Bücher der Reihe British Archaeological Reports International Series

Investigation of social and economic change has always been central to archaeology. As part of this, population movements have frequently been emphasised as instigators of transition. This is particularly the case in British archaeology where, as an island, migration episodes tend to be viewed as highly significant. The Norman Conquest was the last and perhaps most famous of Britain's invasions, resulting in the almost complete replacement of the Saxon elite, both lay and ecclesiastical. Because the events surrounding the Conquest are so well documented, 1066 has come to be held as a significant watershed. This book sets out to undertake a detailed zooarchaeological analysis of the Norman Conquest, whereby data are considered by site-type to detect subtle temporal variations, if present, in human-animal relationships. The aim of this book is to show that zooarchaeological and historical data can be used together profitably to provide a new perspective on the Normans and their conquest of England. In order to accomplish this, the Norman Conquest is examined at the macro, meso and micro scale, which can be translated as the Norman Empire, Saxo-Norman England and specific Saxo-Norman sites, respectively.

Proceedings of the 19th Meeting of the European Association of South Asian Archaeology in Ravenna, Italy, July 2007South Asian Archaeology 2007. Special Sessions 2

Final Conference University of Burgundy, Dijon, 23-25 June 2008This volume presents the contributions of the four workgroups involved in the collective research programme entitled 'ArchaeDyn. Spatial dynamics of settlement and natural resources: towards a long-term integrated analysis, from Prehistory to the Middle Ages', funded by the French Ministry of Research between 2005 and 2007.

Proceedings of the Graduate Archaeology Organisation Conference on the Fourth and Fifth of April 2008 at Hertford College, Oxford, UKThis volume stems from the proceedings of the third conference of the Graduate Archaeology Organisation at Oxford (GAO) held 4-5 April, 2008 at Hertford College, Oxford. The conference title was Challenging Frontiers: Mobility, Transition and Change, and aimed to address the question of mobility in the archaeological record from an inter-disciplinary perspective, and hence to encourage dialogue between the more artistic and scientific subdisciplines of archaeology.

Acknowledging problems inherent in dating Australian rock art, Natalie Franklin approaches a group of engravings known as the Panaramitee style' in terms of its spatial variation.

This volume grew out of a symposium session on Experimental Archaeology that was co-organized by James R. Mathieu and Andrew W. Pelcin for the Society for American Archaeology annual meetings in Chicago, Illinois in 1999.

This book deals with the Roman finds from the eastern part of the Roman Province of Dalmatia, situated in today's western Serbia. Through the study of inscriptions, small finds, cemeteries and settlements, the author traces the progress of Romanization, social changes, administrative structures and economic life in the area from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD.Illustrations by Free Artist Vuk Roganovi¿, B.S. ArchitectureTranslated from Serbian by Ana Vasi¿

There are several reasons for archaeologists to develop and critically examine the use of archaeological predictive models (APM). APM has had an immense impact on the field of Cultural Resources Management (CRM), particularly in North America. APM is thought to be much more effective in predicting hunter-gatherer site locations, rather than the site locations of complex societies. It is hoped that by the development and critical assessment of APM that these concerns can be addressed and what is a potentially powerful archaeological tool can gain greater acceptance. In this volume, the author creates four models to predict site locations of boreal forest hunter-gatherers. Two of the models are created using cultural and environmental variables. The third model focuses on economic variables in creating a predictive model using logistic regression, and the fourth is a model that combines economic, cultural and environmental variables to make predictions. Finally, this research tests the effectiveness of general ecological models of cultural behaviour as well as the relative merits of environmental/cultural and economic models. Furthermore, the research will test basic principles of cultural ecology at a time when many anthropologists are in the process of revising and updating this paradigm.

This volume is a collection of papers originally presented at the Origins of the LBK symposium held at the 8th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) in Thessaloniki, Greece, between September 25th and 29th, 2002. The aim of the session was to summarize recent developments in research and fieldwork taking place in the eastern part of the LBK area of distribution, and to introduce this very interesting research to the broader archaeological community. The 15 papers have been organized into three themes: "Theoretical Constraints on the Understanding of the LBK", "The Earliest LBK and What Came Before: The Emergence of Traditions" and "Perspectives on the Early LBK: Life and Times".

This research presents the qualitative and quantitative data collected from the architecture within ten Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic settlements in the Central and Southwestern regions of modern-day Anatolia, the larger part of Turkey lying on the 'Asian side' to the east of Istanbul. The sites investigated are: Aþýklý Höyük, Çatalhöyük, Canhasan III, Canhasan I, Güvercinkayasý, Höyücek, Bademaðacý, Erbaba, Hacýlar and Kuruçay. After investigating the interplay between theory and methodology in order to establish a research methodology, the work offers a general overview of the topography and climate of Central and Southwest Anatolia, reviews the current state of archaeological knowledge about prehistoric subsistence and settlement patterns and explains the selection of the ten sites for further study. The qualitative and quantitative data for these ten sites are then presented and analysed and the concluding chapter considers to what extent the research has been able to contribute to current theories about household and community within the Near East. It makes some general observations about the relationship between individual households and the wider community over region, subsistence patterns and time, sets the research within the wider field of settlement studies and identifies the need for further research.

In this work the author uses an evolutionary and ecological approach to interpreting early hominin geographic ranges, specifically integrating theory from biogeography and studies of human evolution. A key part of the research is a comparative study of primate distribution in relation to physical and behavioural characteristics and environmental factors using GIS and statistical techniques. The comparative method makes it possible to test hypotheses of adaptation and correlated evolution of environmental tolerance, geographical distribution, and certain key behavioural characteristics. The breadth of data available from studies of extant primates makes it possible to analyse the role of a range of behavioural and life history characteristics in the evolution of primate geographic ranges. Contents: Chapter 1 is an introduction and Chapter 2 presents a survey of the literature on the modern distribution of species, to determine which factors have been identified as important and how they interact. Chapter 3 outlines changes in early hominin geographic ranges over time, giving three models of the evolution of hominin geographic ranges. These models are based on theories about human evolution, and the spatial processes described in Chapter 2, and are backed up where possible with examples of trends in the fossil record. Chapter 4 describes a comparative analysis of primate distribution in relation to physical and behavioural characteristics and environmental factors, conducted using GIS and statistical techniques - with a particularly focus on the interaction of the factors such as: behavioural flexibility and cultural transmission, geographical distribution and environmental variability, and life history parameters. Chapter 5 is an investigation of large-scale patterns in the distribution and ecology of modern African mammals. The aim is to assess the role of dietary niches, particularly meat eating, in species distribution. Chapter 6 assesses the relevance of the models developed through theoretical discussion and comparative analysis, by examining the data on early hominin distribution and ecological niches for a particular case study. The chapter also looks at hypotheses of hominin range expansion during the period 1.8-0.6 million years ago in Africa, by comparing palaeoanthropological and archaeological data with the predictions of the models.

Compositional data on bronze artefacts of the European Chalcolithic and Bronze Age are now quite numerous. This study differs in that it indicates how the bronzes were made: hammered into shape or cast, the moulds, the cooling processes, and after casting techniques. The authors focus on the microstructure and behaviour of archaeologically relevant alloys cast with materials likely to have been accessible in the Chalcolthic and Early Bronze Age of Europe. In order to compile a reference collection for the determination of ancient production methods of cast bronze artefacts, a series of casting experiments with archaeologically relevant alloys was carried out in the University of Sheffield. Bronze flat axes, characteristic of the European Chalcolithic to Bronze Age periods, were cast in moulds of sand, clay and bronze. The composition of the bronze, the moulding material and the cooling method after casting were systematically varied under controlled conditions. The microstructure, dendritic arm spacing or grain size and microhardness of the cast metals were studied on each casting. The malleability of the metals was also investigated by cold-rolling and annealing processes. All figures and a selection of photomicrographs are printed in black and white in this volume. They are reproduced in colour in the online download. There is one plate of colour photomicrographs in chapter 9. The complete series of colour photomicrographs for bronzes cast in sand moulds is given in appendix 2, that for bronzes cast in clay moulds is in appendix 3 and that for bronzes cast in bronze moulds is in appendix 4. The photomicrographs of the series of cold-working and annealing are given in appendix 5. All sample numbers discussed in this volume, with their composition and cooling regimes, are given in appendix 6.

The subject of this study is hunter-gatherer adaptations to high altitude, focussed around the little-known valley of the River Atuel in the province of Southern Mendoza, Argentina. The research is original, using latest methods and techniques within a context of current archaeological theories. The author also identifies new trends in the history of hunter-gatherer populations, which have implications and applications for groups on other continents than South America.

This study explores several different techniques to isolate and determine the age of lithic microdebitage in relation to archaeological deposits and sedimentation. This research proposes the integration of techniques available in archaeology and geomorphology to ascertain the shape and features of quartz microdebitage, and the use of OSL for direct dating of the artefacts and sediments. In this research, sedimentary samples from two archaeological sites in northern Australia are analysed using experimental methodologies to isolate and date quartz microdebitage, derived from the process of manufacturing stone tools. The central aim of this research is to apply the OSL dating technique for direct dating of quartz artefactual material. In order to achieve this it is necessary to unequivocally distinguish between microdebitage and the surrounding sediments. This is done by applying grain surface features techniques and microdebitage analysis to separate archaeological quartz and naturally occurring sedimentary quartz grains. The aims of this research are, therefore, to identify quartz microdebitage from archaeologically relevant deposits, and to use quartz microdebitage for OSL age determination, along with refinements in microdebitage analysis techniques. The principal novel aspect of this research is the dating of quartz microartefacts by OSL, although the combination of approaches taken, and their integration, is also innovative.

Actas del Congreso Internacional (Cádiz, 7-9 de noviembre de 2005)

First and Second Millennia B.P.This work presents a detailed study of the Puna de Atacama oasis (Antofalla, Argentina) across the first two millennia B.P.

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006. Volume 38, Session C76This book includes papers from the session 'Antiquarians at the Megaliths' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress, Lisbon, 2006

Proceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006. Volume 40, Session C28This book includes papers (in French and English) from the session (Vol. 40, Session C28) 'Symbolic Spaces in Prehistoric Art', presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

Society for Arabian Studies Monographs No. 7

This study sets forth a typological classification of hitherto undocumented ceramic artefacts from the Hulbuk excavation site (south east of Tadjikistan, Kuliob district). This material from the ninth to the mid-eleventh century, collected from 1953 to 1978 by the Russian-Tadjik campaigns, mainly comes from the citadel, some wells located in the lower part of the city and from one or two kilns. Concentrating on this site - the capital of Khuttal - the author focuses on the material culture of the Turkish-Iranian dynasty. Previous research in this area has not been on the same scale as that undertaken in mediaeval Central Asia (West to East Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kirghizstan and South Kazakhstan). The chronological period in question is rich in technical innovations and decorative creations. The ninth century saw the beginning of the development of glazed pottery. Under the Abbasids, considerable advances were made in science, in particular chemistry, and this led to the emergence of techniques, such as glaze, which modified the ceramic craft. In Part 1, the author examines specific aspects of the geography and history of Central Asia at the beginning of medieval period (the eighth to the eleventh century) to shed light on the extent to which this vast central-Asian area was physically and ideologically conquered. Regarding the Arab-Islamic conquest of this area, the study shows as far as is possible how a new culture and religion penetrated these countries, presenting also the influence of Near-East dynasties and the gradual lack of control of the caliph on local dynasties. Contacts and political tensions with China and tribal Turks are also taken into consideration. For the ceramic study (Part 2), the author puts in place a typology according to: fabric and shape for glazed and unglazed pottery; the nature of the glaze and decoration; and additives in the glaze-ware. This research offers an important ceramics corpus in a new typo-morphology, of interest to historians and archaeologists working on central-Asian Islamic pottery. Part 3 deals with the technical particularities of this geographical area, presenting a typology of ceramics produced in Hulbuk, and highlighted specific elements required for the manufacture of pottery (moulds), including placing and firing the pottery in the kiln. Part 4 deals briefly with the distribution of glazed and unglazed types of mains ceramics and commercial paths according to the historical sources.

Contains a biography of Professor Barri Jones by Nick Higham and a bibliography of his published writings. Thirty-three leading archaeologists, colleagues and friends of the late Professor Barri Jones, contribute to this volume of essays offered to the memory of this eminent figure in gratitude for his inspirational teaching, his charismatic academic leadership, and his warmth as a friend and colleague. Although, strictly speaking, several of these papers really lie outside the Roman Empire, either in terms of geography or period, all have some link to Barri Jones himself, and reflect his interests and encouragement of others.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 11

This study focuses on the archaeological record of South-Eastern Spain during the period stretching from the end of the Late Roman period up until the establishment of the new 'states' of the Taifa Kingdoms and the Caliphate of Cordoba. This work is a study of the area of the Vera Basin, and attempts to explain the socio-economic organisation and its interaction with the surrounding environment of this region, and is based therefore on the material remains from settlements during this period. The study is comprised of three parts, the first section is concerned with the period in which these sites existed, the second is concerned with the spatial positioning of these sites, with the third section being a general conclusion. The first section splits the period in question into six distinct phases encompassing the 3rd to the 11th centuries AD. The study looks at occupation in the area in question during these phases and discusses population fluctuations over these periods. The present day environment of the Vera Basin is a semi-desert landscape situated in the south-eastern region of the Iberian peninsula, with the palaeo-ecological data suggesting that there was a period of unusually high aridity from the 7th to the 10th centuries AD, with torrential interludes. The author looks at settlement patterns in the region, starting by covering Late Roman sites such as Baria, a small urban site, as well as numerous villae. Later sites such as Bayra are also discussed, and this was an important site in terms of administration and ideology, as a major mosque was built here, and was the capital of the Bayra district in the 11th century. The study states how the Vera Basin was a heavily populated area at the end of the Late Roman period, and this population was based upon the extensive amount of dryland cereal agriculture, as well as a large amount of irrigational agriculture in alluvial areas. As the power of Rome waned there was a general period of depopulation, with the population becoming dispersed into smaller communities. A majority of the population remained centred around the lowland areas. From the 6th to the 8th centuries there seems to have been an environmental crisis of some kind, basically a period of alternating floods and droughts, and this in turn lead to the widespread abandonment of settlements. The appearance of glazed ceramics in the 9th century probably indicates an influx of new peoples, with three new settlements being founded in this first Andalusi phase. The period from the 10th to the 11th centuries represents a phase of population growth, although the settlements were still largely dispersed. The author concludes by stating that three-quarters of the sites in the Vera Basin were no longer inhabited after the 11th century. This shows that the settlement patterns during the Late Andalusi period did not lead directly into the period of the Caliphate, and it can be assumed that this is because of the major period of instability and upheaval that this region underwent during the 12th century.

Eski Mosul Dam Salvage Project Excavations of the Polish Center of Archaeology, University of WarsawReport on Polish excavations on Tell Rijim on the western bank of the Tigris. Middle Bronze Age layers are reported: architecture, with two houses, pottery kiln and various other structures; pottery is examined in detail with chapters on fabric, forms and decoration with a comprehensive catalogue; other small finds are described as well. The first structures date from the 18th century BC and belonged to an irregularly planned open village which, in 1600 BC underwent a decided transformation, with fortifications and a deep ravine, although the settlement itself remained small and was certainly not an administrative centre. It seems that the later settlement was a dimtu settlement, which, if true, would make Tell Rijim the oldest such settlement known from the archaeological record.

Sardinia is the second largest island in the Mediterranean, slightly smaller than Sicily but with a longer coastline. In contrast to Sicily's obvious 'crossroads' position, the recent debate on the relative 'isolation' of Sardinia is analyzed in Robert Rowland's fascinating and accessible 'archaeological history' of the island, spanning the Prehistoric era of dolmens, menhirs and the Nuragic Civilization, to later Medieval times and Pope Boniface's creation of the joint Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica in 1297. Chapter 1 includes a detailed island setting, and a feature of each chapter is the author's use of paragraph keyword-headings throughout for quick references.

Technological variability between north-eastern sites and Sierra de Atapuerca sites

Functional Analysis has become firmly established as a methodology of archaeological research and is seen to play a crucial role in the disciplinary advance of archaeology. This present volume developed from the 1st Conference on Functional Analysis in Spain and Portugal, held in Barcelona at the end of 2001. The 29 papers focus on various aspects of prehistoric activity in the Iberian Peninsular. The first section of the book is dedicated to theory and methodology; the second part concentrates on new methodological advances, and the third concentrates on specific hunter-gatherer sites from different archaeological periods.

This volume is concerned with the monumental stone inscriptions from Spain and Gaul during the period from 300 to 750 AD, and therefore the vast majority of these inscriptions are Christian and Latin in origin, with a few Jewish and Greek ones as well. Inscriptions make up the largest body of surviving written material from this period, but this is a relatively ignored area of research. This study attempts to use this large body of evidence in order to better understand the cultural, social and religious history of these regions during the period in question. Handley begins by introducing Christian epigraphy and places the relevant Gallic and Spanish material in the context of the Latin West. He also discusses the ideas held about death and funerary inscriptions that were held in this period, and he is interested in the changes that occurred after Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, as well as what happened after the fall of the Empire itself. Methods of the creation of these inscriptions is discussed, and Handley looks at literary sources as well as physical evidence, with the pattern emerging of workshops creating inscriptions from largely pre-prepared stones and written models. The usage of inscriptions is another important question, and the evidence points towards inscriptions being mainly reserved for the higher classes and social élite. Handley also divides up all of the burials that have inscriptions into an analysis of different ages and genders; for example, he discusses the ratios of male to female inscriptions, as well as family commemorations. This enables the study to look at when women or the elderly were most likely to be commemorated with an inscription. Handley also looks at what demographic information these inscriptions can give us, with analysis of aspects such as average life expectancy, marriage age, seasonal fertility and seasonal mortality being collected. A large number of inscriptions also record the actual day of death, and this gives a large amount of information on the pagan names of the days and their continued usage, Christian names of days, as well as information on the use, and later development from, the Roman calendar system. These inscriptions also give information on the cults of saints in Gaul and Spain, and go into detail on the cult of St Martin of Tours, also discussing Spanish evidence for martyr cults, inscriptions in the town of Vienne, as well as pilgrim graffiti from Gaul and Spain. The study goes on to look at literacy levels during this period and discusses how much information these inscriptions can give us to determine this, and also covers other questions that this raises. In his conclusion Handley looks at the end of the practice of epigraphic inscriptions in Gaul and Spain during this period, with changes in commemoration practices, and in society in general, leading to a decline in the amount of inscriptions being made on tombstones. Inscriptions of these kind in the period in question are of importance because the epitaph that was placed on the stone became the 'embodiment' of the deceased and was a focus for mourning. The characteristics of the deceased were placed there on the stone, so the inscription therefore represented the dead. These inscriptions represented the social élite in the way that they wished to appear, and their very presence was a status symbol. This book opens up our eyes to the wealth of information that can be gained from such a large pool of information that these inscriptions represent.

This work analyses two spatially referenced radiocarbon databases for the spread of Europe's first farmers and for the spread of the first sheep in southern Africa respectively. The methods for visualising large-scale diffusion processes are compared using the European database; these include chronology maps, isochron maps, and a new simulation using the probability distribution of calibrated dates. The patterns in the radiocarbon data are then quantified by using linear regression of both calibrated anduncalibrated dates to calculate rates of spread and possible departure points for the European data at two scales of analysis, continent-wide and by demic and cultural region. The new analytical technique, using the whole of a date's calibrated range, is then applied to the database for the spread of the first sheep in present day South Africa. Two competing hypotheses for the route of the spread, a western coastal route from present day Namibia southwards, and an interior route are tested by analysing the spatial and temporal patterns in the radiocarbon data.

The research presented in this study focuses upon a 2,000 sq km area in the Körös River Valley, in northern Békés County, eastern Hungary. Within this region, the author analyzes two separate lines of evidence that relate to the changing patterns of social interaction and integration during the Late Neolithic and Early Copper Age periods. Chapter 1 details the scope of the project Chapter 2 develops the theoretical framework. Chapter Three discusses the methodological correlates of this theoretical framework, and addresses the archaeological problem of inferring dynamic social systems from static material remains. The middle range theory and bridging arguments are presented and the problems of measuring social interaction and integration in prehistoric contexts are discussed. Chapter Four presents the archaeological background necessary for understanding the radical social changes that occurred on the Great Hungarian Plain, ca. 4,500 BC. Chapter Five presents the specific research design. Chapter Six provides an overview of the study area and presents the sites and assemblage included in the subsequent analyses. Chapter Seven details the analysis of integration throughout the study area, based upon the spatial data and Chapter Eight lays out the analyses of Early Copper Age interaction, based upon the stylistic data from the Early Copper Age ceramic assemblages. Chapter Nine integrates the analyses presented in Chapters Seven and Eight into a coherent model and attempts to place the study area into the wider temporal and geographic context of the Great Hungarian Plain, and into the wider context of anthropological archaeology.