cultures, social groups, of known and unknown social norms may occupy the practitioner's couch; the significance of this being the understanding demanded of the therapist. People live in groups and humans choose to live in groups, simply for what they can get out of society. Those who choose to live in solitude become recluse in monasteries and nunneries, or become thinkers in isolation high up in mountains. The causation theory regarding the logic and sanity analysis in this book includes the seemingly necessary connection between one event (the cause) and the other (the effect).

The History of Systems, Engineering, and Technology are the terms used to describe the applications of computing and engineering in general. Such terms have become prevalent with the increasing use of computers, data processing, and information retrieval. The contents of this book deal with all processes within IT, architecture, telecommunications, operating system, applications languages, e-commerce, databases, machines, and their analyses. Under the section of Technology the book includes the history of technology, engineering in the ancient world, tools and weapons. The book also covers the recent manufacturing of military technology, agriculture, crafts, communications, and the atomic power. In this write-up the subjects of pharmaceuticals and medical technology, space exploration, science, criticisms of technology, the dilemmatic nuclear technology, and their histories are well presented. The population explosion and its impact in modern societies, education and crime, are discussed accordingly.

International law, sometimes called the law of nations, has evolved over the last 400 years. The three major sources of international law according to Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice are: international conventions or treaties; international customs; and the general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations. The Permanent Court of Arbitration was established by the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907, and the Permanent Court of International Justice was set up in 1921 and succeeded in 1946 by the International Court of Justice. Since World War II international organizations such as the UN and its related bodies have contributed to the expansion and increased scope of international law to include political and strategic affairs, economic, social, communications, and environmental matters. By the 1990s international law had shown its durability and flexibility by expanding to cover new areas of world relations, and its efficacy through the machinery of the UN.

Adler, Alfred - the psychiatrist whose influential system of individual psychology introduced the term inferiority feeling/complex. He developed a flexible, supportive psychotherapy to direct those emotionally disabled by inferiority feelings toward maturity, common sense, and social usefulness. Adler maintained a strong awareness of social problems, and this served as a principal motivation in his work. From his earliest years as a physician he stressed consideration of the patient in relation to his total environment, and he began developing a humanistic, holistic approach to human problems. Adler explored psychopathology within the context of general medicine and in 1902 became associated with Sigmund Freud. Gradually, differences between the two became irreconcilable, notably after the appearance of Adler's Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation, in which he suggested that persons try to compensate psychologically for a physical disability and its attendant feeling of inferiority.

If one schematically compares the three principal tendencies in psychotherapy (Freudian, Jungian, Adlerian) with regard to the direction in which their central thought leads, one could say:- The analytical method of Sigmund Freud looks for the causae efficientes, the causes of the later behavioural disturbances. Alfred Adler considers and treats the initial situation with regard to a causa finalis and both see in the drives the causae materiales. In Carl Gustav Jung's case the term 'synthesis' is based on his abandonment of the causal thinking of the alternative psychological methods of treatment. Jungian psychotherapy, therefore, is not an analytical procedure in the usual meaning of this term. Whatever the differences among Freud's, Jung's and Adler's extensive works on the therapeutic methodologies; scientists, artists, thinkers and practitioners accept the great importance of Adler's, Freud's and Jung's studies for medicine, psychology, anthropology, religion, art, history, literature,etc.