Bücher der Reihe British Archaeological Reports International Series

This volume details the results of the first intra-site examination of Chinese gold miners' camps in Australia and the compositional analyses of Chinese-made ceramic vessels found there. Ceramic collections from five southeastern New South Wales goldfields, dating from the mid-nineteenth to early-twentieth century, were examined. Traditional and non-traditional methods of ceramic analysis were used to answer major questions and thus expand the archaeology of the Chinese in Australia. The analyses enabled conclusions to be drawn about the active role of vessels in everyday life, not only within the domestic sphere but also in communal aspects of food and feasting. On a broader scale, the research considered the nature of Chinese supply networks and revealed how western-style ceramics became appropriate substitutes for Chinese-made vessels as supply sources changed. This study was also the first comparison of contemporary assemblages from Chinese and non-Chinese sites in the same region, evaluating the Chinese access to western ceramic markets, particularly British-made wares. The analysis of ceramic artefacts has given an insight into the Chinese miners' lives, from the beginning of the gold rush when many worked under the control of a headman to the later nineteenth century when families were at the camps. Overall, this research has highlighted short and long-term occupation sites and established that these camps were not homogenous or static settlements, they changed over time.

Volume 1 (BAR S1548, 2006) of the archaeological excavations conducted by the University of Arizona at the site of Mezzomiglio in the town park area of Chianciano Terme, Tuscany, dealt with the excavation results up to the year 2001. This volume by Paola Mecchia deals with the material culture which resulted from the limited soundings made from 2003 through 2006. The site at Mezzomiglio was an ancient rural spa. How close the nearest town may have been is not known; there may have been a significant settlement at Chianciano Terme itself but to date nothing other than evidence of rural occupation has presented itself. The spa certainly functioned from at least late Etruscan times and material has been recovered which allows the tracing back of the site to at least the 2nd century B.C., with the possibility of frequentation of a simple nature earlier than that.

These papers explore the function, morphology, materiality, technology, ritual function, and context of figurines, whether made of clay, wood, metal, stone, bone or shell. Case studies from around the world allow a comparative view of function and diversity across social contexts.

This research, centred on the Early Holocene (11,000-5000 BCE) lithic technologies found in and around the Song Terus cave (Gunung Sewu, Java, Indonesia) provides a new focus for insights into the behaviour of pre-Neolithic groups in a wider South-East-Asian context after the Last Glacial Maximum.

The Japan Association for Quaternary Research (JAQUA) and the Geological Survey of Japan (GSJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), celebrated their 50th and 125th anniversaries, respectively, with an international symposium entitled 'Quaternary Environmental Changes and Humans in Asia and the Western Pacific', November 19-22, 2007, in Tsukuba, Japan. This volume represents the papers presented at the session Environmental Changes and Human Occupation in North and East Asia during OIS 3 and OIS 2, focusing on the correlation between environmental changes and human activities among Palaeolithic sites in North and East Asia.

This monograph comprises the Proceedings of The Pharmacy and Medicine in Ancient Egypt Conferences, jointly organised by The University of Manchester, Britain, and the National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt, and held at The National Research Centre (March 19-21, 2007) and The University of Manchester (September 1-3, 2008).

Grim Investigations: Reaping the DeadArchaeology has a unique and significant perspective to offer the territorial debate. In the 1970s Saxe and Goldstein argued, based on ethnographic literature, that cemeteries indicate the existence of control over resources. No other discipline has recognised this link. Because their ideas were developed in a processual context, they were systematically rejected as part of the post-processual shift, and yet their theory internalised an impressive complexity, recognised a 'real' cross-cultural pattern, and contained within it a potential which has rarely been recognized. Geographers, ethnologists, and others have studied territoriality, but at its core it is a human behaviour and archaeology is uniquely placed to explore it from a human perspective. The main research questions with which this study is concerned involve: 1. Are hunter-gatherers territorial? 2. Is the Saxe-Goldstein hypothesis relevant to archaeologically documented hunter-gatherers? 3. What is a 'cemetery'? 4. Is it possible to identify what resources were controlled? 5. Can we understand how cemeteries were able to stand as ideological claims over resources? Chapter 2 argues that the Saxe-Goldstein hypothesis - albeit with some ideological modification - does have relevance to archaeological investigations, and that there is ethnographic support for territorial behaviour among contemporary hunter-gatherer communities. Chapter 3, and is based on a comparative analysis of mortuary practices. A database containing information on 1747 individuals from sites in Western Europe and North Africa is analysed to investigate the role of cemeteries in territorial control; it is included on a CD as a series of Excel files and summarised in Chapter 4 to identify high minimum number of individuals sites in the regions not considered in the case studies. Two detailed case studies - Mesolithic (c. 9000-4000 BC) Scandinavia and Ibéromaurusian and Capsian (c.18,000-4000 BC) North Africa follow in Chapters 5 & 6. Chapter 7 brings together various strands,in particular with regards to understanding what 'cemeteries' are and the relationship of the different territorial regimes to notions of property.

In this volume the author presents detailed patterns on several lithic collections coming from ancient sites of a limited area in northern Spain, yielding evidence of the first and second phases of occupations of Europe. The author discusses variability of technical processes over a long period of time, taking into account raw material collection and the influences of stone quality on technical variability. He also provides experimental analysis to give another perspective on the archaeological collections. This work provides a substantial volume of data on several sites and the interest of a study on a small area is clearly demonstrated, providing new explanations on the variability of ancient assemblages and contributing to a better understanding of what constitutes variability in human behaviour over a long period of time, with particular reference to the the first occupations of southern Europe

This book contains papers read at the conference "West African archaeology, New developments, New perspectives", co-sponsored by the Nigerian Field Society and the Department of Archaeology of the University of Sheffield, with the support of the University's Humanities Research Institute, which was held at the HRI in Sheffield on 27 June 2009. They are a testimony to the fact that - for all the constraints imposed upon it - archaeological research in West Africa continues to be pursued actively and to make a significant contribution to the subject in the continent as a whole.

Un établissement complexe de la culture d'Artenac dans le Centre-Ouest de la FranceThis fortified enclosure has been known since the middle of the 19th century, but the size and the state of preservation (with the height of the rampart estimated optimistically at 10 metres!) suggested an attribution to the Gallo-Romans or a 'Camp des Anglais'. Extensive woodland covered the major part of the site, and it is only recently during modern clearance undertaken in order to expand agricultural land that prehistoric artefacts dating from the Late Neolithic were brought to the surface and attributed to the Artenac culture (third millennium BC). At that moment a rampart more than three metres in height was revealed. The excavation of the ditched enclosures at Diconche (Saintes, Charente-Maritime) published in 1999 revealed the previously unrecognized importance of the areas of habitation belonging to this period. At Le Camp the construction above the natural surface can be compared to the fortified spurs which had previously been chronologically attached to the Late Neolithic. It should be mentioned that a site situated not far away, Le Gros Bost at Saint-Méard-de-Dronne, had revealed structures of the same nature during a trial dig in 1994. At Le Camp, the first excavation in 1994/1995 confirmed the originality and the interest of this type of site. Consequently an excavation was undertaken from 1996 to 2000 under the direction of Claude Burnez, and this was followed by a second operation directed by Catherine Louboutin (2002/2003). This publication concerns the first of these operations and the pottery from the second. It is now possible, taking into consideration the material found both at Diconche and Le Camp, to propose an evolution that includes the flint artefacts, the pottery and the dwelling structures of Artenac: Artenac I: first period before the Bell Beakers; Artenac II: a period which was influenced directly or indirectly by the Bell Beakers; Artenac III: a third period post-Bell Beakers. This period which was found homogeneously present (forty thousand sherds) in structure XVIII during the 2002/2003 excavation is characterised by the absence of plates. Numerous bottles, lids -the only decorated finds- 'nose-shaped' lugs and waved shoulders and the rarity of the flint are to be noted. This material was accompanied by the doliums and pigs' feet. Given the negative characteristics of this assemblage, it is difficult to isolate them among the levels containing multiple occupations, as was the case during the 1994/2000 excavations. It is of great importance to insist upon the complete absence of the Bell Beakers' influence and the exclusive presence of original Artenacien pottery. The sites situated outside the Charente/Périgord area, such as Fort Harrouard, Les Vaux à Moulin-sur-Céphons, Cavignac in Gironde and Marsa at Beauregard (Lot), would appear to belong to this latter category. The contributors to the volume are Alain Villes, François Fischer, Céline Landreau, Séverine Braguier, José Gomez de Soto, Bernard et Thérèse Bourgueil and Emmanuelle Boulestin.

Two hundered years of antiquarian and archaeological and archaeological interest has generated an archive of some 1350 Viking Age amulets. These objects are manufactured from a variety of materials, most often metals, and were often, but not always, wornas pendants. However, all are miniatures, objects shaped like something else - tools, weapons, animals, people, or more abstract religious symbols, including hammers and crosses. They can be understood as material symbols which gained meaning through reference to phenomena beyond themselves - real animals, people and so on. I argue that this symbolism must be understood within a religious frame of reference. Previous archaeological research into Viking Age religion has suffered from an uncritical acceptance of written sources that are late, biased and geographically isolated. Since religion is also behaviour in the world, there is no intrinsic reason why texts should be a better source of information that should artefacts. As an archaeological material, the corpus of amulets has a history of recovery. Analysis of times of recovery for different types of contexts reveals how the composition of the archaeological archive changes. Contemporary texts highlight the different priorities and interests, which in turn shaped research strategies. Thus, it is clear that the archive cannot be isolated from its own history. The archive represents a real, but partial record of what existed in the past. The history of recovery throws light on how the archive is partial. The present study examines the various types, materials and contexts of the amulets. It documents how amulet types have different dates and distributions, suggesting that religious practise changed through time. Some of this change may be due to influences from Christian Europe, but this may not explain everything. In any case, the chronology and distribution of amulets suggest that late, Norse sources may not be perfectly suited for understanding all amulets everywhere in the Viking world. I divide contexts into four types, graves, hoards, settlement finds and stray finds. Amulets in graves do not appear to reflect accidental inclusions of whatever the living used, but were rather selected carefully to answer needs specific to the dead. Many burial amulets are made of iron, and may have been made specifically for burial. Silver is largely absent, and may have been part of collective, rather than individual wealth. Hoard finds are dominated by silver. Viking Age silver hoards seem to be explicable in purely economic terms. There seems no reason to regard these hoards as ritual or sacral in any way. Settlement finds cluster on a few important sites, including Hedeby, Helgö, Birka and Tissø. Unfortunately, these sites do not compare readily with each other, and no clear pattern of intersite distribution appears. Most settlement finds are made from supposedly cheap materials, including iron and lead, suggesting that the amulets selected for graves and hoards do not represent everything. At least part of the settlement material seems to have been intentionally deposited. Stray finds highlight the influence of post-depositional factors. Much may originate in other contexts, and stray simply due to accident or poor recording. However, the stray finds also contain unreasonable amounts of copper-alloys, suggesting that this material cannot simply represent accidental strays from other contexts. Rather, amulets of copper-alloy, especially, must have been used in activities that did not centre on burial, hoarding or settlement. Possibly, these amulets were specifically deposited at sites away from the settlements. Finally, I offer some tentative suggestions for how to relate amulet studies with emergent archaeological theory on personhood and the landscape. I analyse craftsmanship in some detail, and argue that a wide variety of different situations existed.

In 1992, in the context of the Archaeological Project Teotihuacan 92-94 under the direction of Eduardo Matos Montezuma , two caves in the southeast of the Pyramid of the Sun were excavated. The undertaken research demonstrated the use of these caves by teotihuacanos in a ceremonial context but also by the cultures after the collapse of this great metropolis. This book provides a new interpretation of the research done in the nineties using a wider understanding of the use and function of this underground ceremonial complex. Chronological periods have been updated, and the social models are more adapted to the current interpretations of teotihuacan society and the meaning an function of their rulers from classic to postclassic periods. Also this book is a contribution to the study and understanding of the symbolism of caves in the Mesoamerica cultural area.

The papers included in this volume were presented at the 2011 international academic conference 'Continuity and Destruction in Alexander's East: the transformation of monumental space from the Hellenistic period to Late Antiquity', which took place at the University of Oxford. The conference and publication theme - the region commonly known as the Hellenistic East - follows the long-term research interests of the editors and brings together scholars and specialists doing work in the region. It follows in the footsteps of a previous conference of 2009, From Pella to Gandhara: Hybridisation and Identity in the Art and Architecture of the Hellenistic East, which resulted in an edited volume of 2011 published by Archaeopress. While 'Pella to Gandhara' looked into the Hellenistic East as a whole, 'Continuity and Destruction' narrows the focus onto the Near East, with its greater wealth of archaeological research and publication. At the same time, the focus of the current topic carries over ontoan extended time frame spanning the aftermath of the Macedonian campaign, thus tracing steady, smooth or abrupt changes of defining spaces in ancient societies as these were moulded and shaped by the events of the day.

The image of Cleopatra VII Philopator, often a cause of controversy and debate, has long been of particular interest among collectors of classical antiquities and academics. Starting from the controversial identification of the Capitoline Cleopatra and critical reading of the iconographic and literary documentation available, the author discusses iconographic and methodological issues and offers new interpretations and identifications of royal female statuary in Egyptian style. This volume offers a wide panorama of the Lagid figurative culture (Egyptian and Greek) and includes a catalogue of the monuments. The author's Egyptological and semiotic analysis of the sardonyx agate phiale, better known as the "Farnese Cup", reveals what may be considered the most evident and effective result of the concept of 'bilingual' expression through iconography. The historical, cultural, political and religious aspects of the Ptolemaic dynasty are discussed, and special attention is given to the religious politics of the Lagid sovereigns in Egyptian territory and particularly to the deification of the Ptolemaic queens.

The nature of disputes related to the in situ conservation of archaeological remains into the basements of contemporary buildings are explored in this study. Through a novel, interdisciplinary approach negotiation theories and models with heritage management practices are merged, and the concept of in situ museums (structures that conserve in situ archaeological remains) is introduced. The author discusses examples of in situ conservation of archaeological remains in contemporary private and public buildings including museums. Special emphasis is given on the Acropolis Museum which is linked with a wide range of conflicts at local, national and international level. The book concludes with a proposed strategy for managing disputes in the heritage sector.

This book, based on the author's doctoral thesis, is focused on understanding social and economic aspects of the medieval rural world on the basis of the zooarchaeological analysis of seven different assemblages of animal remains located in the north and centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Multiple lines of analysis are utilized and combined in order to understand animal husbandry practices, subsistence strategies, the use of animal bones and antler as raw material, and site formation processes. The main contributions of this work are understanding the economic system of medieval peasant communities and changes over time, as well as understanding the ways of social differentiation through diet in medieval Iberia. Also, worked bone and antler and butchery practices are analysed. Other aspects related to the social dimension of the use of animals are discussed, such as the presence of companion animals, the introduction of species, and the veterinary knowledge of the peasant communities. The use of animals in possible ritual or symbolic contexts is also analysed. This book is a substantial contribution towards understanding animal use in the medieval Iberian Peninsula.

Fifteen papers, eight from a session at the SAA meeting in Denver in 2002 on Natufian cultures and the others invited papers, examine various issues associated with the cultures of the late Pleistocene in the Near East.

After the death of the last of the ramessides, Smendes, Lord of Tanis, proclaimed himself Pharaoh, founded the XXI dynasty and initiated one of the most unknown but attractive periods in the history of Egypt, the Third Intermediate Period. This book deals with the burials in the Valley of the Kings in the 21st - 30th Dynasties of Egypt, when they were not used by the rulers anymore. Through detailed investigation of the tombs and the hieroglyphs, the author has tried to identify the individuals buried in these tombs. The royal New Kingdom tombs were taken as a reference point and a comparison with the texts and iconography was established. This enables a better understanding of the traditions that followed in the Third Intermediate Period and naturally the changes that had taken place in the choice of the religious compendiums and representations associated with this period.

This tribute volume to Oliver Dickinson marks the occasion of his retirement from his post at the University of Durham. It is a tribute by only a few (unavoidably) of his friends, colleagues and former students, marking the formal cessation of Oliver's teaching responsibilities. Oliver's ongoing participation in major projects (e.g. Lefkandi, Argolid) makes it clear that his contributions to Aegean Bronze Age studies will not end with his retirement. This Festschrift was assembled merely as a token of its contributors' appreciation of his achievements hitherto, and in anticipation of many more still to come. The title of the volume, Autochthon, highlights the central notion in his classic synthesis, namely that "[...] the history of Mycenaean development can be understood as that of progressive assimilation of the mainland societies to the earlier Aegean civilisations, artistically and politically". Indeed, one of Oliver's main contributions in Aegean prehistory has been to depict the emergence of Mycenaean 'civilisation' as a multi-linear and dynamic process, associated with Cretan influence yet not entirely dependent on it; it was also informed, he has suggested, by indigenous Helladic cultures and heralded by the emergence of MH 'shadowy aristocracies' in various regions of the mainland.

In this study of Late Roman Republican coin hoards (157-2 BC), the author, rather than taking a specific testable hypothesis such as 'hoards from Spain have more coins of type A than hoards in Italy', prefers to tackle the question: 'what patterning is there in the hoard data?' Just as there are schools of archaeological thought there are schools of statistical thought. It is not uncommon for statistics to be viewed as a way of testing a quite specific hypothesis which is accepted or rejected on the basis of the results. An alternative approach is to view statistics as a method for exploring data. With the development of computers, the application of more complex multivariate tools has grown, but the aim of 'exploring' the data is similar. The methods chosen by the author in this study are mainly Correspondence Analysis and Cluster Analysis; these were selected as those most likely to answer his initial question. What those patterns mean take us from the realm of statistics into the realm of numismatic and archaeological interpretation. Archaeologically and historically, the principal aim is to examine the reasons for the differences between hoards such as the pattern of supply of coinage, or differences in the use of coinage.

The aim of this research is to illustrate a possible way of dealing with a regional landscape and its long-term settlement history based on the integration of archaeological data applying a GIS based approach to the social dimension of the landscape. Thelarge province area (ca 2,500 sqkm) of Boeotia (Central Greece) is examined by means of GIS (Geographical Information System), processing data from different archaeological, historical and environmental sources. The methodology established, dealing jointly with material culture and the environment, follows a critical comparative regional approach and opts for both region and micro-regions as the analytical unit. It aims mainly to assess landscape characters and the interface between human and social actions and landscape by critically assessing, first of all, the available archaeological record constituted by diverse, variegate and often incoherent data sets. The main periods of interest are the historical periods from Archaic to Late Roman, while earlier (Neolithic to Geometric) and later periods are taken into account for the analysis and understanding of diachronical processes which took place at the microregional and regional levels.

During the last century's archaeological investigations of the advanced Bronze Age culture maintained by the so-called Minoans on the island of Crete, a number of tombs dated to the Late Minoan period and containing weapons have been discovered in the surroundings of the site of Knossos. The tombs are not confined to a certain area or cemetery, but are rather dispersed around the Palace and town. Although they are characterised by their weapons, other artefacts - such as bronze vessels and certain pottery types - also distinguish these tombs. The tombs are of three types: chamber tombs with long dromoi, shaft graves and pit-caves. Various labels have been designated for them: tombs with weapons, warrior tombs, warrior graves and weapon-tombs. The warrior graves are often discussed in relation to the question of when the Mycenaeans arrived in Crete. Most scholars agree that a Mycenaean presence or power in Crete existed in the Late Bronze Age, but when their arrival would have taken place has not yet enjoyed consensus. Previous scholarship raises a number of questions that are dealt with in this work in relation to the funerary landscape at Knossos, including: to what degree do the burial customs in fact change in LM II, and what about the mainland influences? If the archaeological material points in that direction, how are we to understand such a transformation of the mortuary practices? Would this indicate an ethnic change? If, on the other hand, the material points towards a gradual process beginning already in LM I or earlier, with elements of mainland traits, what would that indicate? The tombs, shaft graves and pit-caves of Knossos are re-examined in an attempt to put answers to these intriguing questions.

This study investigates the provenance and technology of pottery during the earlier Prepalatial period (EM I-EM IIB) in west Crete, using an integrated approach involving stylistic examination and archaeometric analysis. Although the stylistic particularities of the west Cretan Early Minoan assemblages have been acknowledged since the 1960s, there has been no attempt to assess and interpret the differences, and integrate this part of Crete into the broader picture of the Prepalatial period. Due to the lack of publications and analyses, west Crete remained estranged from the new developments that have changed the way the Prepalatial period is considered. As part of the GEOPRO TMR Network, this project applies an integrated methodology to the ceramic material from selected sites and investigates issues of pottery provenance and technology. The analytical techniques used comprise thin section petrography, neutron activation analysis and scanning electron microcopy. Possible locations of production for the various fabrics are suggested and technological issues, such as clay recipes, firing practices and pottery manufacturing traditions, are discussed. As the research revealed no imports from outside Crete, and this contrasts with central and eastern Crete, the position and role of west Crete in the southern Aegean during the Early Bronze Age is re-assessed. Appendices include a catalogue of samples, petrographic descriptions, and NAA data. The final section features collection of 38 colour plates, including micrographs.

The main objective of the present research is to explore through skull morphology some potential sources of biological diversity within sub-Saharan Africa, such as: geography and especially history, in relation to large-scale population movements (expansion of Bantu-speakers). Therefore, through various statistical analyses, morphological variation was re-evaluated within modern sub-Saharan African populations, using a very large modern human sample and a set of metric variables related to the cranium and mandible. In the same way, morphological patterns through time were also traced, focusing on various Later Stone Age and Iron Age populations, originating in particular from strategic areas of various influences. In Chapter 2 after having briefly introduced both geographical and historical backgrounds of sub-Saharan Africa, the dispersal of Bantu-speakers, a very long-term and large-scale phenomenon, which initiated since the Early Iron Age (c. 1,000 BC) is presented in more depth. In Chapter 3, after a detailed presentation of the populations and variables under study, a preliminary analysis of inter- and intra-observer errors is presented. In chapter 4, various factors (geography, sex and ecology) are tested as a source of modern diversity. Chapter 5 looks a the effects of historical factors on skull morphology through both modern and past African diversity. Following the conclusion the author presents an extensive assemblage of Appendices (sites and datasets).

This book presents an outline history of ancient sites associated with floor mosaics depicting marine vessels in the widely defined Eastern Mediterranean stretching from southern Turkey to Egypt. A total of 38 individual examples of marine and riverine craft are presented from the study region: three from Turkey, seven from Syria, two from Lebanon, twelve from Israel (10 ancient, 2 modern), ten from Jordan, two from Egypt, and two unprovenanced. The author argues that mosaics did not exist or function in isolation of their historical contexts, but were created by specialists who had inherited a deep-rooted tradition from the Greek world and were commissioned by a range of officials with a long tradition of civic governance spanning the pagan and Christian spheres. Essentially this book is the study of what data may be derived from the techniques of boat construction in mosaic pavements and other artistic media, such as wall paintings and reliefs, and how these techniques were disseminated and understood through the medieval period and into the modern era by a combination of artistic depictions and oral traditions.

The author investigates changes in local hunter-gatherer adaptations during the Terminal Pleistocene in the Western Taurus Mountains of Turkey, a crucial but largely unknown portion of the Near East. A comprehensive zooarchaeological analysis of archaeofaunas from two cave sites in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey provides insights into the social and economic transformations of the societies living in the region before the emergence of agricultural economies. The book presents an analysis of archaeofaunal assemblages from Karain B and Öküzini caves encompassing the part of the Epipaleolithic period that extends from approximately 20,000 to 14,000 calibrated years BP. This period covers the end of the Last Glacial and is marked by the intensified exploitation of resources and the emergence of a series of significant changes in the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Thus, a period of rapid cultural and environmental change forms the interpretive context.

Proceedings of the International Round Table organized by the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece (Athens, November 28-30, 2008)Quantitative approaches in ceramology are gaining ground in excavation reports, archaeological publications and thematic studies. Hence, a wide variety of methods are being used depending on the researchers' theoretical premise, the type of material which is examined, the context of discovery and the questions that are addressed. The round table that took place in Athens on November 2008 was intended to offer the participants the opportunity to present a selection of case studies on the basis of which methodological approaches were discussed. The aim was to define a set of guidelines for quantification that would prove to be of use to all researchers.

Edited by Marta Capote, Susana Consuegra, Pedro Díaz-del-Río and Xavier TerradasThis book includes papers representing the Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the UISPP Commission on Flint Mining in Pre- and Protohistoric Times (Madrid, 14-17 October 2009).

The Proceedings of an International Seminar held at the University of Trento on April 29-30, 2005 on Late Antique Societies, Religion, Pottery and Trade in Germania, Northern Africa, Greece, and Asia MinorThis book includes papers from an International Seminar held at the University of Trento on April 29-30, 2005.

It seems that, over recent years, the term landscape has received much discussion, albeit based on the mechanics of landscape. What has been omitted is the construction of landscape in terms of aesthetics, knowledge, emotion, interpretation and application. Although landscape is 'there', we control the imagination and cognitive construction of it. Fundamentally, landscape can be defined as a series of 'spaces' that become 'places', and, within this volume (the product of a number of conference sessions run between 1997-99 by the Theoretical Archaeology Group), 17 contributors re-address the importance of space/place and suggest both may be considered as part of an archaeological assemblage. Some chapters also attempt to place rock art into a narrative, placing its historical value into a prehistoric context.