Bücher von Eman Refaat

Sie wird autosomal und dominant vererbt. Die Sichelzellenkrankheit wird durch eine Punktmutation im ¿-Globin-Gen auf Chromosom 11 verursacht, bei der an der sechsten Position der Beta-Globin-Kette des Hb Glutaminsäure durch Valin ersetzt wird. Der veränderte Aminosäuregehalt in der ¿-Globin-Kette fördert die nicht-kovalente Polymerisation (Aggregation) von Hämoglobin, wodurch die roten Blutkörperchen sichelförmig werden und die Elastizität der Erythrozyten abnimmt, was unter Bedingungen mit verminderter Sauerstoffzufuhr oder höherem Sauerstoffbedarf, wie in großer Höhe, bei Infektionen, bei körperlicher Betätigung und während chirurgischer Eingriffe, stärker ausgeprägt ist.

Se hereda de forma autosómica codominante. La anemia falciforme está causada por una mutación puntual en el gen de la ¿-globina del cromosoma 11, que provoca la sustitución del ácido glutámico por valina en la sexta posición de la cadena de beta globina de la Hb. El contenido alterado de aminoácidos en la cadena de ¿-globina favorece la polimerización no covalente (agregación) de la hemoglobina, lo que provoca que los glóbulos rojos adquieran forma de hoz y disminuye la elasticidad de los glóbulos rojos, que es más pronunciada en condiciones de oxigenación disminuida o mayor demanda de oxígeno, como a mayor altitud, infecciones, ejercicios y durante la cirugía.

É herdada de uma forma autossómica codominante. A doença falciforme é causada por uma mutação pontual no gene da ¿-globina no cromossoma 11, que provoca a substituição do ácido glutâmico por valina na sexta posição da cadeia de beta globina da Hb. O conteúdo alterado de aminoácidos na cadeia de ¿-globina promove a polimerização não covalente (agregação) da hemoglobina, fazendo com que os glóbulos vermelhos adquiram a forma de foice, o que diminui a elasticidade das hemácias, que é mais pronunciada em condições de oxigenação reduzida ou de maior necessidade de oxigénio, como em altitudes mais elevadas, infecções, exercícios e durante a cirurgia.

La drépanocytose est une maladie héréditaire à transmission autosomique co-dominante. La drépanocytose est causée par une mutation ponctuelle du gène de la ¿-globine sur le chromosome 11, qui entraîne le remplacement de l'acide glutamique par la valine en sixième position de la chaîne bêta-globine de l'Hb. L'altération de la teneur en acides aminés de la chaîne ¿-globine favorise la polymérisation non covalente (agrégation) de l'hémoglobine, ce qui donne aux globules rouges une forme de faucille et diminue l'élasticité des GR, qui est plus prononcée dans des conditions d'oxygénation réduite ou de demande d'oxygène plus élevée, comme en haute altitude, lors d'infections, d'exercices et d'interventions chirurgicales.

It is inherited in an autosomal co dominant manner. Sickle cell disease is caused by point mutation in the ¿-Globin gene on chromosome 11, causing replacement of glutamic acid by valine at the sixth position of beta globin chain of Hb The altered amino acid content in ¿-globin chain promotes the non-covalent polymerization (aggregation) of haemoglobin causing red blood cells to become sickle shaped and this decreases the elasticity of RBCs which is more pronounced during conditions of decreased oxygenation or higher oxygen demand as at higher altitude, infections, exercises and during surgery.

A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation). Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein (substrate) by changing enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. PKC isozymes are activated by a variety of hormones, such as adrenalin and angiotensin, by growth factors, including epidermal growth factor and insulin, and by neurotransmitters such as dopamine and endorphin; these stimulators, when bound to their respective receptors, activate members of the phospholipase C family, which generates diacylglycerol, a lipid derived second messenger.

Many plants, including some of the commonly consumed herbs and spices in our daily food, can be safely and effectively used to prevent and/or treat some health concerns. In the recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of diet in human health. Epidemiological studies have shown that high fruit and vegetable consumption have health benefits in the prevention of chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and cancer, cardiovascular, cataract, diabetes, coronary heart diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson¿s and Alzheimer¿s diseases as well as inflammation and problems caused by cell and aging. Antioxidants may reduce the risks of these diseases and improve general health. Most of antioxidant capacity of fruit or vegetable may derive from compounds such as flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, anthocyanins, catechins and isocatechins rather than from vitamins C, E or ¿-carotene. Many of these phytochemicals may help to protect cells against the oxidative damage caused by free radicals.