Bücher von Dr Muhammad Shahid

The study investigates the determinants of gross capital formation in Pakistan. The ARDL bound testing approach, developed by Pesaran et al. (2001), is applied to examine the cointegration or the long run relationship among the selected variables. The Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) is used to scrutinize the short run impact on independent variables upon the gross capital formation. Studying determinants of capital formation is important in economic literature because it has vast implications in handling the issue of low capital formation in developing countries. Capital formation facilitates infrastructure development, and utilizes internal resources for production and manufacturing, encourage savings by increasing the number of financial institutions that ultimately lead to higher economic growth. The findings of this study are important for formulation of development strategies.

Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells grow and divide aggressively without beyond to normal limits, invade and destroy adjacent tissues and spread to other locations in the body. Cancer is usually classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate. Cancer cells continue to grow and divide so they are different from normal cells. Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but risk for the more common varieties tends to increase with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths. A definitive diagnosis usually requires the histological examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist. A tumor marker is a substance found in the blood, urine, or body tissues that can be elevated in cancer, among other tissue types. The objectives of this research project are to preliminary screening of population in order to determine prevalence of cancer by using tumor markers and to diagnose cancer at early stage, when it is most curable.