Bücher von Ian Hacking

"Die Bändigung des Zufalls" (The Taming of Chance) wurde von der « Modern Library » als eines der 100 wichtigsten Sachbücher des 20. Jahrhunderts in englischer Sprache ausgewählt. Ian Hacking zeigt, wie es im späten 19. Jahrhundert möglich wurde, statistische Muster als selbsterklärend und die Welt als nicht zwangsläufig deterministisch zu betrachten. Im gleichen Zeitraum wurde die Vorstellung von der menschlichen Natur durch ein Modell des normalen Menschen basierend auf den Gesetzen der Dispersion ersetzt. Diese beiden parallelen Transformationen verstärkten sich gegenseitig, sodass der Zufall die Welt weniger launisch erscheinen liess: Legitimiert wurde es, weil es Ordnung in das Chaos brachte. Hacking argumentiert, diese Entwicklungen hätten dazu geführt, dass sich eine neue Art des wissenschaftlichen Denkens durchgesetzt hat. Je grösser das Mass an Indeterminismus in unserer Vorstellung von der Welt und den Menschen ist, desto mehr erwarten wir Kontrolle und Eingriffe in unser Leben und desto weniger Freiheit. Die Bändigung des Zufalls verbindet detaillierte wissenschaftsge-schichtliche Forschung mit der für die Wissenschafts-philosophie charakteristischen Breite sowie Elan und zeigt die Beziehungen zwischen Philosophie, Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und der Entwicklung sozialer Institutionen auf. Zugleich liefert es eine einzigartige und massgebliche Analyse der «Probabilisierung» der westlichen Welt. «Hacking hat ein unheimliches Gespür dafür, ein kritisches und neuartiges Merkmal der Vergangenheit herauszuarbeiten und zu zeigen, wie sich scheinbar disparate Fakten zusammenfügen, sofern wir ihm seine zentrale Kategorie zugestehen. Er erhebt nicht den Anspruch, einen vollständigen Überblick über sein Thema zu geben. Wie ein Archäologe respektiert er die bruchstückhafte Überlieferung als eine der Grenzen seines Fachs. Aber was er ausgräbt und entziffert,ist immer wieder spannend und erhellend.»

Das englische Original «The looping effects of human kinds» erschien 1995 in demvon Dan Sperber, David Premack and Ann James Premack herausgebenen Sammelband«Causal Cognition. A multidisciplinary Debate. A Fyssen Foundation Symposion»(Oxford: Clarendon Press).Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Patricia Kunstenaar, Josef Zwi Guggenheim undPeter Schneider.

One of Ian Hacking's earliest publications, this book showcases his early ideas on the central concepts and questions surrounding statistical reasoning. He explores the basic principles of statistical reasoning and tests them, both at a philosophical level and in terms of their practical consequences for statisticians. Presented in a fresh twenty-first-century series livery, and including a specially commissioned preface written by Jan-Willem Romeijn, illuminating its enduring importance and relevance to philosophical enquiry, Hacking's influential and original work has been revived for a new generation of readers.

Historical records show that there was no real concept of probability in Europe before the mid-seventeenth century, although the use of dice and other randomizing objects was commonplace. Ian Hacking presents a philosophical critique of early ideas about probability, induction, and statistical inference and the growth of this new family of ideas in the fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. Hacking invokes a wide intellectual framework involving the growth of science, economics, and the theology of the period. He argues that the transformations that made it possible for probability concepts to emerge have constrained all subsequent development of probability theory and determine the space within which philosophical debate on the subject is still conducted. First published in 1975, this edition includes an introduction that contextualizes his book in light of developing philosophical trends. Ian Hacking is the winner of the Holberg International Memorial Prize 2009.

Twenty-five years ago one could list by name the tiny number of multiple personalities recorded in the history of Western medicine, but today hundreds of people receive treatment for dissociative disorders in every sizable town in North America. Clinicians, backed by a grassroots movement of patients and therapists, find child sexual abuse to be the primary cause of the illness, while critics accuse the "e;MPD"e; community of fostering false memories of childhood trauma. Here the distinguished philosopher Ian Hacking uses the MPD epidemic and its links with the contemporary concept of child abuse to scrutinize today's moral and political climate, especially our power struggles about memory and our efforts to cope with psychological injuries. What is it like to suffer from multiple personality? Most diagnosed patients are women: why does gender matter? How does defining an illness affect the behavior of those who suffer from it? And, more generally, how do systems of knowledge about kinds of people interact with the people who are known about? Answering these and similar questions, Hacking explores the development of the modern multiple personality movement. He then turns to a fascinating series of historical vignettes about an earlier wave of multiples, people who were diagnosed as new ways of thinking about memory emerged, particularly in France, toward the end of the nineteenth century. Fervently occupied with the study of hypnotism, hysteria, sleepwalking, and fugue, scientists of this period aimed to take the soul away from the religious sphere. What better way to do this than to make memory a surrogate for the soul and then subject it to empirical investigation? Made possible by these nineteenth-century developments, the current outbreak of dissociative disorders is embedded in new political settings. Rewriting the Soul concludes with a powerful analysis linking historical and contemporary material in a fresh contribution to the archaeology of knowledge. As Foucault once identified a politics that centers on the body and another that classifies and organizes the human population, Hacking has now provided a masterful description of the politics of memory : the scientizing of the soul and the wounds it can receive.

Many people find themselves dissatisfied with recent linguistic philosophy, and yet know that language has always mattered deeply to philosophy and must in some sense continue to do so. Ian Hacking considers here some dozen case studies in the history of philosophy to show the different ways in which language has been important, and the consequences for the development of the subject. There are chapters on, among others, Hobbes, Berkeley, Russell, Ayer, Wittgenstein, Chomsky, Feyerabend and Davidson. Dr Hacking ends by speculating about the directions in which philosophy and the study of language seem likely to go. The book will provide students with a stimulating, broad survey of problems in the theory of meaning and the development of philosophy, particularly in this century. The topics treated in the philosophy of language are among the central, current concerns of philosophers, and the historical framework makes it possible to introduce concretely and intelligibly all the main theoretical issues.

This 1983 book is a lively and clearly written introduction to the philosophy of natural science, organized around the central theme of scientific realism. It has two parts. 'Representing' deals with the different philosophical accounts of scientific objectivity and the reality of scientific entities. The views of Kuhn, Feyerabend, Lakatos, Putnam, van Fraassen, and others, are all considered. 'Intervening' presents the first sustained treatment of experimental science for many years and uses it to give a new direction to debates about realism. Hacking illustrates how experimentation often has a life independent of theory. He argues that although the philosophical problems of scientific realism can not be resolved when put in terms of theory alone, a sound philosophy of experiment provides compelling grounds for a realistic attitude. A great many scientific examples are described in both parts of the book, which also includes lucid expositions of recent high energy physics and a remarkable chapter on the microscope in cell biology.