Bücher von Shruti Sinha

Selon le groupe de travail sur la taxonomie de l'Association internationale pour l'étude de la douleur (IASP) 1994, la douleur est définie comme une expérience sensorielle et émotionnelle désagréable associée à une lésion tissulaire réelle ou potentielle, ou décrite en termes d'une telle lésion. La douleur orofaciale peut être un symptôme diagnostique spécifique et important de nombreuses maladies telles que les maladies des structures orofaciales, les maladies musculo-squelettiques généralisées, les maladies rhumatismales, les maladies du système nerveux périphérique ou central, les anomalies psychologiques et les douleurs des muscles cervicaux ou les pathologies intracrâniennes sous forme de douleur référée.

De acordo com a Task Force on Taxonomy da Associação Internacional para o Estudo da Dor (IASP) de 1994, a dor é definida como uma experiência sensorial e emocional desagradável associada a danos reais ou potenciais nos tecidos, ou descrita em termos de tais danos. A dor orofacial pode ser um sintoma de diagnóstico específico e importante de muitas doenças, tais como doenças das estruturas orofaciais, doenças músculo-esqueléticas generalizadas, doenças reumáticas, doenças do sistema nervoso periférico ou central, anomalias psicológicas e dores nos músculos cervicais ou patologias intracranianas sob a forma de dor referida.

Secondo la Task Force on Taxonomy dell'International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 1994, il dolore è definito come un'esperienza sensoriale ed emotiva spiacevole associata a un danno tissutale reale o potenziale, o descritta in termini di tale danno. Il dolore orofacciale può essere un sintomo diagnostico specifico e importante di molte patologie, come le malattie delle strutture orofacciali, le malattie muscolo-scheletriche generalizzate, le malattie reumatiche, le malattie del sistema nervoso periferico o centrale, le anomalie psicologiche e il dolore dei muscoli cervicali o la patologia intracranica sotto forma di dolore riferito.

Según el Grupo de Trabajo sobre Taxonomía de la Asociación Internacional para el Estudio del Dolor (IASP) 1994, el dolor se define como una experiencia sensorial y emocional desagradable asociada a un daño tisular real o potencial, o descrita en términos de dicho daño. El dolor orofacial puede ser un síntoma diagnóstico específico e importante de muchas enfermedades, como enfermedades de las estructuras orofaciales, enfermedades musculoesqueléticas generalizadas, enfermedades reumáticas, enfermedades del sistema nervioso periférico o central, anomalías psicológicas y dolor muscular cervical o patología intracraneal en forma de dolor referido.

Soglasno opredeleniü Celewoj gruppy po taxonomii Mezhdunarodnoj associacii po izucheniü boli (IASP) 1994 goda, bol' opredelqetsq kak nepriqtnoe sensornoe i ämocional'noe perezhiwanie, swqzannoe s fakticheskim ili potencial'nym powrezhdeniem tkanej, ili opisywaemoe w terminah takogo powrezhdeniq. Orofacial'naq bol' mozhet byt' specificheskim i wazhnym diagnosticheskim simptomom mnogih zabolewanij, takih kak zabolewaniq orofacial'nyh struktur, generalizowannye zabolewaniq oporno-dwigatel'nogo apparata, rewmaticheskie zabolewaniq, zabolewaniq perifericheskoj ili central'noj nerwnoj sistemy, psihologicheskie anomalii i bol' shejnyh myshc ili wnutricherepnaq patologiq w wide otsylaüschej boli.

Nach der Task Force on Taxonomy der International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) von 1994 wird Schmerz als eine unangenehme sensorische und emotionale Erfahrung definiert, die mit einer tatsächlichen oder potenziellen Gewebeschädigung einhergeht oder in Bezug auf eine solche Schädigung beschrieben wird. Orofazialer Schmerz kann ein spezifisches und wichtiges diagnostisches Symptom vieler Krankheiten sein, wie z. B. Erkrankungen der orofazialen Strukturen, generalisierte Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparats, rheumatische Erkrankungen, Erkrankungen des peripheren oder zentralen Nervensystems, psychologische Anomalien und Schmerzen der Halsmuskulatur oder intrakranielle Pathologien in Form von Referenzschmerzen.

According to Task Force on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 1994, Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Orofacial pain can be a specific and important diagnostic symptom of many diseases such as disease of the orofacial structures, generalized musculoskeletal diseases, rheumatic disease, peripheral or central nervous system diseases, psychological abnormality and pain cervical muscles or intracranial pathology in form of referred pain.

Demerjian and co-workers developed an age estimation method that made use of a scoring system. The development of seven mandibular teeth on the left side was divided into eight stages each. These stages were named ¿A¿ to ¿H¿. The rating is assigned by following the written criteria for each stage and by comparing the tooth with the diagrams & x-ray pictures. ¿ It is relatively a simple method and one of the most popular method for assessing age in children and adolescent, probably due to detailed description and radiographic illustrations of tooth developmental stages. Dr. Carmen Nolla suggested an observational method that can be used to appraise the development of each tooth in the maxillary and mandibular arches. In this method 10 mineralization stages of each tooth were evaluated. It is a Precise method and has small method error.