Krieg

This volume is intended as an entry point to questions about mass atrocity and genocide that are asked by and of people of faith and is is an outstanding reference source to the key topics, historical events and heated debates in this subject area.

This book offers a new research agenda for intelligence studies in contemporary times.

This volume provides the first study of the history of Sinology (aka China Studies) as charted across other Communist states during the Cold War.

This book engages comprehensively with the dynamics of the transitional justice process in Tunisia and its mechanisms, elaborating what lessons there are for transitional justice practice globally.

In 1522, the Ottomans attacked the island of Rhodes and, after a six-month siege, the Hospitallers surrendered on terms. The Knights Hospitaller had ruled Rhodes since 1309, and the Ottomans had attempted to capture the island 40 years before in 1480, but were defeated by the Knights. The Ottoman victory in 1522 resulted in the Knights being expelled from the island and eventually settling in Malta, Gozo, and Tripoli and the Ottomans obtaining domination over the Eastern Mediterranean and its trade.This collection of essays, published on the 500th anniversary of the siege, explores such question as why Suleiman the Magnificent attacked Rhodes, what made the 1522 siege successful, and how the Rhodian population, the Knights Hospitaller, the Eastern and Western Mediterranean, and Europe in general were affected by the loss of Rhodes. The answers to these questions are explored in new research by expert historians and archaeologists in their field.This book will appeal to all those interested in the Knights Hospitaller, Ottoman History, Crusader Studies, and Early Modern European History.

This book discusses the systematic expansion of the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) across the continent of Africa.

Written in honour of the leading historian of war and state formation in the early modern Low Countries Marjolein 't Hart, the chapters gathered in this volume examine the main drivers, beneficiaries and discontents of state formation across and beyond Europe in the early modern period.

This second edition of The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations offers a wide-ranging, internationally focused overview of the field of civil-military relations.The armed forces are central actors in most societies and are involved in many different roles. Amongst other activities, they engage in peace operations, support the police in fighting crime, support civilian authorities in dealing with natural disasters, and fight against terrorists and in internal conflicts. The existing literature on this subject is limited in its discussion of warfighting and thus does not do justice to the variety of roles. This second edition not only fills this important lacuna but offers an up-to-date comparative analysis and provides a conceptual framework to analyze how strategies can realistically be implemented. Amalgamating ideas from key thinkers in the field, the book is organized into three main thematic parts: Part I: Civil-Military Relations in Non-Democratic States and Illiberal Democracies; Part II: Civil-Military Relations in New Democracies; Part III: Civil-Military Relations in Established Democracies.This handbook will be essential reading for students and practitioners in the fields of civil-military relations, defense studies, war and conflict studies, international security, and IR in general.

This book looks at the representations of modern war by analysing texts and examining the ways in which authors relate to the atrocious horrors of war.Rejecting the assumption that violence is simply a denial of reason or, at best, a pathological form of collective sadism, this book considers it 'a cultural act' that needs to be understood as underpinned by a series of shared and accepted norms and values stemming from a society at a given moment of its history and shaped by its language. Traditional vocabulary and language seem inadequate to describe soldiers' experience of modern warfare. The problem for writers is to depict and render intelligible a dramatically unprecedented reality through recourse to something familiar. For some historians and literary critics, the absurdity of the First World War has shaped our ironic and disenchanted reading of the entire twentieth century. Yet these ways of coping with the urge to communicate inexpressible feelings and emotions in most cases are not sufficient to overcome the incoherence of the sentiments felt and the events witnessed.The contributors attempt to address the questions and issues that are posed by the highly ambiguous views, texts, and representations examined in this volume.This book was originally published as a special issue of the journal European Review of History: Revue Européenne d'Histoire.

Paper has been the material of bureaucracy, and paperwork performs functions of order, control, and surveillance. This book explores how those functions transform over time, allowing private challenges to the public narratives created by institutions and governments.

This book offers a fresh look at the role of coalitions in contentious politics in North Africa and the Middle East, based on conceptual reflexions and empirical case studies by researchers who have conducted extensive fieldwork in the region.Coalitions of actors that have traditionally not been allies have become a key feature of the protest movements that have emerged across North Africa and the Middle East since 2011. But what happens when Islamists ally with Leftists, workers with student unions and young engineers with local tribesmen? How do coalitions form across ideological, generational, professional, ethnic and class divides? Are such collaborations transformative? The authors seek to show that it is important to go beyond analyses that focus mainly on identifying the factors that led to a coalition's success or failure: coalitions are moments of transformative encounter that can lead to changes affecting relations with political authorities, ideological learnings, repertoires of action and understandings of the notion of right. Instead of analyzing coalitions and social divides as two opposite processes, this book further argues that studying the alliance of social groups goes hand in hand with exploring processes of differentiation that are engineered by both political regimes and social actors.Focusing on the role of coalitions in contentious politics, before and after the Arab uprisings, this book proposes a sociology of coalitions in the Middle East based on key empirical examples, to analyze the transformations that emerged out of such alliances at the levels of repertoires of action, forms of organization, relations to political authorities and ideological learnings.The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of the journal, Mediterranean Politics.

The physical and philosophical concepts of space, highlighting their infinite, ever-changing naturePhysical spacePhysical space is the place where objects and forces are located. It is a three-dimensional space, with length, width, and height. Physical space is infinite and is constantly expanding.To describe physical space, scientists use the theory of relativity. According to this theory, space and time are intertwined in a single, cross-linked matrix called "spacetime." Physical forces are produced by the curvature of spacetime. For example, gravitational force is produced by the curvature of spacetime.Philosophical spacePhilosophical space is a broader concept than physical space. It includes the three dimensions of physical space, as well as other aspects such as time, identity, consciousness, and knowledge.Philosophical space is infinite and ever-changing. It is an integrated system, in which all things are interconnected.InfinityTo say that space is infinite means that there is nothing beyond it. There is no end to space, and it will always continue to expand.Infinity is a complex concept. It is difficult to understand, because the world we experience is small and limited.

Although an ally of Nazi Germany during World War II, Japan adamantly refused to accede to German demands to deal harshly with the some 40,000 Jews living under its control. While there was anti-Semitism in Japan since the early 1920s, there was also philo-Semitism and great admiration for Jewish power, influence and achievements. Japan-Israel relations were very strained and tense from 1952 to the early 1990s due to Japan's dependence on Arab oil. But since 1990 the policy of Japan has changed radically and the country is now a close friend of Israel in East Asia. Meron Medzini compares and contrasts Israeli and Japanese society, foreign policy, and above all economic and technological ties. He analyzes the presence of Jews in Japan since the 1860s and the absence of any Jewish influence, power, and involvement in Japanese arts, media, academia, politics, labor unions, and industry.

Looking back at the "War on Terror" and its policies, actions, and the violence that followed, this book analyzes the resulting changes in international power structures and the relationship between citizens and their representatives. It defines our shortcomings in opposing this type of violence by demonstrating how the notion of legitimate violence has been broadened. The impact of the "War on Terror" on the public view of Liberalism is explored, as well as its effects on the role of state authorities in our lives. Thus, this book names the lessons we ought to learn from the actions taken against terrorist organizations.

Beurteilungssystem 2.0 - sicher und korrekt beurteilenDurch die neue allgemeine Regelung AR A-1340/50 "Beurteilungen der Soldatinnen und Soldaten" ergeben sich gegenüber früheren Beurteilungssystemen grundlegende Änderungen. Vorgesetzte müssen über diese neuen Regelungen umfassend Kenntnis besitzen, um die Eignung, (fachliche) Leistung und Befähigung der/des zu beurteilenden Soldatin/Soldaten richtig zu bewerten. Aber auch jede/r Soldatin/Soldat sollte sich vor einer Beurteilung informieren, um über ihre/seine Möglichkeiten, Rechte, aber auch Pflichten Kenntnis zu haben und die Bedeutung von Beurteilungen für sich persönlich einschätzen zu können.Dieses Praxishandbuch Beurteilungssystem 2.0 stellt die neue Regelung übersichtlich vor und erläutert Schritt für Schritt die Vorbereitung und Erstellung der Beurteilungen/ Personalentwicklungsbewertungen, z. B.: Was ist das Ziel und die Bedeutung von Beurteilungen/Personalentwicklungsbewertungen?Wer wird wann und in welcher Form beurteilt?Nach welchen Grundsätzen wird beurteilt?Gibt es Möglichkeiten der Mitwirkung?Was bedeutet die Beurteilung/Personalentwicklung für meine Karriere?Mit zeitsparenden Arbeitshilfen, anschaulichen Beispielen und wichtigen Praxistipps.