Bücher von Bhupendra Singh Chauhan

Parmi les carburants liquides renouvelables, les alcools ont été extrêmement populaires et sont des carburants alternatifs largement utilisés dans les moteurs à combustion interne. Les alcools peuvent être produits dans la plupart des régions du monde à partir de biomasse sélectionnée, notamment de résidus agricoles. Les cultures énergétiques telles que la pomme de terre, le sorgho sucré, etc. sont des sources potentielles de production d'éthanol. Les caractéristiques physiques et thermodynamiques des alcools n'en font pas des carburants particulièrement adaptés aux moteurs à combustion interne, mais ils offrent un moyen de réduire les émissions de composés sulfureux, de fumée, de particules et de NOx. L'éthanol améliore l'indice d'octane et a un rendement volumétrique plus élevé, ce qui entraîne une augmentation de la puissance. Il présente également l'avantage d'avoir des limites d'inflammabilité plus larges et une vitesse de flamme plus élevée.

Entre os combustíveis líquidos renováveis, os álcoois têm sido extremamente populares e são amplamente utilizados como combustível alternativo nos motores de IC. Os álcoois podem ser produzidos na maioria das partes do mundo a partir de biomassa seleccionada, incluindo resíduos agrícolas. Culturas energéticas como a batata, sorgo doce, etc., são fontes potenciais de produção de etanol. As características físicas e termodinâmicas do álcool não as tornam particularmente adequadas para combustível para motores de IC, mas oferecem um meio de reduzir as emissões de escape de compostos de enxofre, fumo, partículas e NOx. O etanol melhora o número de octanas e tem uma maior eficiência volumétrica, levando a uma maior potência e tem vantagens de limites de inflamabilidade mais amplos e uma maior velocidade de chama.

Entre los combustibles líquidos renovables, los alcoholes gozan de gran popularidad y son un combustible alternativo muy utilizado en motores de combustión interna. Los alcoholes pueden producirse en la mayor parte del mundo a partir de biomasa seleccionada, incluidos los residuos agrícolas. Los cultivos energéticos como la patata, el sorgo dulce, etc. son fuentes potenciales de producción de etanol. Las características físicas y termodinámicas de los alcoholes no los hacen especialmente adecuados como combustible para motores de encendido por compresión, pero ofrecen un medio para reducir las emisiones de escape de compuestos de azufre, humo, partículas y NOx. El etanol mejora el índice de octano y tiene un mayor rendimiento volumétrico, lo que se traduce en un aumento de la potencia, y presenta las ventajas de unos límites de inflamabilidad más amplios y una mayor velocidad de la llama.

Tra i carburanti liquidi rinnovabili, gli alcoli sono estremamente popolari e sono ampiamente utilizzati come carburante alternativo nei motori ad accensione spontanea. Gli alcoli possono essere prodotti nella maggior parte del mondo da biomasse selezionate, compresi i residui agricoli. Colture energetiche come la patata, il sorgo dolce ecc. sono fonti potenziali di produzione di etanolo. Le caratteristiche fisiche e termodinamiche degli alcolici non li rendono particolarmente adatti come carburante per i motori ad accensione comandata, ma offrono un mezzo per ridurre le emissioni di gas di scarico di composti di zolfo, fumo, particolato e NOx. L'etanolo migliora il numero di ottano e ha un'efficienza volumetrica più elevata, con conseguente aumento della potenza, e presenta i vantaggi di limiti di infiammabilità più ampi e velocità di fiamma più elevata.

Sredi wozobnowlqemyh widow zhidkogo topliwa spirty pol'zuütsq ogromnoj populqrnost'ü i shiroko ispol'zuütsq w kachestwe al'ternatiwnogo topliwa w dwigatelqh CI. Spirty mogut proizwodit'sq w bol'shinstwe regionow mira iz wybrannoj biomassy, wklüchaq sel'skohozqjstwennye othody. Jenergeticheskie kul'tury, takie kak kartofel', sladkoe sorgo i drugie, qwlqütsq potencial'nymi istochnikami proizwodstwa ätanola. Fizicheskie i termodinamicheskie harakteristiki spirtow ne delaüt ih osobenno podhodqschim topliwom dlq dwigatelej CI, no oni predlagaüt sredstwa dlq snizheniq wybrosow sernistyh soedinenij, dyma, twerdyh chastic i NOx. Jetanol powyshaet oktanowoe chislo i imeet bolee wysokij ob#emnyj KPD, chto priwodit k uwelicheniü moschnosti, a takzhe obladaet takimi preimuschestwami, kak bolee shirokie predely wosplamenqemosti i bolee wysokaq skorost' plameni.

Unter den erneuerbaren flüssigen Kraftstoffen sind Alkohole äußerst beliebt und werden häufig als alternative Kraftstoffe in Verbrennungsmotoren verwendet. Alkohole können in den meisten Teilen der Welt aus ausgewählter Biomasse, einschließlich landwirtschaftlicher Rückstände, hergestellt werden. Energiepflanzen wie Kartoffeln, Zuckerhirse usw. sind potenzielle Quellen für die Ethanolproduktion. Aufgrund ihrer physikalischen und thermodynamischen Eigenschaften eignen sich Alkohole nicht besonders gut als Kraftstoff für Verbrennungsmotoren, aber sie bieten eine Möglichkeit zur Verringerung der Abgasemissionen von Schwefelverbindungen, Rauch, Partikeln und NOx. Ethanol verbessert die Oktanzahl und hat einen höheren volumetrischen Wirkungsgrad, was zu einer höheren Leistung führt, und hat den Vorteil einer breiteren Entflammbarkeitsgrenze und einer höheren Flammengeschwindigkeit.

Among the renewable liquid fuels, alcohols have been extremely popular and are widely used alternative fuel in CI engines. Alcohols can be produced in most parts of the world from selected biomass, including agriculture residues. Energy crops such as potato, sweet sorghum etc are potential sources of ethanol production. The physical and thermodynamic characteristics of alcohol do not make them particularly suitable for fuel for CI engines, but they offer a means of reducing exhaust emission of sulphur compounds, smoke, particulate matter and NOx. Ethanol improves the octane number and has a higher volumetric efficiency leading to increased power and has advantages of wider flammability limits and higher flame velocity.

Diesel engines are used in a wide range of industry such as agriculture, transportation, building and energy production due to their high efficiency. Besides, with the development in electronics technology diesel engines are being more and more used in automobiles. Because a good many of diesel engines are being used, we are in need of petroleum more than ever. On the other hand, it is also commonly recognized today that the world petroleum energy resources are finite, thus many researchers have been carried out to find suitable alternative fuels to petroleum products. Researches, on alternative fuels to petroleum based fuels, are increased since petroleum fuels are finite, as well as pollution resulted from their combustion have sincere affects on environments. It is important for an alternative diesel fuels to be technically acceptable, economically competitive, environmentally acceptable and easily available. Many researchers have concluded that biodiesel holds promise as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. Therefore, biodiesel can be used in diesel engines with few or no modifications. Diesel-fuel blends with biodiesel have superior lubricity, which reduces wear and tear