Bücher von Lorraine Daston

A panoramic history of rules in the Western worldRules order almost every aspect of our lives. They set our work hours, dictate how we drive and set the table, tell us whether to offer an extended hand or cheek in greeting, and organize the rites of life, from birth through death. We may chafe under the rules we have, and yearn for ones we don't, yet no culture could do without them. In Rules, historian Lorraine Daston traces their development in the Western tradition and shows how rules have evolved from ancient to modern times. Drawing on a rich trove of examples, including legal treatises, cookbooks, military manuals, traffic regulations, and game handbooks, Daston demonstrates that while the content of rules is dazzlingly diverse, the forms that they take are surprisingly few and long-lived.Daston uncovers three enduring kinds of rules: the algorithms that calculate and measure, the laws that govern, and the models that teach. She vividly illustrates how rules can change-how supple rules stiffen, or vice versa, and how once bothersome regulations become everyday norms. Rules have been devised for almost every imaginable activity and range from meticulous regulations to the laws of nature. Daston probes beneath this variety to investigate when rules work and when they don't, and why some philosophical problems about rules are as ancient as philosophy itself while others are as modern as calculating machines.Rules offers a wide-angle view on the history of the constraints that guide us-whether we know it or not.

Regeln ordnen fast jeden Aspekt unseres Lebens. Sie legen unsere Arbeitszeiten fest, bestimmen unser Verhalten im Straßenverkehr und ob es angebracht ist, zur Begrüßung die Hand zu geben oder die Wange hinzuhalten. Regeln organisieren die Riten des Lebens von der Geburt bis zum Tod. Nicht alle Regeln, die wir haben, mögen uns gefallen, und manche, die uns abgehen, sehnen wir herbei. Doch keine Kultur kann ohne sie auskommen. In ihrem reich bebilderten Buch zeichnet die Historikerin Lorraine Daston nach, wie sich Regeln in der westlichen Tradition seit der Antike entwickelt haben. Sie dokumentiert deren verwirrende Vielfalt anhand einer Fülle von Beispielen - von juristischen Traktaten über Militärhandbücher bis hin zu Kochrezepten -, entdeckt aber auch, dass es nur wenige Grundarten gibt, die über die Zeiten Bestand hatten: Algorithmen, Gesetze und Modelle. Und sie zeigt, wann Regeln funktionieren, wie sie sich verändern können und warum einige philosophische Fragen zu Regeln so alt sind wie die Philosophie selbst, andere hingegen so modern wie Rechenmaschinen. Ein souverän geschriebenes, fesselndes Buch über die Zwänge, die uns leiten - ob wir es wissen oder nicht.

What did it mean to be reasonable in the Age of Reason? Classical probabilists from Jakob Bernouli through Pierre Simon Laplace intended their theory as an answer to this question--as "e;nothing more at bottom than good sense reduced to a calculus,"e; in Laplace's words. In terms that can be easily grasped by nonmathematicians, Lorraine Daston demonstrates how this view profoundly shaped the internal development of probability theory and defined its applications.

The Empire of Chance tells how quantitative ideas of chance transformed the natural and social sciences, as well as daily life over the last three centuries. A continuous narrative connects the earliest application of probability and statistics in gambling and insurance to the most recent forays into law, medicine, polling and baseball. Separate chapters explore the theoretical and methodological impact in biology, physics and psychology. Themes recur - determinism, inference, causality, free will, evidence, the shifting meaning of probability - but in dramatically different disciplinary and historical contexts. In contrast to the literature on the mathematical development of probability and statistics, this book centres on how these technical innovations remade our conceptions of nature, mind and society. Written by an interdisciplinary team of historians and philosophers, this readable, lucid account keeps technical material to an absolute minimum. It is aimed not only at specialists in the history and philosophy of science, but also at the general reader and scholars in other disciplines.