Bücher von Dramane Samaké

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa crónica y contagiosa causada por el complejo Mycobacterium tuberculosis , y representa un importante problema de salud pública. Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en 2019, 10 millones de personas contrajeron tuberculosis y 1,4 millones murieron a causa de ella. Es una de las 10 principales causas de muerte en el mundo y la principal causa de muerte debida a un único agente infeccioso. Uno de los principales factores que alimentan la epidemia de tuberculosis es la aparición y propagación de cepas de tuberculosis resistentes a los medicamentos.En 2020, Mali, un gran país con recursos limitados, registró 6.922 casos incidentes de tuberculosis, incluidos 22 pacientes con TB-MDR, con una incidencia de 53 casos por cada 100.000 habitantes. La OMS estima que alrededor del 1% de los nuevos pacientes de TB y el 14% de los pacientes previamente tratados en Malí tienen TB-MDR.Teniendo en cuenta todos estos factores, el objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar la susceptibilidad de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a los fármacos antituberculosos en personas que nunca han recibido tratamiento antituberculoso.

Tuberculosis is a chronic, contagious infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and represents a major public health problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2019, 10 million people contracted tuberculosis and 1.4 million died from it. It is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, and the leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent. One of the main factors fuelling the TB epidemic is the emergence and spread of drug-resistant strains of MTB.In 2020, Mali, a large country with limited resources, recorded 6,922 incident cases of tuberculosis, including 22 MDR-TB patients, for an incidence of 53 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. WHO estimates that around 1% of new TB patients and 14% of previously treated patients in Mali have MDR-TB.In view of all these factors, the aim of this thesis is to study the susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anti-tuberculosis drugs in people who have never undergone anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Die Tuberkulose ist eine chronische, ansteckende Infektionskrankheit,die durch den Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Komplex verursacht wird und ein großes Problem für die öffentliche Gesundheit darstellt. Laut der Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO) erkrankten im Jahr 2019 10 Millionen Menschen an Tuberkulose und 1,4 Millionen starben daran. Sie ist eine der zehn häufigsten Todesursachen weltweit und die häufigste Todesursache, die auf einen einzigen Erreger zurückzuführen ist. Einer der Hauptfaktoren, die die TB-Epidemie anheizen, ist das Auftreten und die Verbreitung von arzneimittelresistenten MTB-Stämmen.Mali, ein großes Land mit begrenzten Ressourcen, verzeichnete im Jahr 2020 6.922 Tuberkulosevorfälle, darunter 22 MDR-TB-Patienten, bei einer Inzidenz von 53 Fällen pro 100.000 Einwohner. Die WHO schätzt, dass etwa 1% der neuen Tuberkulosepatienten und 14% der zuvor behandelten Patienten in Mali an MDR-TB erkrankt sind.Aufgrund all dieser Faktoren soll in der vorliegenden Dissertation die Empfindlichkeit von Mycobacterium tuberculosis gegenüber Tuberkulosemitteln bei Personen untersucht werden, die sich noch nie einer Tuberkulosebehandlung unterzogen haben.

La tubercolosi è una malattia infettiva cronica e contagiosa causata dal complesso Mycobacterium tuberculosis e rappresenta un grave problema di salute pubblica. Secondo l'Organizzazione Mondiale della Sanità (OMS), nel 2019 10 milioni di persone hanno contratto la tubercolosi e 1,4 milioni ne sono morte. È una delle 10 principali cause di morte al mondo e la principale causa di morte dovuta a un singolo agente infettivo. Uno dei principali fattori che alimentano l'epidemia di tubercolosi è la comparsa e la diffusione di ceppi di tubercolosi resistenti ai farmaci.Nel 2020, il Mali, un grande Paese con risorse limitate, ha registrato 6.922 casi di tubercolosi, tra cui 22 pazienti con MDR-TB, per un'incidenza di 53 casi ogni 100.000 abitanti. L'OMS stima che circa l'1% dei nuovi pazienti affetti da tubercolosi e il 14% dei pazienti precedentemente trattati in Mali siano affetti da MDR-TB.Alla luce di tutti questi fattori, l'obiettivo di questa tesi è studiare la suscettibilità del Mycobacterium tuberculosis ai farmaci antitubercolari in persone che non sono mai state sottoposte a un trattamento antitubercolare.

A tuberculose é uma doença infecciosa crónica e contagiosa causada pelo complexo Mycobacterium tuberculosis e representa um importante problema de saúde pública. De acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), em 2019, 10 milhões de pessoas contraíram tuberculose e 1,4 milhões morreram da doença. É uma das 10 principais causas de morte no mundo e a principal causa de morte devida a um único agente infeccioso. Um dos principais factores que alimentam a epidemia de tuberculose é o aparecimento e a propagação de estirpes de tuberculose resistentes aos medicamentos.Em 2020, o Mali, um grande país com recursos limitados, registou 6 922 casos incidentes de tuberculose, incluindo 22 doentes com TB-MDR, para uma incidência de 53 casos por 100 000 habitantes. A OMS estima que cerca de 1% dos novos doentes com tuberculose e 14% dos doentes previamente tratados no Mali têm TB-MDR.Tendo em conta todos estes factores, o objectivo desta tese é estudar a susceptibilidade do Mycobacterium tuberculosis aos medicamentos anti-tuberculose em pessoas que nunca foram submetidas a um tratamento anti-tuberculose.

La co-infection VIH/Tuberculose revêt plusieurs aspects tant du point de vue épidémiologique, diagnostique que de celui des approches thérapeutiques. Notre travail avait pour but de décrire ces différents aspects à travers une revue de la littérature en Afrique. Il s¿agissait d¿une revue de la littérature des publications sur la co-infection VIH/Tuberculose en Afrique entre 1985 et 2013. Au total nous avons répertorié 40 publications dans 16 pays comprenant l¿Afrique Occidentale (Burkina Faso, Sénégal, Bénin, Mali, Nigéria, Ghana); l¿Afrique Australe (Afrique du Sud, Angola, Malawi); l¿Afrique Orientale (Tanzanie, Djibouti, Ethiopie, Kenya); l¿Afrique centrale (République démocratique du Congo RDC, Cameroun) et l¿Afrique du nord (Maroc). La co-infection VIH/Tuberculose reste une association péjorative qui compromet sérieusement les efforts d¿endiguement des deux pathologies.

The Sahel region is undoubtedly the most important part of Sub-Saharan Africa in terms of poverty and vulnerability of its population to food insecurity, which in turn is partly responsible for the growing problem of under-nutrition in this region. However, it is worth noting, that malnutrition and all its consequences are not always so much a lack of food as a lack of knowledge about food. To this end, nutrition-related programs and projects aimed at this region, should target not only food insecurity, but also "nutritional ignorance" throughout the dissemination of nutrition education. This book presents the Sahel region in all its nutrition-relevant aspects, from food supply throughout the nutritional status and health care of Sahelians. Based on the analysis of these aspects, the Author - a victim of vitamin A deficiency during the very early stages of his life - developed with emotion and passion two proposals of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) for health promotion in this region of Sub-Saharan Africa.