Bücher von Raphael Israeli

Islamic history is replete with cyclical eruptions of radical Islam. One example: the Muslim Brotherhood, is an Islamic organization that was founded in 1928 in Ismailia, Egypt, as an Islamist religious, political, and social movement. It was begun in reaction to attempts to reform Islam by the great reformers and modernizers of the early 20th century, beginning with Afghani and Abdu. Each time an Islamic eruption took place, it resulted in violence, since the Westernized Muslims usually refused to step back and revert to be shackled by traditional Islam. The frequency of the recurrence of these waves of fundamentalism in our time is shown in the cases of ISIS, Hizbullah, Hamas, Al-Qa'ida, and Boko Haram. The international turmoil these groups have caused by their recourse to violence has occurred on all continents. This violence has posited more bluntly than ever before the question whether Islam will finally reconcile to the idea of modernization and moderation, or if it will persist in its rebellious ways that are encouraged inter alia by prevailing Wokeism moods. (About the Author)Raphael Israeli has taught Islamic, Chinese, and Middle Eastern history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. A graduate of Hebrew University in history and Arabic literature, he earned a Ph.D. in Chinese and Islamic history from the University of California, Berkeley. Now retired, he has been a Fellow of the Harry Truman Research Institute at Hebrew University and the Jerusalem Center since the1970s. He is the author of over 90 books and 100 articles.

Religion Between Commercialization and Political Trade-offs: The Case of Islam marks the author's 100th published book.This volume is the product of a conference on Commercialization of Religion convened jointly by the Universities of Vienna and Nicosia, and held in Nicosia, Cyprus, in September 2023, where author Raphael Israeli spoke about Islam."I challenged the conventional wisdom, which posited a material and pecuniary interpretation of commercialization of religion in terms of buying and selling deals, but I suggested to expand that interpretation into a wider trade-off of values, assets, and political interests, and I gave examples of those deals of commercialization within the Arab-Israeli dispute, including the horrifying rampage and murder on October 7, 2023, by the Palestinian Hamas terrorists of over 1,500 Israeli innocent civilians, including babies, the elderly, and women at dawn in their beds, and abducting another 240 as hostages to Gaza."(About the Author)Raphael Israeli has taught Islamic, Chinese, and Middle Eastern history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. A graduate of Hebrew University in history and Arabic literature, he earned a Ph.D. in Chinese and Islamic history from the University of California, Berkeley. Now retired, he has been a Fellow of the Harry Truman Research Institute at Hebrew University and the Jerusalem Center since the1970s. He is the author of 100 books and 100 articles.

O mundo tem sido assolado por movimentos populares de dissidentes em praticamente todos os países, que seguindo o precedente aberto pelos negros na América, que um século e meio depois da Guerra Civil Americana que supostamente libertou os negros da escravatura, continuam a assistir quase diariamente a cenas de discriminação e maus tratos contra os negros americanos no infame modelo de G. Floyd. Esses dissidentes e rebeldes contra a ordem existente adoptam vários padrões de protesto, mais ou menos violentos, temendo a obliteração da sua identidade sob o domínio da ideologia globalista, e optam por sublinhar o seu descontentamento, a sua rejeição da injustiça e a sua reivindicação de um direito absoluto devido à opressão absoluta que os tem empurrado para as margens das suas sociedades. Por vezes, estes movimentos populares podem ser classificados como wokeism ou zombeism, ou, pelo contrário, no caso do Islão, comparando o globalismo com a noção estabelecida de Ummah, a congregação universal de todos os muçulmanos.

Le monde est en proie à des mouvements populaires de dissidents dans pratiquement tous les pays, qui, à l'instar des Noirs d'Amérique, un siècle et demi après la guerre de Sécession qui avait soi-disant libéré les Noirs de l'esclavage, assistent encore presque quotidiennement à des scènes de discrimination et de mauvais traitements à l'encontre des Noirs américains, sur le modèle infâme de G. Floyd. Ces dissidents et rebelles à l'ordre existant adoptent divers modèles de protestation, plus ou moins violents, craignant l'effacement de leur identité sous l'emprise de l'idéologie mondialiste, et choisissent de souligner leur mécontentement, leur rejet de l'injustice et leur revendication d'un droit absolu face à l'oppression absolue qui les a repoussés aux marges de leurs sociétés. Ces mouvements populaires peuvent parfois être qualifiés de "wokeism" ou de "zombeism" ou, au contraire, dans le cas de l'Islam, d'assimiler le mondialisme à la notion établie d'Oumma, la congrégation universelle de tous les Musulmans.

El mundo se ha visto plagado de movimientos populares de disidentes en prácticamente todos los países, que siguiendo el precedente sentado por los negros en América, que un siglo y medio después de la Guerra Civil Americana que supuestamente liberó a los negros de la esclavitud, siguen asistiendo casi a diario a escenas de discriminación y maltrato a los negros americanos siguiendo el infame modelo de G. Floyd. Esos disidentes y rebeldes contra el orden existente adoptan diversas pautas de protesta, más o menos violentas, temiendo la obliteración de su identidad bajo el barrido de la ideología globalista, y optan por subrayar su descontento, su rechazo de la injusticia y su reivindicación del derecho absoluto debido a la opresión absoluta que les ha ido empujando a los márgenes de sus sociedades. En ocasiones, estos movimientos populares pueden catalogarse como wokeísmo o zombeísmo, o, por el contrario, en el caso del Islam, equiparar el globalismo a la noción establecida de la Ummah, la congregación universal de todos los musulmanes.

Il mondo è stato afflitto da movimenti popolari di dissidenti praticamente in tutti i Paesi, che seguendo il precedente dei neri d'America, che un secolo e mezzo dopo la guerra civile americana che avrebbe liberato i neri dalla schiavitù, assistono ancora quasi quotidianamente a scene di discriminazione e maltrattamento dei neri d'America sul famigerato modello di G. Floyd. I dissidenti e i ribelli all'ordine esistente abbracciano vari modelli di protesta, più o meno violenti, temendo la cancellazione della loro identità sotto la spinta dell'ideologia globalista, e scelgono di sottolineare il loro malcontento, il loro rifiuto dell'ingiustizia e la loro rivendicazione di diritti assoluti a causa dell'oppressione assoluta che li ha spinti ai margini delle loro società. A volte, questi movimenti popolari possono essere classificati come wokeismo o zombeismo o, al contrario, nel caso dell'Islam, assimilare il globalismo alla nozione consolidata di Ummah, la congregazione universale di tutti i musulmani.

Die Welt wird in praktisch allen Ländern von Volksbewegungen Andersdenkender heimgesucht, die nach dem Vorbild der Schwarzen in Amerika, die anderthalb Jahrhunderte nach dem amerikanischen Bürgerkrieg, der sie angeblich von der Sklaverei befreit hat, noch immer fast täglich Szenen der Diskriminierung und Misshandlung schwarzer Amerikaner nach dem berüchtigten Vorbild von G. Floyd erleben. Diese Dissidenten und Rebellen gegen die bestehende Ordnung greifen zu verschiedenen mehr oder weniger gewalttätigen Protestformen, da sie die Auslöschung ihrer Identität durch die globalistische Ideologie fürchten und ihre Unzufriedenheit, ihre Ablehnung der Ungerechtigkeit und ihren Anspruch auf das absolute Recht aufgrund der absoluten Unterdrückung, die sie an den Rand ihrer Gesellschaften gedrängt hat, zum Ausdruck bringen wollen. Manchmal können diese Volksbewegungen als "Wokeism" oder "Zombeism" kategorisiert werden, oder, im Gegenteil, im Fall des Islams, wird der Globalismus mit der etablierten Vorstellung der Ummah, der universellen Versammlung aller Muslime, verglichen.

Prakticheski wo wseh stranah mira woznikli narodnye dwizheniq dissidentow, kotorye, sleduq precedentu, sozdannomu negrami w Amerike, kotorye spustq poltora weka posle Grazhdanskoj wojny w Amerike, qkoby oswobodiwshej negrow ot rabstwa, wse esche pochti ezhednewno nablüdaüt sceny diskriminacii i zhestokogo obrascheniq s chernymi amerikancami po pechal'no izwestnoj modeli G. Flojda. Jeti dissidenty i buntari protiw suschestwuüschego porqdka prinimaüt razlichnye formy protesta, bolee ili menee nasil'stwennye, opasaqs' unichtozheniq swoej identichnosti pod natiskom globalistskoj ideologii, i predpochitaüt podcherkiwat' swoe nedowol'stwo, nepriqtie nesprawedliwosti i trebowanie absolütnogo prawa w swqzi s absolütnym ugneteniem, kotoroe wytesnqet ih na obochinu obschestwa. Poroj äti narodnye dwizheniq mozhno otnesti k kategorii wokeism ili zombeism, ili, naprotiw, w sluchae s islamom, upodobit' globalizm ustoqwshemusq ponqtiü ummy, wseobschej obschiny wseh musul'man.

The world has been plagued by popular movements of dissidents in practically all countries, which following the precedent set by the Blacks in America, who a century and half after the American Civil War which supposedly freed the Blacks from slavery, are still watching almost daily scenes of discrimination and mistreatment of Black Americans on the infamous model of G. Floyd. Those dissidents and rebels against the existing order embrace various patterns of protest, more or less violent, fearing the obliteration of their identity under the sweep of globalist ideology, and electing to stress their discontent, their rejection of injustice and their claim for the absolute right to rebel due to the absolute oppression that has been pushing them to the margins of their societies. At times, these popular movements can be categorized as wokeism or zombeism, or, on the contrary, in the case of Islam, likening globalism to the established notion of the Ummah, the universal congregation of all Muslims.

It's all Perception "The Shah of Iran had maintained excellent relations with Israel, and the Jews of Iran flourished, but upon the advent of Khomeini in 1978, who dubbed Jews the 'enemies of Allah,' those attitudes were reversed overnight until under President Ahmadinejad, Iran and its Hizbullah operatives in Lebanon became the most virulent and violent enemies of Jews and Israel everywhere. Similarly, one cannot compare the dominant stature of Yasser Arafat at the helm of the Palestinians, as he was himself a revolutionary operative who dipped his hands in terrorism, to the more subdued conduct of Abu Mazen, his successor, who enjoys the comfort and prestige of his position but shuns combat, and is content with iconizing PLO terrorists and murderers as models to be emulated by his people, in order to show that the momentum of the Palestinian Revolution did not recede even though the leader could no longer serve as the model himself." Under authoritarian regimes the depiction of events, politics and events of the future as well as of the past are unpredictable. They are often dependent on the whim of the ruler, who makes his own "constitution" when he comes to power, not as a rigid set of laws to restrict his own power, but as a blueprint for his unrestricted plan of action during his tenure. The manufacturing of lies, myth, invented history, and imagined genealogies, all geared to justify post-facto the ruler's takeover of the regime, or the self-allocation of titles and feats that aggrandize his fame, create a variant pattern of rule. This can even happen with the establishment of a dynasty under a republican regime, when the authoritarian ruler bequeaths his rule to his offspring (as has happened in Egypt, Libya, Syria, Iraq, and Yemen, greatly contributing ultimately to the fall of the regimes). Even more impressive and lasting is the self-conviction embraced by the ruler in the religious Islamic environment, when an expedient political fact like the failed succession of the Prophet Muhammad by his cousin and son-in law Ali was turned into a sacred creed that sanctified through the generations the millennial split of the Shi'ia from mainstream Sunni Islam. Thus, events are often perceived by Muslims in the light of their religious convictions, and myths are created to fill in historical gaps, which can generate distortions of policies when they are acted upon. About the author:Raphael Israeli has taught Islamic, Chinese, and Middle Eastern history at Hebrew University in Jerusalem. A graduate of Hebrew University in history and Arabic literature, he earned a Ph.D. in Chinese and Islamic history from the University of California, Berkeley. Now retired, he has been a Fellow of the Harry Truman Research Institute at Hebrew University and the Jerusalem Center since the1970s. He is the author of over 90 books and 100 articles.

Como resultado do globalismo, no qual certas elites ocidentais assumiram o domínio económico, social e político do mundo, desenvolveu-se um novo modo e estado de espírito entre os mais fracos e desfavorecidos, camadas da sociedade, tanto internamente dentro de regimes considerados injustos e mesmo antidemocráticos, como entre os imigrantes muçulmanos para o Ocidente. Estas pessoas insatisfeitas, como os Negros na América, os Árabes em Israel, e outros grupos empobrecidos entre os "oprimidos" e os deserdados, estão de facto a revoltar-se contra a ordem existente, criando um contra-Estado, algo como as sociedades secretas chinesas no tradicional Reino Médio, ou a "causa nostra" dos Estados modernos, onde vivem separados nos seus enclaves da corrente dominante da sociedade, até um dia em que possam separar-se e estabelecer a sua própria ordem social alternativa. Isto é o que é visto como um despertar, que está a ser submetido a um julgamento revolucionário da força desde as eleições de Novembro de 2022 em Israel.

A seguito del globalismo, in cui alcune élite occidentali hanno assunto il dominio economico, sociale e politico del mondo, si è sviluppata una nuova modalità e un nuovo stato d'animo tra gli strati più deboli e svantaggiati della società, sia all'interno di regimi considerati ingiusti e persino antidemocratici, sia tra gli immigrati musulmani in Occidente. Queste persone insoddisfatte, come i neri in America, gli arabi in Israele e altri gruppi impoveriti tra gli "oppressi" e i diseredati, si stanno infatti ribellando all'ordine esistente creando un controstato, come le società segrete cinesi nel tradizionale Regno di Mezzo o la "causa nostra" degli Stati moderni, dove vivono separati nelle loro enclavi dalla società principale, fino al giorno in cui potranno separarsi e stabilire un proprio ordine sociale alternativo. Questo è ciò che viene considerato il wokeismo, che sta sostenendo una prova di forza rivoluzionaria dopo le elezioni del novembre 2022 in Israele.

Como resultado del globalismo, en el que ciertas élites occidentales se han hecho con el dominio económico, social y político del mundo, se ha desarrollado un nuevo modo y estado de ánimo entre los estratos más débiles y desfavorecidos de la sociedad, tanto en el interior de regímenes que se consideran injustos e incluso antidemocráticos, como entre los inmigrantes musulmanes en Occidente. Estas personas insatisfechas, como los negros en Estados Unidos, los árabes en Israel y otros grupos empobrecidos entre los "oprimidos" y los desheredados, se rebelan de hecho contra el orden existente creando un contraestado, algo así como las sociedades secretas chinas en el Reino Medio tradicional, o la "causa nostra" de los estados modernos, donde viven separados en sus enclaves de la corriente principal de la sociedad, hasta el día en que puedan separarse y establecer su propio orden social alternativo. Esto es lo que se conoce como wokeísmo, que está viviendo una prueba de fuerza revolucionaria desde las elecciones de noviembre de 2022 en Israel.

Infolge der Globalisierung, in der bestimmte westliche Eliten die wirtschaftliche, soziale und politische Herrschaft über die Welt übernommen haben, hat sich unter den schwächeren und benachteiligten Schichten der Gesellschaft eine neue Geisteshaltung entwickelt, und zwar sowohl im Inland innerhalb von Regimen, die als ungerecht und sogar undemokratisch angesehen werden, als auch unter den muslimischen Einwanderern im Westen. Diese unzufriedenen Menschen, wie die Schwarzen in Amerika, die Araber in Israel und andere verarmte Gruppen unter den "Unterdrückten" und Enterbten, rebellieren in der Tat gegen die bestehende Ordnung, indem sie einen Gegenstaat schaffen, ähnlich wie die chinesischen Geheimgesellschaften im traditionellen Reich der Mitte oder die "causa nostra" moderner Staaten, wo sie in ihren Enklaven getrennt vom Mainstream der Gesellschaft leben, bis zu dem Tag, an dem sie sich abspalten und ihre eigene alternative Gesellschaftsordnung errichten können. Dies wird als "Wokeism" bezeichnet, der seit den Wahlen im November 2022 in Israel eine revolutionäre Kraftprobe besteht.

V rezul'tate globalizma, w kotorom opredelennye zapadnye älity wzqli na sebq äkonomicheskoe, social'noe i politicheskoe uprawlenie mirom, sredi slabyh i obezdolennyh sloew obschestwa, kak wnutri strany w ramkah rezhimow, kotorye schitaütsq nesprawedliwymi i dazhe nedemokraticheskimi, tak i sredi musul'manskih immigrantow na Zapad, sformirowalsq nowyj rezhim i sostoqnie uma. Jeti neudowletworennye lüdi, kak negry w Amerike, araby w Izraile i drugie obednewshie gruppy sredi "ugnetennyh" i lishennyh nasledstwa, fakticheski wosstaüt protiw suschestwuüschego porqdka, sozdawaq kontrgosudarstwo, chto-to wrode kitajskih tajnyh obschestw w tradicionnom Podnebesnoj ili "causa nostra" sowremennyh gosudarstw, gde oni zhiwut otdel'no w swoih anklawah ot osnownoj massy obschestwa do togo dnq, kogda oni smogut otdelit'sq i ustanowit' swoj sobstwennyj al'ternatiwnyj social'nyj porqdok. Jeto to, chto rassmatriwaetsq kak wokeism, kotoryj prohodit rewolücionnuü probu sil posle wyborow w Izraile w noqbre 2022 goda.

Sous l'effet du mondialisme, dans lequel certaines élites occidentales ont pris le contrôle économique, social et politique du monde, un nouveau mode et un nouvel état d'esprit se sont développés parmi les couches les plus faibles et les plus défavorisées de la société, tant à l'intérieur de régimes considérés comme injustes, voire antidémocratiques, qu'au sein des immigrés musulmans en Occident. Ces personnes insatisfaites, comme les Noirs en Amérique, les Arabes en Israël et d'autres groupes appauvris parmi les "opprimés" et les déshérités, se rebellent en fait contre l'ordre existant en créant un contre-État, quelque chose comme les sociétés secrètes chinoises dans l'Empire du Milieu traditionnel, ou la "causa nostra" des États modernes, où ils vivent séparés dans leurs enclaves du courant principal de la société, jusqu'au jour où ils peuvent faire sécession et établir leur propre ordre social alternatif. C'est ce que l'on appelle le wokeism, qui fait l'objet d'une épreuve de force révolutionnaire depuis les élections de novembre 2022 en Israël.

As a result of globalism, in which certain Western elites have taken over the economic, social and political rule of the world, a new mode and state of mind has developed among the weaker and disadvantaged strata of society, both domestically within regimes which are considered unjust and even undemocratic, and amidst Muslim immigrants to the West. These unsatisfied people, like the Blacks in America, the Arabs in Israel, and other impoverished groups among the ¿oppressed¿ and the disinherited, are in fact rebelling against the existing order by creating a counter -state, something like the Chinese secret societies in the traditional Middle Kingdom, or the ¿causa nosträ of modern states, where they live separate in their enclaves from the mainstream of society, until such a day that they can secede and establish their own alternative social order. This is what is viewed as wokeism, which is standing a revolutionary trial of force since the November 2022 elections in Israel.