Bücher von Mohmmad Younus Wani

Le crédit agricole est considéré comme l'un des intrants les plus fondamentaux pour la réalisation de tous les programmes de développement agricole. En Inde, le besoin d'un crédit agricole adéquat est immense, car les agriculteurs indiens sont très pauvres. Les sources de crédit agricole peuvent être classées en deux catégories : les sources institutionnelles et les sources non institutionnelles. Les sources non institutionnelles comprennent les prêteurs, les commerçants et les commissionnaires, les parents et les propriétaires, tandis que les sources institutionnelles comprennent les coopératives, les banques commerciales, y compris le groupe SBI, la RBI et la NABARD.Ces dernières années, le décaissement du crédit agricole a atteint une nouvelle dimension. Les coopératives, les banques commerciales et les banques rurales régionales (RRB) accordent des crédits à court, moyen et long terme aux agriculteurs indiens pour les aider à adopter des technologies modernes et des pratiques agricoles améliorées afin d'accroître la productivité et la production des cultures. En conséquence, le professeur Darling a observé à juste titre qu'"un système approprié de crédit agricole non seulement abaissera le taux d'intérêt, mais impliquera également un système dans lequel les prêts productifs remplaceront progressivement les prêts improductifs".

Il credito agricolo è considerato uno degli input fondamentali per la realizzazione di tutti i programmi di sviluppo agricolo. In India c'è un immenso bisogno di un credito agricolo adeguato, poiché gli agricoltori indiani sono molto poveri. Le fonti di credito agricolo possono essere ampiamente classificate in fonti istituzionali e non istituzionali. Le fonti non istituzionali comprendono gli usurai, i commercianti e i commissionari, i parenti e i proprietari terrieri, mentre le fonti istituzionali includono le cooperative, le banche commerciali, compreso il gruppo SBI, la RBI e il NABARD. Le cooperative, le banche commerciali e le Casse Rurali Regionali (RRB) stanno erogando credito a breve, medio e lungo termine agli agricoltori indiani per aiutarli ad adottare le moderne tecnologie e le migliori pratiche agricole per aumentare la produttività e la produzione dei raccolti. Di conseguenza, il Prof. Darling ha giustamente osservato: "Un sistema adeguato di credito agricolo non solo ridurrà il tasso di interesse, ma implicherà anche un sistema in cui i prestiti produttivi sostituiranno gradualmente quelli improduttivi".

El crédito agrícola se considera una de las aportaciones más básicas para llevar a cabo todos los programas de desarrollo agrícola. En India existe una inmensa necesidad de crédito agrícola adecuado, ya que los agricultores indios son muy pobres. Las fuentes de crédito agrícola pueden clasificarse a grandes rasgos en institucionales y no institucionales. Las fuentes no institucionales incluyen prestamistas, comerciantes y comisionistas, parientes y terratenientes, pero las fuentes institucionales incluyen cooperativas, bancos comerciales incluyendo el Grupo SBI, RBI y NABARD.En los últimos años, el desembolso del crédito agrícola ha alcanzado una nueva dimensión. Las cooperativas, los bancos comerciales y los bancos rurales regionales (RRB) están concediendo créditos a corto, medio y largo plazo a los agricultores indios para ayudarles a adoptar tecnologías modernas y prácticas agrícolas mejoradas con el fin de aumentar la productividad y la producción de los cultivos. En consecuencia, el profesor Darling ha observado acertadamente: "Un sistema adecuado de crédito agrícola no sólo reducirá el tipo de interés, sino que también implicará un sistema en el que los préstamos productivos sustituirán gradualmente a los improductivos."

Agrarkredite gelten als eine der wichtigsten Voraussetzungen für die Durchführung aller landwirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsprogramme. In Indien besteht ein immenser Bedarf an angemessenen Agrarkrediten, da die indischen Bauern sehr arm sind. Die Quellen für Agrarkredite lassen sich grob in institutionelle und nicht-institutionelle Quellen unterteilen. Zu den nicht-institutionellen Quellen gehören Geldverleiher, Händler und Kommissionäre, Verwandte und Grundbesitzer, zu den institutionellen Quellen dagegen Genossenschaften, Geschäftsbanken einschließlich der SBI-Gruppe, die RBI und NABARD.In den letzten Jahren hat die Vergabe von Agrarkrediten eine neue Dimension erreicht. Genossenschaften, Geschäftsbanken und Regionalbanken für den ländlichen Raum (RRBs) gewähren den indischen Landwirten sowohl kurz-, mittel- als auch langfristige Kredite, um sie bei der Einführung moderner Technologien und verbesserter landwirtschaftlicher Verfahren zur Steigerung der Produktivität und Produktion zu unterstützen. Dementsprechend hat Prof. Darling zu Recht festgestellt: "Ein angemessenes Agrarkreditsystem wird nicht nur die Zinssätze senken, sondern auch ein System implizieren, in dem produktive Kredite allmählich die unproduktiven ersetzen."

O crédito agrícola é considerado como um dos factores de produção mais básicos para a realização de todos os programas de desenvolvimento agrícola. Na Índia existe uma imensa necessidade de crédito agrícola adequado, uma vez que os agricultores indianos são muito pobres. As fontes de crédito agrícola podem ser amplamente classificadas em fontes institucionais e não institucionais. As fontes não institucionais incluem financiadores, comerciantes e agentes de comissões, familiares e senhorios, mas as fontes institucionais incluem cooperativas, bancos comerciais incluindo o Grupo SBI, RBI e NABARD. Nos últimos anos, o desembolso de crédito agrícola atingiu uma nova dimensão. As cooperativas, bancos comerciais e Bancos Rurais Regionais (RRBs) estão a promover o crédito a curto, médio e longo prazo aos agricultores indianos para os ajudar a adoptar tecnologia moderna e práticas agrícolas melhoradas para aumentar a produtividade e produção das culturas. Assim, o Prof. Darling observou, com razão, "Um sistema adequado de crédito agrícola não só baixará a taxa de juro como também implicará um sistema em que os empréstimos produtivos substituirão gradualmente os improdutivos".

This book presents an overview of cancer and the genesis, and development of different treatment strategies and modalities against cancer. The emergence of gold and its complexes as promising anticancer chemotherapeutic agents have the potential to substitute or replace the platinum based chemotherapeutic agents. Gold complexes have demonstrated considerable anti-proliferative properties, chiefly attributed to their anti-mitochondrial effects, they make gold complexes excellent candidates as anti-cancer agents compared to their platinum-based counterparts. This book provides a critical review of recent advances made in the development of gold complexes as anti-cancer agents. In this context, it examines a number of different ligand architectures, provides comprehensive information on gold complexes' mechanism of action and toxicity issues and, in closing, outlines future research directions.

This book presents an overview of cancer and the genesis, and development of different treatment strategies and modalities against cancer. The emergence of gold and its complexes as promising anticancer chemotherapeutic agents have the potential to substitute or replace the platinum based chemotherapeutic agents. Gold complexes have demonstrated considerable anti-proliferative properties, chiefly attributed to their anti-mitochondrial effects, they make gold complexes excellent candidates as anti-cancer agents compared to their platinum-based counterparts. This book provides a critical review of recent advances made in the development of gold complexes as anti-cancer agents. In this context, it examines a number of different ligand architectures, provides comprehensive information on gold complexes¿ mechanism of action and toxicity issues and, in closing, outlines future research directions.

Agricultural credit is considered as one of the most basic inputs for conducting all agricultural development programmes. In India there is an immense need for proper agricultural credit as Indian farmers are very poor. Sources of agricultural credit can be broadly classified into institutional and non-institutional sources. Non-Institutional sources include moneylenders, traders and commission agents, relatives and landlords, but institutional sources include co-operatives, commercial banks including the SBI Group, RBI and NABARD.In recent years, the disbursement of agricultural credit has reached a new dimension. Co-operatives, commercial banks and Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) are advancing both short-term, medium term and long term credit to Indian farmers to help them to adopt modern technology and improved agricultural practices for raising crop productivity and production. Accordingly, Prof. Darling has rightly observed, ¿A proper system of agricultural credit will not only lower the rate of interest but also imply a system in which productive loans will gradually replace the unproductive ones.¿

Microfinance can broadly be defined as financial services provided to entrepreneurs and small businesses that lack access to such services or do not generally qualify for such services (bank loans). In present day era, microfinance can be associated with the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh. Mohammad Yunus of Bangladesh was the trailblazer of this idea which received much attention and support throughout the world. The idea was to create economic and social development from grass root levels especially poor which were left by the market growth process. The concept behind his idea was quite simple, which the modern day and the ancient economists have all agreed to, that the sustainable development cannot be achieved without the larger chunk of population creating ways and means to break the shackles of the vicious circle poverty. He started his experiment by becoming a guarantor of loans to the poor, especially women, who otherwise were not qualified to subscribe to the loans due to lack of confidence in repaying the loans. Surprisingly poor people paid back these loans. And there his experimentation paved way for building what he called the social business.