Bücher der Reihe British Archaeological Reports International Series

In this work the author analyses the remains of the settlement of Cádiz (Spain) in the Phoenician and Punic period. Since the discovery of the masculine anthropoid sarcofagus in Punta de la Vaca (Cádiz) in 1887, the investigations into the Phoenician and Punic settlement of Cádiz have shown the magnitude of the site. This volume investigates the excavations made in Cádiz that show evidence of the Phoenician and Punic settlement of Cádiz that was occupied since the 8th century.

This book includes papers from the Symbolism in Rock Art session held at the XV UISPP World Congress, Lisbon, in September 2006.

The purpose of this volume is to reveal as much information as possible on the nature of dance in Old Kingdom Egypt. This is achieved through the thorough examination of the primary evidence pertaining to dance in the old Kingdom, which comes to us in the form of pictures, letters, captions and titles. Scenes of dance abound in tomb decoration, in particular, but can also be found in solar temples attended by the living. Indeed, when a clear definition of what constituted dance in Ancient Egypt is reached, the number of pictorial examples relating to dance became so vast that it necessitated restricting this study to material from the old Kingdom. While the study of pictures of dance reveals much about the history and development of art, much regarding the nature of dance can also be perceived. It is reasonable to assume that much of the information recorded regarding dance; the poses, costumes, props and gender of dancers as depicted in scenes of dance, should reflect the nature of dance as it was performed at the time and even the region in which it was recorded. Therefore, the developments traced in the course of this study relate to the art history record of dance as much as to dance itself.

The cemetery at R12 was one of a number of Neolithic sites found by the Sudan Archaeological Research Society's Northern Dongola Reach Survey between 1993 and 1997 on the east bank of the Nile.

This investigation consists of updates to the chronology of Achaemenid Persia (539 BCE-304 BCE). The state of Achaemenid chronology was the subject of a series of studies published by this writer about ten to fifteen years ago. Newly emerged evidence has necessitated the present updates. Errata in those earlier studies are listed in an appendix. The focus of the present investigation is on what is new. A comprehensive statement on Achaemenid chronology that progresses from first principles and combines all that is new with all that is old remains desirable. Few historical events are as transforming in the history of nations as the death of one ruler and the accession of the next. Accordingly, the chronology of regnal transitions deserves special attention in the study of ancient chronology. This study provides updates for the chronology of nine regnal transitions in the Achaemenid empire: Xerxes I to Artaxerxes I (465); Artaxerxes I to Darius II (424-23); Darius II to Artaxerxes II (405/4); Artaxerxes IIto Artaxerxes III (359/58); Artaxerxes III to Arses (338); Arses to Darius III (336/35); Darius III to Alexander III (331); Alexander III to Philip Arridaios (323); and Arridaios to Alexander IV (317). A comprehensive tabulation of the regnal years of the final years of the empire (340-304) is presented at the end.

This book includes papers from the session entitled 'Megalithic Quarrying' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This volume presents the reader with a selection of installations for the production of wine and oil from Israel of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods. Many such installations have been found in Israel from earlier periods also but the peak in their development, in the number of installations found, in the technology used and in their variety is towards the end of the Byzantine period. Several factors combined to create this situation. This comprehensive study investigates their archaeological remains. The installations presented in this volume reveal the remarkable variety of techniques and devices found in one small section of the complicated mosaic of local technical cultures that were spread throughout the Mediterranean basin, each developing separately but influenced by and influencing the others. Even techniques such as the use of the screw developed in different ways in different regions. The extent and borders of these technical cultures are in many cases closely related to those of political entities changing in extent and character together with these. Thus the study of these ancient crafts not only reveals important aspects of ancient technology, economics and day to day life but mapping the variegated regional technical cultures contributes a new and independent delineation of ancient human geography.

This book includes papers from the session (Vol. 30, Session WS19) 'Rock Art and Museum' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

The objective of this research is to advance the understanding of the Egyptian Eastern Desert region petroglyphs by means of three steps: 1) To order and analyse the available data; 2) To compare the Eastern Desert petroglyphs with those of neighbouring regions and 3) To determine what the Eastern Desert petroglyphs can tell us about the people responsible for them. The study then moves towards an interpretation of the petroglyphs in terms of what they can tell us about the origins and development of Egyptian society.

This volume is a collection of papers presented at the Association of Environmental Archaeologists conference in Exeter, 2006. The nine papers within this volume consider how social archaeological questions can be investigated utilising environmental remains.

A study of the food supply of the Roman army and the local populations. Food provision, principally wheat, was in the hands of an institution known as Annona. This institution mainly oversaw the adequate supply of food supplies for the city of Rome (annona civica) and the army (annona militaris). Both were the beneficiaries of the redistribution system promoted by the emperors in terms of agrarian policy.

'The 'Ordos bronzes' are well known to collectors and many museums, named for the many finds in and around the Ordos plateau in north China. They are ...the subject of many catalogues and parts of catalogues of collections [and] have much to tell of contacts and of iconographic inspiration passing, in both directions, from China and from the Steppes... I am dealing with what are generally regarded as belt plaques, not the many animal-only 'Ordos bronzes' of various forms and attachments, which may have been applied to harness or dress or furniture, and which are equally numerous; nor with daggers and the like. The main series considered here (the 'Rope-border' plaques) ...begins with works of art of amazing intricacy of composition, combining a certain horror vacui with a desire to indicate all parts of the animal figures involved... The series takes us from over a century before the Qin dynasty 'unification' of China, well into early Han times, roughly from the fourth/third to first centuries BC. Coeval with them, especially in the later period, are other plaque series of different shapes and many of them far less ambitious. These represent more decidedly 'nomad art', even when their forms and iconography are employed for luxury items of some intricacy, of the type that reached Siberia, and which characterize Peter the Great's Treasure which had been assembled there, and whether or not some were made by the Chinese for their nomad rivals...Over the whole period studied the interfaces with the arts of Scythians and Sarmatians are apparent, and noted where important, but the subject is only part of the far wider phenomenon of Eurasian arts, a daunting subject. And like all 'art-historical' studies it carries a historical element involving the nature of relations between nomad and settled (to put it at its simplest), as well as the behaviour of owners/wearers. Many 'nomads' of the areas we visit were virtually 'settled', while among the 'settled' Chinese many lived a transhumance 'nomad' existence. I address this as best I can in the Conclusions, realizing that for many this should be the main reason for such a study. It is likely, however, in the face of the very plentiful material, that a mainly art-historical approach may lead more readily to conclusions of social and historical significance.' (From the author's Preface)

This work represents a study of the hunter-gatherer societies that occupied the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz, with a special focus on La María Archaeological Locality. The broad objective is to try and understand the technological organization of the groups which lived in this area between the final Pleistocene and the late Holocene, and by so doing provide a discussion on the issues relating to other aspects of the society, such as the economic and social strategies of mobility, the use of the space and the exploitation of economic resources implemented in the different periods studied. Other specific objectives include: to identify the environmental changes which occurred since the beginning of the first human occupation in the region; to establish the regional structure of lithic resources; to analyze the variability of the set of artefacts; to characterize the sequences of artefact production for each raw material; to analyze the design of the artefacts; to define the different ways lithic technology was organized in every temporal range; to understand if there were differential technical skills for each of these particular episodes; and, to analyze the different ways the region was occupied during these specific temporal contexts. Full Title: La organización tecnológica en grupos cazadores recolectores desde las ocupaciones del Pleistoceno final al Holoceno tardío, en la Meseta Central de Santa Cruz, Patagonia

This is a second study of the auxiliary units of the Roman Imperial Army, listing all the known cohortes. The study expands and updates the work of Conrad Cichorius that first appeared one hundred years ago. Each known unit is listed with the bulk of the evidence for the unit's name and personnel who served in it. The lists are compiled from military diplomas, stone inscriptions, papyri, wood, tile and other materials.

This monograph (in the series Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology) compares lithic materials excavated from Shumai and Kakwa Lelash, two deeply stratified dry rockshelters located in the Mukogodo Hills of the Laikipia and Isiolo districts of Central-North Kenya. The analysis forms a key part of the reconstruction of the sequence of human occupation in the region back to the Middle Stone Age (c. 200,000 BP). Lithic components from these two sites are analyzed and compared in terms of their raw material, techno-morphological attributes, function, and styles.

A lavish festschrift to John Onians with contributions by 28 distinguished academics. Any summary as to the direction of these contributions is, perhaps, best left to Martin Kemp and his affectionate preface, "Above all, he (John Onians) reminds us of the researchers', writers' and teachers' true mission, that is the need to be radical in both asking and answering questions, and above all for the historian of visual things to be instinctively radical in every act of looking."

The Pythian Games are not as well known as the Olympic Games but were nonetheless important over a period of more than a thousand years of Greek and Roman history (c.580 BC to AD 395).

The aim of the book is to identify and characterize the archaeological evidence for the Roman house in northern Italy and to determine its place in the larger study of Roman domestic architecture. It includes an extensive catalogue.

The aim of this research is to reconstruct the landscape evolution in the lower Rio Grande drainage basin during the Late Holocene and to detect interrelations between landscape evolution, cultural development, climatic changes and extreme events. Central to this is to identify and, if possible, quantify factors of landscape change. In doing so, the author differentiates natural from anthropogenic factors, i.e. to determine both the natural and the human impacts on the landscape. An important question is whether climatic changes and extreme events have had an influence on past societies. To answer these questions, this work goes beyond physical geography approaches to paleoenvironmental reconstruction and includes the wealth of archaeological evidence and interpretations available for the research area. The volume consists of a main section and an extensive appendix containing sketches and detailed interpretations of the investigated sediment profiles as well as graphs showing the results of the laboratory analyses.

If Oceanic canoes, by their very strangeness were surprising to the earliest European observers, it was not long before their descriptions shifted from being impressed, enthusiastic or fascinated and gave way to detailed observations, measurements, comparisons and representations. Canoes are also the means by which the islanders apprehend space. In this perspective, this interesting volume on the study of canoes of the 'Grand Ocean' remains a vehicle for discovery.

In this book the author presents his findings connected with the archaeology of the Rajmahal Hills (Jharkhand State, north-eastern India), and discusses the wider relevance of his surface archaeology approach to the archaeology of the rest of the tribal areas of India. He also approaches the issue of a gendered study of rock-art and landscape archaeology both of which again fall within the domain of tribal archaeology proper. The author also has a keen interest in the theory of history and archaeology and writes about this subject in several of the chapters. Further sections engage in theoretical debates regarding the relationship between history and archaeology. The study concludes that it may be possible to delineate a separate domain for the archaeology of the tribal areas - called 'subaltern archaeology'. The present work breaks further new ground in historical and archaeological research in terms of the fieldwork undertaken in the Rajmahal Hills and elsewhere in India: the novel idea being that the tribal population of India does have a long-term past - an issue thus far relatively rarely investigated.

In this work the author presents a modern study of the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in the north-west of Spain, renowned for its Romanesque architecture and as a destination for pilgrims. The author has focussed on the two main contributors in the construction of the building: Archbishop Gelmírez and the Master Mason Mateo. The discussion over dating and building progression revolves around which of these two designed, built and completed the west end. Following a detailed study of the masonry, the author discloses fresh evidence which reveals more of the original Romanesque state of the building. She also examines how the Historia Compostelana (a contemporaneous account of the life and work of Gelmírez from circa 1100 to his death in 1140), and the fifth part of the Codex Calixtinus (purportedly written by Aymery Picaud in the mid-1130s), contribute to the understanding of the architecture of the cathedral-church.

This book includes papers from a conference held at the Institute of Classical Studies, London, in June 2006.

This book includes papers from the session (Vol. 39, Session WS15) 'Technological Analysis on Quartzite Exploitation' presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

In many ways, we are presented today with a situation much like that described for Indus Civilisation studies in the 1960s: a particular model has been favoured for some time, but it is yet to be rigorously investigated, especially in the light of recent advances in data, methodologies and theory. This study aims to do that, employing a comparative approach with the aim of testing many of the explicit and implicit comparisons with Mesopotamia that are at the heart of this interpretation. Three types of data are considered: domestic architecture, metalwork and settlement patterns. Each is dealt with by a single chapter, which begins by identifying the relevance of that dataset to the 'alternative paradigm' interpretation, and the individual statements made of that dataset which form a part of the wider interpretation. The three chapters proceed to test those statements using comparative data from Mesopotamia, Egypt, Iran and the Gulf, depending on the availability of suitable comparative material. The theoretical background to the approach and the methodologies adopted is discussed in the following chapter. A feature of this study is that, having described an interpretation of the Indus Civilisation currently enjoying common currency, it sets out to challenge and investigate this academic position. In doing so, especially due to the methodological decision to test specific statements, it indiscriminately scrutinizes a large number of statements and interpretations made by a number of scholars.

The important city of Halmyris lay where the Danube empties into the Black Sea (Romania). The sizable present collection of inscriptions published here contains the complete number of the epigraphs found before and during the excavations at the site of Murighiol (ancient Halmyris) in the span of time before ca. 1896 and 2010. The epigraphic material presented in this volume intends to be a contribution to the knowledge of the social, economic and military history of the local society in the remotest part of the province of Moesia inferior, the extrema Minoris Scythiae, and to provide additional documents to the already impressive collection of Greek and Latin inscriptions related to the territories between the Danube and the Black Sea.

This collection of papers on 'Dress and Identity' arose from a seminar series held by the Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity, University of Birmingham in 2005. The present volume covers a wide chronological and geographical span: from archaic Greece to medieval Scotland by way of the Roman Empire and Anglo-Saxon England. The contributors come from a number of different academic disciplines: history, archaeology and classics.

This research presents a study of scythes and sharp-edged, bladed, handled agricultural tools from Gaul, based on a survey of archaeological finds. This survey deals only with completely preserved objects and represents the only catalogue of Gallo-Roman scythes to date. This catalogue contains 27 entries of scythes, representing in all 40 entries. These implements have been assessed according to the way they were supposedly used: either frontal cutting tools or lateral cutting tools.

Studies in Contemporary and Historical Archaeology 3This study uses the perspectives of what might be termed the 'empirical tradition' of British landscape archaeology that developed in the 1960s and 1970s, especially in industrial archaeology, to explore the early modern history of the 'garden' landscapes formed by British colonialism in the eastern Caribbean, and their place in the world. It presents a detailed chronological sequence of the changing material conditions of these English-/British-owned plantation landscapes during the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, with particular reference to the origins, history and legacies of the sugar industry. The study draws together the results of archaeological fieldwork and documentary research to present a progressive account of the historical landscapes of the islands of St Kitts and St Lucia: sketching a chronological outline of landscape change. This approach to landscape is characterised by the integration of archaeological field survey, standing buildings recording alongside documentary and cartographic sources, and focuses upon producing accounts of material change to landscapes and buildings. By providing a long-term perspective on eastern Caribbean colonial history: from the nature of early, effectively prehistoric contact and interaction in the 16th century, through early permanent European settlements and into the developed sugar societies of the 18th and 19th centuries, the study suggests a temporal and thematic framework of landscape change that might inform the further development of historical archaeology in the island Caribbean region. The broader aim of the study relates to exploring how archaeological techniques can be used to contribute a highly detailed, empirical case study to the interdisciplinary study of postcolonial landscapes and British colonialism. In order to achieve this goal, the study draws upon the techniques of what has been called the 'empirical tradition' of landscape archaeology.

Proceedings of the Third International Meeting of Anthracology, Cavallino - Lecce (Italy), June 28th - July 1st 2004This book includes papers from The Third International Meeting of Anthracology, entitled "Charcoals from the Past. Cultural and palaeoenvironmental implications", organized at Cavallino (Lecce) from 28th June to 1st July 2004.