Bücher von Sanjeev Kumar Shukla

Gallbladder cancer is a rare disease that may be diagnosed incidentally cholecystectomy, often with more advanced disease. Jaundice is considered an ominous sign in the presentation of gallbladder cancer. The K-ras proto-oncogene is thought to exert control over some of the mechanisms of cell growth and differentiation. This gene is converted to an active oncogene by point mutations significantly concentrated in codons 12, 13, or 61. The Ras family consists of three genes located in different chromosomes, encoding the homologous 21 kDa proteins H-Ras, N-Ras and K-Ras. p53 acts as the single most important gene in cancer as a single mutation can lead to tumor genesis. p53 functions have been further diversified by the discovery of various isoforms of p53. These isoforms derived either by alternative splicing or by differential translational sites are expressed in a tissue specific manner. The influence of p53¿ isoform on p53 activity either by its transcriptional repression or by forming a complex with p53 thereby modulating its activity at p53 dependent promoters. The roles of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapies in the treatment of gallbladder cancer remain poorly elucidated.

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a heterogeneous groups of diseases that occur as a results of loss of tolerance to self-antigens. Autoimmune thyroid diseases signify the most standard autoimmune disorder around the world and has Graves¿s disease (GD) Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). Graves¿s disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by goitre, hyperthyroidism and/or Graves¿ orbitopathy (GO). The hyperthyroidism is caused by thyroid hypertrophy and stimulation of function, resulting from anti-TSHR antibodies. Autoimmune Thyroid disease, a chronic illness, affects nearly 200 million people worldwide and is more common among women than in men. Many women with thyroid disease are misdiagnosed or struggle with symptoms even once during receiving treatment. The immunomodulation of both T cells and B cells can assist to get reduction in incidence of autoimmune diseases. Future research will focus on the genetic versions of AITD susceptibility essential for the improvement of new specific and preventive therapies of environmental causes which includes infection, non-genetic factors, genetic factor, iodine, stress, sex and smoking.