Bücher von Pourya Zarshenas

One standard definition for economics is the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. A second definition is the study of choice related to the allocation of scarce resources. The first definition indicates that economics includes any business, nonprofit organization, or administrative unit. The second definition establishes that economics is at the core of what managers of these organizations do.This book presents economic concepts and principles from the perspective of ¿managerial economics,¿ which is a subfield of economics that places special emphasis on the choice aspect in the second definition. The purpose of managerial economics is to provide economic terminology and reasoning for the improvement of managerial decisions.Most readers will be familiar with two different conceptual approaches to the study of economics: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics studies phenomena related to goods and services from the perspective of individual decision-making entities¿that is, households and businesses. Macroeconomics approaches the same phenomena at an aggregate level, for example, the total consumption and production of a region.

Welcome to the timely publication of this book. Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy stands in contrast to fossil fuels, which are being used far more quickly than they are being replenished. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation.Renewable energy often provides energy in four important areas: electricity generation, air and water heating/cooling, transportation, and rural (off-grid) energy services. About 20% of humans' global energy consumption is renewables, including almost 30% of electricity. About 8% of energy consumption is traditional biomass, but this is declining. Over 4% of energy consumption is heat energy from modern renewables, such as solar water heating, and over 6% electricity.The Stone Age did not end because the stone ran out.The age of oil must end much sooner than the oil runs out."SoLadies and gentlemen!Welcome to the age of new Energies¿

In chemical synthesis, click chemistry is a class of biocompatible small molecule reactions commonly used in bioconjugation, allowing the joining of substrates of choice with specific biomolecules. Click chemistry is not a single specific reaction, but describes a way of generating products that follow examples in nature, which also generates substances by joining small modular units. In many applications, click reactions join a biomolecule and a reporter molecule. Click chemistry is not limited to biological conditions: the concept of a "click" reaction has been used in chemoproteomic, pharmacological, and various biomimetic applications. However, they have been made notably useful in the detection, localization and qualification of biomolecules.

Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises ions, neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, it can be assumed that the term atom includes ions. The term atomic physics can be associated with nuclear power and nuclear weapons, due to the synonymous use of atomic and nuclear in Standard English. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics -which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons- and nuclear physics, which studies nuclear reactions and special properties of atomic nuclei. As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of atomic, molecular, and optical physics. Physics research groups are usually so classified.

In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of how AI has progressed in various fields of chemistry and aims to provide insight into its future directions for scholarly audiences.Now that finally enough has been explained about the theory of games, I want to state the fact in simple words that it is actually possible to produce chemical compounds using artificial intelligence and good strategies such as game theory and selection theory. Easier and faster.The main thing that should be noted is that with this method, reaching the final answer, especially in the production of pharmaceutical products, is much simpler, more accurate, and faster.

Welcome to the timely publication of this book. Plastic is ubiquitous as packaging material or as part of many products of our daily life. However, due to the steadily increasing global plastic production, plastic particles can now be found everywhere in the environment. It is estimated that between four and twelve million tonnes of plastic enter the seas and oceans every year. Plastic particles, which are intentionally manufactured, are called primary plastic particles. They are added to daily life products like cosmetics or are used in research and diagnostics. Fragmentation of larger plastic items into smaller pieces yields so called secondary plastics and the degradation is caused by exposure to sun, wind or water. In order to assess the potential risk of plastic particles in various sizes, details on the amount of particles released into the environment, their origin, the underlying transformation and fragmentation processes as well as the environmental effects are needed.

The essential meaning of ishr¿q (Persian ¿¿¿¿¿, Arabic: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿) is "rising", specifically referring to the sunrise, though "illumination" is the more common translation. It has used both Arabic and Persian philosophical texts as means to signify the relation between the ¿apprehending subject¿ (al-maw¿ü al-modrek) and the ¿apprehensible object¿ (al-modrak); beyond philosophical discourse, it is a term used in common discussion. Suhrawardi utilized the ordinariness of the word in order to encompass the all that is mystical along with an array of different kinds of knowledge, including elh¿m, meaning personal inspiration.None of Suhrawardi's works was translated into Latin, so he remained unknown in the Latin West, although his work continued to be studied in the Islamic East. According to Hosein Nasr, Suhrawardi was unknown to the west until he was translated to western languages by contemporary thinkers such as Henry Corbin, and he remains largely unknown even in countries within the Islamic world.Suhrawardi tried to present a new perspective on questions like those of existence.

The rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is driving up ocean surface temperatures and causing ocean acidification. Although warming and acidification are different phenomena, they interact to the detriment of marine ecosystems. These changes to the ocean aren¿t occurring at the same rates everywhere: there are significant differences across gradients of temperature, latitude, and depth.The rate at which water absorbs CO2 decreases as water temperature increases. This means that Polar Regions like Alaska, where ocean water is relatively cold, can take up more CO2 than the warmer tropics. As a result, polar surface waters are generally acidifying faster than those in other latitudes, and on average, warmer regions of the ocean are releasing CO2 into the atmosphere instead of absorbing it.The regional differences in ocean acidification can also be partially explained by the effects of ocean circulation patterns. Due to prevailing wind patterns and other natural phenomena, the ocean upwells nutrient-rich and more acidic or corrosive deep waters.

L'augmentation de la concentration de dioxyde de carbone dans l'atmosphère entraîne une hausse des températures à la surface des océans et une acidification des océans. Bien que le réchauffement et l'acidification soient des phénomènes différents, ils interagissent au détriment des écosystèmes marins. Ces changements océaniques ne se produisent pas partout au même rythme : il existe des différences significatives entre les gradients de température, de latitude et de profondeur. Cela signifie que les régions polaires comme l'Alaska, où l'eau de l'océan est relativement froide, peuvent absorber plus de CO2 que les tropiques plus chauds. Par conséquent, les eaux de surface polaires s'acidifient généralement plus rapidement que celles des autres latitudes et, en moyenne, les régions plus chaudes de l'océan rejettent du CO2 dans l'atmosphère au lieu de l'absorber.Les différences régionales en matière d'acidification des océans peuvent également s'expliquer en partie par les effets des schémas de circulation océanique. En raison des vents dominants et d'autres phénomènes naturels, l'océan remonte les eaux profondes riches en nutriments et plus acides ou corrosives.

Die steigende Kohlendioxidkonzentration in der Atmosphäre lässt die Oberflächentemperaturen der Ozeane ansteigen und führt zur Versauerung der Meere. Obwohl Erwärmung und Versauerung unterschiedliche Phänomene sind, wirken sie zum Nachteil der Meeresökosysteme zusammen. Diese Veränderungen im Ozean finden nicht überall in gleichem Maße statt: Es gibt erhebliche Unterschiede zwischen den Temperatur-, Breiten- und Tiefengradienten, und die CO2-Absorptionsrate des Wassers nimmt mit steigender Wassertemperatur ab. Das bedeutet, dass Polarregionen wie Alaska, wo das Meerwasser relativ kalt ist, mehr CO2 aufnehmen können als die wärmeren Tropen. Infolgedessen versauern die polaren Oberflächengewässer im Allgemeinen schneller als die in anderen Breitengraden, und im Durchschnitt geben wärmere Meeresregionen CO2 an die Atmosphäre ab, anstatt es zu absorbieren.Die regionalen Unterschiede bei der Versauerung der Ozeane lassen sich teilweise auch durch die Auswirkungen der Ozeanzirkulationsmuster erklären. Aufgrund der vorherrschenden Windverhältnisse und anderer natürlicher Phänomene treibt der Ozean nährstoffreiches und saureres oder korrosives Tiefenwasser nach oben.

L'aumento della concentrazione di anidride carbonica nell'atmosfera sta facendo aumentare le temperature superficiali degli oceani e sta causando l'acidificazione degli stessi. Sebbene il riscaldamento e l'acidificazione siano fenomeni diversi, interagiscono a scapito degli ecosistemi marini. Questi cambiamenti nell'oceano non si verificano allo stesso ritmo ovunque: ci sono differenze significative tra i gradienti di temperatura, latitudine e profondità. La velocità con cui l'acqua assorbe la CO2 diminuisce con l'aumentare della temperatura dell'acqua. Ciò significa che le regioni polari come l'Alaska, dove l'acqua dell'oceano è relativamente fredda, possono assorbire più CO2 rispetto ai tropici più caldi. Di conseguenza, le acque superficiali polari si stanno generalmente acidificando più velocemente di quelle ad altre latitudini e, in media, le regioni più calde dell'oceano rilasciano CO2 nell'atmosfera invece di assorbirla.Le differenze regionali nell'acidificazione degli oceani possono anche essere parzialmente spiegate dagli effetti dei modelli di circolazione oceanica. A causa dei venti prevalenti e di altri fenomeni naturali, l'oceano solleva acque profonde ricche di nutrienti e più acide o corrosive.

El aumento de la concentración de dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera está elevando la temperatura de la superficie de los océanos y provocando su acidificación. Aunque el calentamiento y la acidificación son fenómenos diferentes, interactúan en detrimento de los ecosistemas marinos. Estos cambios en el océano no se producen al mismo ritmo en todas partes: hay diferencias significativas en los gradientes de temperatura, latitud y profundidad. Esto significa que las regiones polares como Alaska, donde el agua del océano es relativamente fría, pueden absorber más CO2 que los trópicos más cálidos. Como resultado, las aguas superficiales polares se están acidificando más rápidamente que las de otras latitudes y, en promedio, las regiones más cálidas del océano están liberando CO2 a la atmósfera en lugar de absorberlo.Las diferencias regionales en la acidificación del océano también pueden explicarse parcialmente por los efectos de los patrones de circulación oceánica. Las diferencias regionales en la acidificación de los océanos también pueden explicarse en parte por los efectos de los patrones de circulación oceánica. Debido a los patrones de viento predominantes y a otros fenómenos naturales, el océano asciende aguas profundas ricas en nutrientes y más ácidas o corrosivas.

Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human development goals while also sustaining the ability of natural systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be defined as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. While the modern concept of sustainable development is derived mostly from the 1987 Brundtland Report, it is also rooted in earlier ideas about sustainable forest management and 20th-century environmental concerns. As the concept of sustainable development developed, it has shifted its focus more towards the economic development, social development and environmental protection for future generations.

El desarrollo sostenible es un principio organizativo para alcanzar los objetivos de desarrollo humano y, al mismo tiempo, mantener la capacidad de los sistemas naturales para proporcionar los recursos naturales y los servicios ecosistémicos de los que dependen la economía y la sociedad. El resultado deseado es un estado de la sociedad en el que las condiciones de vida y los recursos se utilicen para seguir satisfaciendo las necesidades humanas sin socavar la integridad y estabilidad del sistema natural. El desarrollo sostenible puede definirse como el desarrollo que satisface las necesidades del presente sin comprometer la capacidad de las generaciones futuras para satisfacer sus propias necesidades. Aunque el concepto moderno de desarrollo sostenible se deriva principalmente del Informe Brundtland de 1987, también tiene sus raíces en ideas anteriores sobre la gestión forestal sostenible y las preocupaciones medioambientales del siglo XX. A medida que el concepto de desarrollo sostenible ha ido evolucionando, se ha centrado más en el desarrollo económico, el desarrollo social y la protección del medio ambiente para las generaciones futuras.

Le développement durable est un principe d'organisation permettant d'atteindre les objectifs de développement humain tout en préservant la capacité des systèmes naturels à fournir les ressources naturelles et les services écosystémiques dont dépendent l'économie et la société. Le résultat souhaité est un état de la société où les conditions de vie et les ressources sont utilisées pour continuer à répondre aux besoins humains sans porter atteinte à l'intégrité et à la stabilité du système naturel. Le développement durable peut être défini comme un développement qui répond aux besoins du présent sans compromettre la capacité des générations futures à répondre à leurs propres besoins. Si le concept moderne de développement durable découle principalement du rapport Brundtland de 1987, il trouve également ses racines dans des idées antérieures sur la gestion durable des forêts et dans les préoccupations environnementales du 20e siècle. Au fur et à mesure que le concept de développement durable s'est développé, il s'est davantage concentré sur le développement économique, le développement social et la protection de l'environnement pour les générations futures.

Lo sviluppo sostenibile è un principio organizzativo per raggiungere gli obiettivi di sviluppo umano sostenendo al contempo la capacità dei sistemi naturali di fornire le risorse naturali e i servizi ecosistemici da cui dipendono l'economia e la società. Il risultato desiderato è uno stato della società in cui le condizioni di vita e le risorse sono utilizzate per continuare a soddisfare i bisogni umani senza compromettere l'integrità e la stabilità del sistema naturale. Lo sviluppo sostenibile può essere definito come uno sviluppo che soddisfa le esigenze del presente senza compromettere la capacità delle generazioni future di soddisfare i propri bisogni. Il concetto moderno di sviluppo sostenibile deriva principalmente dal Rapporto Brundtland del 1987, ma affonda le sue radici anche in idee precedenti sulla gestione sostenibile delle foreste e sulle preoccupazioni ambientali del XX secolo. Man mano che il concetto di sviluppo sostenibile si è sviluppato, ha spostato la sua attenzione maggiormente verso lo sviluppo economico, lo sviluppo sociale e la protezione dell'ambiente per le generazioni future.

Nachhaltige Entwicklung ist ein Organisationsprinzip, um die Ziele der menschlichen Entwicklung zu erreichen und gleichzeitig die Fähigkeit der natürlichen Systeme zu erhalten, die natürlichen Ressourcen und Ökosystemleistungen bereitzustellen, von denen Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft abhängen. Das angestrebte Ergebnis ist ein gesellschaftlicher Zustand, in dem die Lebensbedingungen und Ressourcen so genutzt werden, dass die menschlichen Bedürfnisse weiterhin erfüllt werden, ohne die Integrität und Stabilität des natürlichen Systems zu untergraben. Nachhaltige Entwicklung kann als eine Entwicklung definiert werden, die die Bedürfnisse der Gegenwart befriedigt, ohne die Fähigkeit künftiger Generationen zu gefährden, ihre eigenen Bedürfnisse zu befriedigen. Das moderne Konzept der nachhaltigen Entwicklung geht zwar hauptsächlich auf den Brundtland-Bericht von 1987 zurück, hat aber auch seine Wurzeln in früheren Ideen zur nachhaltigen Waldbewirtschaftung und in Umweltbelangen des 20. Jahrhunderts. Mit der Weiterentwicklung des Konzepts der nachhaltigen Entwicklung hat sich der Schwerpunkt stärker auf die wirtschaftliche und soziale Entwicklung sowie den Umweltschutz für künftige Generationen verlagert.

O desenvolvimento sustentável é um princípio organizador para atingir os objectivos de desenvolvimento humano e, ao mesmo tempo, manter a capacidade dos sistemas naturais para fornecer os recursos naturais e os serviços ecossistémicos de que dependem a economia e a sociedade. O resultado desejado é um estado da sociedade em que as condições de vida e os recursos são utilizados para continuar a satisfazer as necessidades humanas sem comprometer a integridade e a estabilidade do sistema natural. O desenvolvimento sustentável pode ser definido como um desenvolvimento que satisfaz as necessidades do presente sem comprometer a capacidade das gerações futuras de satisfazerem as suas próprias necessidades. Embora o conceito moderno de desenvolvimento sustentável derive maioritariamente do Relatório Brundtland de 1987, está também enraizado em ideias anteriores sobre gestão florestal sustentável e preocupações ambientais do século XX. À medida que o conceito de desenvolvimento sustentável se foi desenvolvendo, passou a centrar-se mais no desenvolvimento económico, no desenvolvimento social e na protecção do ambiente para as gerações futuras.

Benvenuti alla tempestiva pubblicazione di questo libro. L'energia rinnovabile è l'energia raccolta da risorse rinnovabili che si ricostituiscono naturalmente su una scala temporale umana. Comprende fonti come la luce del sole, il vento, la pioggia, le maree, le onde e il calore geotermico. L'energia rinnovabile è in contrasto con i combustibili fossili, che vengono utilizzati molto più rapidamente di quanto non vengano reintegrati. Sebbene la maggior parte delle fonti di energia rinnovabili sia sostenibile, alcune non lo sono. Le energie rinnovabili forniscono spesso energia in quattro settori importanti: generazione di elettricità, riscaldamento/raffreddamento dell'aria e dell'acqua, trasporti e servizi energetici rurali (off-grid). La presenza di circa 660 citazioni, tutte ben trattate alla fine del libro, dimostra la mia meticolosità e accuratezza nell'utilizzo di tutte le fonti importanti per la stesura di questo libro. Spero che questo libro vi piaccia. In realtà, dovremmo ascoltare la proposta del Ministro dell'Energia saudita negli anni '70, che disse: "L'età della pietra non è finita perché la pietra si è esaurita.L'età del petrolio deve finire molto prima che il petrolio finisca". Signore e signori! Benvenuti nell'era della nuova energia.

Herzlich willkommen zur Veröffentlichung dieses Buches. Erneuerbare Energie ist Energie, die aus erneuerbaren Ressourcen gewonnen wird, die sich auf natürliche Weise innerhalb einer bestimmten Zeitspanne erneuern. Dazu gehören Quellen wie Sonnenlicht, Wind, Regen, Gezeiten, Wellen und geothermische Wärme. Erneuerbare Energien stehen im Gegensatz zu fossilen Brennstoffen, die viel schneller verbraucht werden, als sie nachwachsen. Obwohl die meisten erneuerbaren Energiequellen nachhaltig sind, sind es einige nicht. Erneuerbare Energien liefern häufig Energie in vier wichtigen Bereichen: Stromerzeugung, Heizung/Kühlung von Luft und Wasser, Transport und ländliche (netzunabhängige) Energiedienstleistungen. Etwa 660 Zitate, die alle am Ende des Buches gut und vollständig aufgeführt sind, zeigen, dass ich beim Schreiben dieses Buches alle wichtigen Quellen sorgfältig und genau verwendet habe. Ich hoffe, dass Ihnen dieses Buch gefällt, denn wir sollten auf den Vorschlag des saudischen Energieministers aus den 1970er Jahren hören, der sagte: "Die Steinzeit endete nicht, weil der Stein ausging. Das Zeitalter des Öls muss viel früher enden, als das Öl ausgeht." Meine Damen und Herren! Willkommen im Zeitalter der neuen Energie.

Bienvenidos a la oportuna publicación de este libro. La energía renovable es aquella que se obtiene de recursos renovables que se reponen de forma natural en una escala de tiempo humana. Incluye fuentes como la luz solar, el viento, la lluvia, las mareas, las olas y el calor geotérmico. La energía renovable contrasta con los combustibles fósiles, que se utilizan mucho más rápido de lo que se reponen. Aunque la mayoría de las fuentes de energía renovables son sostenibles, algunas no lo son. Por ejemplo, algunas fuentes de biomasa se consideran insostenibles al ritmo actual de explotación. Las energías renovables suelen proporcionar energía en cuatro áreas importantes: generación de electricidad, calefacción/refrigeración del aire y el agua, transporte y servicios energéticos rurales (fuera de la red). El hecho de disponer de unas 660 citas, todas ellas bien y completamente tratadas al final del libro, demuestra mi meticulosidad y precisión a la hora de utilizar todas las fuentes importantes para escribir este libro. De hecho, deberíamos escuchar la propuesta del Ministro de Energía saudí en los años 70, que dijo: "La Edad de Piedra no terminó porque se acabara la piedra. La era del petróleo debe terminar mucho antes de que se acabe el petróleo". Señoras y señores Bienvenidos a la era de la nueva Energía.

Bienvenue à la publication opportune de cet ouvrage. L'énergie renouvelable est l'énergie provenant de ressources renouvelables qui se renouvellent naturellement à l'échelle humaine. Elles comprennent des sources telles que le soleil, le vent, la pluie, les marées, les vagues et la chaleur géothermique. Les énergies renouvelables s'opposent aux combustibles fossiles, qui sont utilisés bien plus rapidement qu'ils ne se reconstituent. Bien que la plupart des sources d'énergie renouvelables soient durables, certaines ne le sont pas. Les énergies renouvelables fournissent souvent de l'énergie dans quatre domaines importants : la production d'électricité, le chauffage et la climatisation de l'air et de l'eau, les transports et les services énergétiques ruraux (hors réseau). La présence de quelque 660 citations, toutes traitées de manière exhaustive à la fin de l'ouvrage, témoigne de la méticulosité et de la précision avec lesquelles j'ai utilisé toutes les sources importantes pour rédiger ce livre. En fait, nous devrions écouter la proposition du ministre saoudien de l'énergie dans les années 1970, qui a déclaré : "L'âge de pierre n'a pas pris fin parce que la pierre s'est épuisée. L'âge du pétrole doit se terminer bien plus tôt que le pétrole ne s'épuise". Mesdames et Messieurs ! Bienvenue dans l'ère des nouvelles énergies.

Bem-vindo à publicação atempada deste livro. A energia renovável é a energia que é recolhida a partir de recursos renováveis que são naturalmente reabastecidos numa escala de tempo humana. Inclui fontes como a luz solar, vento, chuva, marés, ondas, e calor geotérmico. A energia renovável contrasta com os combustíveis fósseis, que estão a ser utilizados muito mais rapidamente do que estão a ser reabastecidos. Embora a maioria das fontes de energia renováveis sejam sustentáveis, algumas não o são. Por exemplo, algumas fontes de biomassa são consideradas insustentáveis às taxas actuais de exploração. As energias renováveis fornecem frequentemente energia em quatro áreas importantes: produção de electricidade, aquecimento/arrefecimento de ar e água, transporte, e serviços energéticos rurais (fora da rede). Ter cerca de 660 citações, todas elas bem e completamente tratadas no final do livro, mostra a minha meticulosidade e precisão na utilização de todas as fontes importantes na escrita deste livro. Espero que gostem deste livro. De facto, deveríamos ouvir a proposta do Ministro saudita da Energia nos anos 70, que disse: "A Idade da Pedra não acabou porque a pedra se esgotou. A Idade do Petróleo deve acabar muito mais cedo do que o petróleo acaba". Senhoras e senhores! Bem-vindos à Idade da Nova Energia.