Bücher der Reihe British Archaeological Reports International Series

This book includes papers from the Historical Archaeology Symposium held in Seville, Spain in 2006.

Hypogean Archaeology No 10Il decimo libro della serie Hypogean Archaeology è dedicato alla storia dell'Acquedotto Civico di Milano (costruito a partire dal 1889) e alle architetture per l'acqua prelevata dal sottosuolo: i pozzi e le stazioni di pompaggio. L'acqua, elemento fondamentale per la vita, ha richiesto fin dall'antichità la creazione di sistemi per captarla e condurla nelle aree abitate. Il testo offre al lettore diversi spunti di riflessione per cogliere l'importanza di questo elemento e per conoscere le architetture adottate per la sua presa dalle falde acquifere profonde. Abbiamo inoltre esempi italiani di pozzi ordinari e di acquedotti antichi studiati e rilevati dalla Federazione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali (F.N.C.A.). Non mancano riferimenti a testi classici (Cesare Cesariano, Sesto Giulio Frontino, Vitruvio e altri) che tracciano un "percorso" di Archeologia dell'Acqua e introducono l'argomento principale.The tenth volume of the Hypogean Archaeology subseries is dedicated to the history of the Civic Aqueduct of Milan (built starting in 1889) and to those architectures designed to draw water from the subsoil: wells and groundwater pumping stations. Water, the fundamental element of life, has since ancient times demanded the creation of systems to capture it and lead it to habited areas. The text offers the reader various cues for thought for understanding the importance of this element and to know the architectures adopted for its grip from the deep aquifers. Furthermore, it presents Italian examples of ordinary wells and ancient aqueducts studied and surveyed by the National Federation of Artificial Cavities (F.N.C.A.), together with a wealth of references to classical texts (Cesare Cesariano, Frontinus, Vitruvius and others) that, trace the 'path' of Water Archaeology, and introduces the main topic.

The general purpose of this book is to help in the building and refining of theory and methods for studying the past. In one sense, empirical results about the past are by-products of theory construction, part of the iterative process in which we evaluate how well our explanatory system can account for the material world. This study presents just one part in the overall sequences of studies that address the processes that produce variability in stylistic frequencies. It is through this kind of continued experimentation that we will enjoy the fruit of knowledge building: archaeology as an historical science.

The book examines the use of pottery by late pre-European contact Cree people occupying a site on the bank of a river in east-central Saskatchewan (Canada). The site of Bushfield West yielded an unusually complete ceramic assemblage which was part of a rich archaeological component representing a possibly asynchronous human occupation. The intact site provided information on the vessel function, which could be correlated not only with the activities which were interpreted to have taken place on the site, but also with certain aspects of the social structure exhibited by the site's inhabitants. An opportunity arose to explore the relationship between pottery use and Selkirk Composite site occupation. Such a relationship can in fact be correlated with certain kinds of social organization, including gender-specific pottery use. The book includes a catalogue of the vessels examined.

This volume is the result of the Prehistoric Society conference, held at the University of Sheffield in 1999, which concentrated on the ethnoarchaeology of hunter-gatherers and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. The 13 papers (representing sites from all over the world) are themed in terms of space, social change, and material culture, and reflect the conference's aim of presenting an 'exhibition' on the current state of ethnoarchaeology and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition. The event was very much an open exhibition and the pictures - the papers presented here - are offered unabridged for the reader's enjoyment.

The 34 islands that comprise the Marshall group lie in the Pacific Ocean some half way between Hawaii and New Guinea. This study, incorporating landscape, habitation sites, chronologies, and material culture, is a detailed archaeological survey of Utrôk Atoll (in the Northern Marshall Islands) by the former Chief Archaeologist for the Historic Preservation Office, Republic of the Marshall Islands. Low coral atolls are the most precarious of Pacific island landscapes. Utrôk Atoll was colonized and settled for nearly 2000 years, and that resource depression and extinctions were not more visible archaeologically may signal that human populations lived in a sustainable manner. Future investigations may reveal different patterns of resource use, and it is with this comparative approach that we may come to understand the breadth of atoll adaptations - technological, economic, and social.

This study is an important contribution to the knowledge of the published (and much un-published) fifth- and fourth-century BC pottery imported into Cyrenaica (present day Libya), and especially into the region's great cities of Cyrene, Apollonia, Ptolemais, Barka, and Berenice/Euhesperides. The volume sheds great light on the historical relationship between Cyrenaica and the rest of the Greek world in terms of trade and agriculture, civil and domestic life, and myth, cult and religious practices (including references to the ever-fascinating 'Garden of the Hesperides' and accounts of the Panathenaean Festivals). A full catalogue and 160 plates of photographs (of superb and rare vessels from Libya and great collections from Europe and the US) are central to Dr Elrashedy's study, providing a significant resource for future reference.

The Nabataean period represents the flowering of a unique culture before it was conquered by Rome. It is conventionally dated from the fourth century B.C. to the Roman conquest in 106 A.D. The Nabataean Kingdom was located in an area between the great cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Phoenician lands. This book focuses on describing terracotta figurines in shapes of humans and animals found on the Nabataean sites in South Jordan and Palestine and provides a detailed catalogue with respect to their shape, ware, possible date, technique of production, meaning and function, to provide important information about the Nabataean culture.

Israel is, and always has been, a geographical, historical and most importantly cultural crossroads, linking three continents, three of the great ancient religions, and thousands of years of history and culture. Archaeology in this region has always been interested in urban areas, in ancient sites such as Jerusalem, but the rural area of this country has always been neglected. This is suprising considering that this has always been a region of small settlements, villagers, and herdsmen, such as those depicted in biblical sources. This study is aimed at depicting the wide ranges of rural lifestyles that have been present in Israel over the various periods of history. There are reports beginning with the Early Bronze age, passing through the Iron Age, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and ranging as far forward as the period of occupation under the Mamlukes. This effectively spans the periods from the late Prehistoric through to Modern times. There are 10 reports in this study, and they deal with various artificial aspects of the rural way of life in ancient Israel in terms of the history and archaeology of various sites, and these reports deal with a number of sites or areas during a specific time-span. Studies focus upon particular themes such as Economic Activities (e.g. agriculture or trade), Settlement Patterns and Processes, and the Physical Construction of rural sites (e.g. village layout, architecture, roads and communications). The ten studies present do not cover the area that so wide-ranging a general title would suggest, but they do cover a large range of topics and archaeological methods. The first topic in this report is one giving an overview of Landscape Archaeology in the Southern Levant Region, going over various methods and practices carried out. This gives a good introduction to the report, and subsequent reports gradually build up a picture of the rural landscape of Israel. One interesting and unusual approach is taken by the contribution of J.Schwartz, whose report on "Dogs in Ancient Rural Jewish Society" is of particular interest. This perspective of study focuses on rural Israel in terms of sheep/herding dogs, hunting dogs, guard dogs, and the kufri-dogs (a sort of tamed wild dog or Jackal). This is a good example of how this study tackles life in rural Israel and gives an interesting and approachable account.

The objective of this monograph is to elucidate the nature of the health, diet and lifestyles of the two Iron Age populations buried at the cemetery complex of Aymyrlyg, Tuva, south Siberia, through an osteological and palaeopathological examination of their skeletal remains. A multidisciplinary approach was adopted which saw the integration of archaeological, documentary, and environmental evidence with the data derived from the skeletal analysis. During this work a rich array of traumatic lesions were identified among the remains, injuries which shed light on the everyday activities, occupations and warfare practices of the two population groups. The current text provides an in-depth account of the palaeopathological evidence for trauma, while placing it in its archaeological context. Appendix 1 contains data pertaining to the preservation of the remains and the minimum number of bone values that were employed during their examination, while Appendix 2 consists of a gazetteer of the skeletal remains included in the analysis which displayed evidence for trauma. South Siberia and Mongolia are amongst the regions of the Old World with the most ancient traditions of pastoralism. The analysis of the skeletal remains from Aymyrlyg provided a rare opportunityfor the examination of a substantial corpus of skeletal remains of semi-nomadic pastoralists from the vast Eurasian steppe-lands. The research represented one of the first palaeopathological studies of an archaeological population from south Siberia to have been undertaken and, as such, it has made a major contribution to our understanding of life and death in Iron Age Central Asia.

From obscure beginnings at the end of the Bronze Age to the award of the Ius Latii to all the inhabitants of Iberia by the Emperor Vespasian (AD 73-74), winds the long and uneven path of the 'Castros Culture' in the Iberian Northwest. A castro is a fortified village and it has given its name to the Iron Age Culture (or group of related cultures) in general, which occupied the region of the Iberian Northwest between the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the second century AD. Such sites were characterized by small settlements in their early phases, gradually evolving into urban structures under Roman influence. The period under study in this volume is bounded by the point of emergence of fortified sites during the final stages of the Bronze Age (c.1200-1000 BC) and the Flavian period, at the end of the first century AD. The principal area of study lies within the region confined by the Atlantic coast to the west, the Tâmega-Corgo river line to the east, the Minho river to the north and the Douroriver to the south. The main theme of this book is warfare in the Castros Culture. A fresh approach has been adopted, to evaluate the importance of warfare at this time and to see how it shaped the development of Castros society as a result. For this, warfare is examined in terms of the total environment in which it occurs, i.e. in terms of the geographical, economic, social and ritual landscapes in which it exists. The author's intention is to contribute a fresh and integrated approach to the subject of warfare and its social significance in the Castros Culture of the first millennium BC. A further intention is that his wide-ranging treatment of the subject will open up new directions for future research and detailed analyses.

In this work the author explores the pre-historic and historic influences on two Cypriot forests in order to compile a definitive record of the evolutionary ecology of the forest environments in response to human impact and utilisation since antiquity. The scope included the following: An extensive field survey of the afforested landscape to record species types and specific site ecology and to assess the impact of historic settlement patterns within the forest; To correlate changing forest patterns discerned from the palaeobotanic record with known human associations; To define species habitat in relation to ore bearing geological material and archaeological sites; To ascertain the current level of biodiversity; To propose a base-line for the rehabilitation of the forest environment. The information provided has been collated from observations recorded during a systematic survey of the Makheras and Adelphi Forests, Cyprus, over a period of seventeen months. An important aspect of the data recorded was a number of ancient archaeological sites, previously not thought to exist in the forest areas.

This book is based on new archaeobotanical data retrieved during the last fifteen years from prehistoric sites located in the regions of Macedonia and Thrace in northern Greece. More than two thousand samples from Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age deposits from Makriyalos, Mandalo, Arkadikos, Dikili Tash and Marki form the basis for a consideration of prehistoric people-plant relationships in the region. The various sources contributing plant remains in the archaeobotanical assemblages are examined in order to address issues of intentional uses of plants and management of plant resources. The crops and plants harvested from the wild underline the variety in plant foods used during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age in the region, at the same time pointing towards preferred staples and later crop introductions. The contribution of animal dung in the archaeobotanical assemblages is demonstrated by the assemblages considered by the book providing an insight into animal feeding and grazing patterns, revealing a variability in the strategies adopted among the archaeological sites considered, strategies that diverge from proposed models concerning animal husbandry in prehistoric Greece. The archaeobotanical data is also examined in relation to the current discussion on the co-existence of tells and extended sites in northern Greece and directions for future archaeobotanical research on the issue are pointed out.

The decline of ancient Maya civilization has resonated in both the popular and archaeological imagination. Over the years archaeologists have questioned this "collapse" with increasing detail in some parts of the Maya area, but in the Belize Valley the era remains virtually unknown.

Chandima Wickramasinghe provides the first comprehensive overview of historical slavery in Sri Lanka, and from a comparative perspective looks in detail at this and at the history of slavery in ancient Greece.

Roman 'small towns' were an important link between the urban civitas capitals and the rural population and offer an ideal case study for examining the extent of Roman influence permeating into the rural provinces.

This book attempts to bring an anthropological perspective to the historical archaeology of a complex period in the Greek past. Traditionally, discussion of the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Byzantine period in the Aegean region has focused on the fate of Classical urban culture. Scholarly opinion is divided as to whether the Classical polis and its constituent institutions emerged intact from the disruptive events of the third to sixth centuries A.D. Over the past two decades a consensus has emerged that argues that the break between Classical and Byzantine occurred in the seventh, not the fourth or fifth centuries A.D., and that it was a more gradual process than previously believed. The present study examines the Byzantine Fortress at Isthmia in the Peloponnese with an eye to understanding social change in this critical period, at the level of the site and then the region, in terms of an evolutionary perspective . This study focuses on three problems at different levels of abstraction: (1) A descriptive problem - gathering more information about the Medieval occupation at Isthmia; delineating the structural features of the Byzantine Fortress with the ultimate intent of comprehending site functions through time. (2) A methodological problem - the use of geophysical techniques to examine the subsurface of the Fortress and other selected spots to obtain the data necessary for proper description. (3) A broader historical problem - how best to reconstruct the key events pertaining to the transition from Late Antiquity to Early Byzantine. The methodological element becomes the link between the gathering of site-specific data and the wider historical implications for that information.

In this book twelve contributors present the contents of the Terminal Classic (the Mayan Lowlands, Central America) ceramic complexes in their area of study, and discuss them against the complexity and diversity of social processes illuminated by recent investigations.

This study concentrates on Philistine decorated pottery, its production centres and trade patterns. These issues are examined by both archaeological and archaeometric approaches. Over recent years, a considerable amount of data has been accumulated on Philistine sites, especially from the excavations at Tel Miqne-Ekron, and the new excavations at Ashkelon and Tell es-Safi. Thus, although a vast literature already exists on the Philistines, their material culture and related issues, there has been very little study that systematically combines all this data. This work examines the Iron Age Philistine material culture in general and the Philistine pottery in particular, from a holistic approach. The Philistine phenomenon is defined and described in Part 1 from its various aspects: the historical background, the archaeological evidence and its social and ethnic aspects. Part 2 describes and discusses the updated archaeological evidence of pottery production and workshops in the southern Levant during the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Ethnographic research is utilized to describe the pottery production sequence, technological aspects and modes of production and distribution of pottery. As this work is a provenance study of a geographically andgeologically limited area a methodological discussion was called for presented in Part 3. In Part 4 the archaeometric results are presented. Part 5 combines the archaeological and archaeometric results and evaluates them from a broader cultural, technological and historical perspectives.

The second volume presenting the results of researches at Gabati in central Sudan is concerned with the physical anthropology. The book consists of two parts. Part I details the analysis of the skeletons excavated at Gabati and summarises their general health and lifestyle. An in-depth social interpretation is not the intention of this analysis, but rather it forms an anthropological foundation to invite further research. Chapters 2-6 present the methods and results of inventory, demography and palaeopathology. Chapter 7 synthesises these results to impart an impression of life and health experienced at Gabati during the Meroitic, post-Meroitic and medieval periods. Chapter 8 situates the site and funerary program within the broader context of Nubian archaeology. Part II presents the skeletal catalogue of osteobiographical information for each individual and lists the unassociated skeletal remains, if any, for each tomb. The appendices include preservation tables, individual data tables, descriptive statistics for metrical data, frequency tables for non-metric traits and finally the plates.

In Roman and Byzantine times, pilgrims, Roman soldiers and merchants landed on the west coast and headed to Jerusalem. From 1983 to 1989 the most likely routes were surveyedby land and from the air, and a gazetteer of sites and milestones was created.

The conquest of Jerusalem by Saladin in 583/1187, after nearly nine decades of Frankish rule, opened a new era of cultural, socio-economic and architectural changes. The renewed political fervour that followed it gave a fresh impetus to an extensive building activity initiated by the Ayyubids, which signified a renaissance in the style of Islamic architecture. Such style is exemplified in a large variety of monuments which would come to influence the magnificent Medieval Islamic architecture of Jerusalem. This research provides a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the Ayyubid monuments that still remain in the Old City of Jerusalem. These monuments are described and recorded by means of survey drawings and photographs, providing essential archaeological data, thus complementing the epigraphic, archival and literary historical evidence. The work comprises six chapters. A brief historical overview of the Ayyubid state, the major factors on which it was based, makes the first chapter. The sources of information utilised in this research are illustrated in the second chapter. Chapter three deals with Jerusalem in the political context of the Ayyubid state: the role Jerusalem played in the propagation of jihad against the Franks; the administrative and demographic changes introduced by the Ayyubids. Chapter four examines the architectural changes that were introduced by the Ayyubids, emphasising how political and socio- economic factors determined construction projects in the city. Chapter five constitutes the core of the book: a catalogue of the extant Ayyubid buildings in Jerusalem. These are grouped chronologically, with detailed architectural, archaeological and historical analysis, as well as interpretations of their structural evolution. In addition, four appendices list Ayyubid buildings which were rebuilt in later periods, buildings which no longer exist known from inscriptions and literary sources, segments of buildings, and an up-to-date list of Ayyubid inscriptions found in thecity and its surroundings. Chapter six discusses the various aspects and principal features characterising Ayyubid architecture in Jerusalem and its unique style as an amalgamation of Ayyubid Syrian, Crusader and local traditions. Coloured and black-and-white photographs and drawings of plans, sections, elevations and other illustrations of these buildings are included.

In 1957, preliminary investigations revealed a major Late Neolithic settlement mound, which also happened to be the northernmost tell settlement on the Great Hungarian Plain. Although the trial was limited to a small trench, the several meters thick deposits yielded exciting finds and several richly furnished burials. The brief preliminary report and the various references to the excavation made it quite obvious that the tell was one of the key sites of the Hungarian Neolithic and thus the full publication of the tell and its finds was, quite understandably, eagerly awaited by prehistorians. The site's investigation was resumed in 1989 as part of the excavations preceding the construction of the M3 motorway. The excavator directed the large-scale excavation of the tell and its enclosure of five ditches, and of the extensive horizontal settlement beside it. This excavation was preceded by various geophysical surveys and palaeoenvironmental sampling in order to reconstruct the settlement's one-time environment and to determine the exact date of its occupation. However, until the results of the new excavation are published in detail, this monograph will be the single available study on the Polgár-Csõszhalom site, the eponymous site of a Late Neolithic culture.English translation by Magdalena Seleanu

El inicio de las explotaciones oleícolas Peninsulares (siglos IV-II a.C.)

Volume 20, Session WS22This book includes papers from the session 'Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

The construction of urban identities through the landscape during the Modern Era in Portugal, is an area of historical research which, so far, has been little explored. In this work, the author develops this theme with an emphasis on the city of Braga (north-west Portrugal). The study is also a 'humanist' alternative to the empiricism that is, presently, common in the studies of the cities of that period. Chapter 2 is a critical overview of the study of cities as it is presently conducted in Portugal. Chapter 3 delineates an alternative approach to the study of Modern Era cities in Portugal, with a focus on the concepts of identity and landscape. Chapter 4 offers a brief overview of the sources that were used in the research on Braga, with a particular focus on maps, documents and standing buildings. Chapter 5 is an analysis of what the city's landscape looked like by the late 15th century and what can be inferred about its identity through it. Chapters 6 and 7 are about the radical changes that took place in the city's identity and landscape in the early 16th century. Chapter 6 is about the space of the city proper and Chapter 7 discusses the outskirts. Chapter 8 relates the actions that took place in the middle of the 16th century under the initiative of the Church in order to consolidate Braga's catholic identity. Chapter 9 deals mostly with the actions of Fr. Agostinho da Cruz in the late 16th century in order to reaffirm Braga's primate status within the Hispanic Monarchy. Chapter 10 covers the years 1620-70, a period of strong political and social turmoil, which caused a crisis of identity in Braga. Chapter 11 argues that this crisis of identity was responsible in the late 17th century for a fragmentation of Braga's identity into smaller ones among its inhabitants. Finally, Chapter 12 analyses the attempts by Archbishop D. Rodrigo Moura Teles in the early 18th century to create a common identity that again united Braga's inhabitants.

Written by Travis W. Stanton, David A. Freidel, Charles K. Suhler, Traci Ardren, James N. Ambrosino, Justine M. Shaw, and Sharon BennettThis volume represents the final report of the Selz Foundation Yaxuná Archaeological Project at the Precolumbian Maya center of Yaxuná, Yucatán, Mexico from 1986 to 1996. This volume contains summaries of all survey data, excavations, artifact analyses, and current interpretations.

Edited by Rodrigo de Balbín Behrmann, Primitiva Bueno Ramirez, Rafael González Antón and Carmen del Arco Aguilar.A collection of papers on the rock carvings of the European and African Atlantic façade.

Volume 36This book includes papers from Sessions C11, C22, S04, WS29 and C88 from the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).Session C11: Ancient Cultural Landscapes in South Europe - their Ecological Setting and EvolutionSession C22: Gardeners from South AmericaSession S04: Agro-Pastoralism and Early Metallurgy SessionsSession WS29: The Idea of Enclosure in Recent Iberian PrehistorySession C88: Rhytmes et causalites des dynamiques de l'anthropisation en Europe entre 6500 ET 500 BC: Hypotheses socio-culturelles et/ou climatiquesEdited by José Eduardo Mateus and Paula Queiroz (C11), Angela Buarque (C22), Ana Rosa Cruz (S04), António Carlos Valera and Lucy Shaw Evangelista (WS29), Laurent Carozza, Didier Galop, Michel Magny and J. Guilaine (C88 ), Cláudia Fidalgo and Luiz Oosterbeek (Volume Editing)

Edited by Alexandra Legrand-Pineau, Isabelle Sidéra, Natacha Buc, Eva David and Vivian Scheinsohn with the collaboration of Douglas V. Campana, Alice M. Choyke, Pam Crabtree and Elisabeth A. Stone.