Bücher der Reihe British Archaeological Reports International Series

Questo volume è una sintesi dei sistemi di gestione degli strumenti in pietra non scheggiata di tre siti chiave della Cultura dei vasi a bocca quadrata dell'Italia nord-orientale. Gli strumenti sono stati studiati mediante un approccio integrato basato su morfologia, tecnologia, analisi delle tracce d'uso e sperimentazione. Il complesso dei materiali è stato suddiviso nelle seguenti categorie: strumenti per macinare, strumenti per levigare/lisciare, strumenti da taglio, strumenti percussori e strumenti multifunzionali. Le materie prime includono rocce di provenienza locale, regionale e alloctona. Le litologie locali e regionali sono state sfruttate ponendo attenzione alla morfologia e alle dimensioni dei blocchi; soltanto le macine e i macinelli presentano tracce di lavorazione prodotte dalla martellinatura e dal ravvivamento della superficie attiva. Più complessa, e probabilmente solo parzialmente realizzata in loco, era la produzione mediante scheggiatura, bocciardatura, levigatura e periodica riaffilatura della lame d'ascia ottenute da pietre verdi di origine alloctona. I risultati dell'analisi delle tracce d'uso e della sperimentazione mostrano un largo spettro di sostanze trattate per la produzione alimentare e per attività artigianali, in accordo con il consolidamento dell'economia produttiva.This volume is a synthesis of the management systems of the macrolithic tools from three key Square Mouthed Pottery Culture sites located in Northeastern Italy. The tools were examined with an integrated approach that involves morphology, technology, use-wear analysis and experiments. The stone assemblages are classified into the following categories: tools for grinding, tools for abrading/polishing, tools for cutting, percussion tools and multifunctional implements. The raw materials include local, regional and allocthonous rocks. Local and regional rocks were exploited with attention to the morphology and size of the blocks; only querns and handstones present working traces via pecking and the rejuvenation of the active surface. More complex, and probably only partially done locally, was the production by flaking, pecking, polishing and periodic resharpening of the axe blades made of allocthonous greenstones. The results of the use-wear analysis and experiments show a wide range of substances used for food and craft tasks, according to the consolidation of the productive economy.

Section 10: Âge du Cuivre au Proche Orient et en Europe / Copper Age in the Near East and EuropeColloque / Symposium C 10.2The main emphasis of this book is water and its importance in prehistoric societies, and it looks at how people in the period from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age exploited water in various ways. This ranges from the large scale utilisation of water for agricultural purposes, down to the design of bowls, materials and decorative figures. The study gives a broad outline of the cultural and physical impact of water upon societies during this period, and goes so far as to define water as a central element for the study of ancient societies. The argument is that as civilisation progressed out of the Neolithic, people gained a better control of wetlands and were able to colonise river valleys and drain marshes. The study begins by investigating the Neolithic in Mesopotamia and the Chalcolithic in the Balkans, stating how society had gained a developed management of water on different levels, and this is indicated by the design of settlements, houses and objects. The importance of water as a major influence over settlement patterns is shown in terms of water as a resource, but also as a means of communication and as a defensive barrier. Technological improvements relating to the collection, movement, storage, and usage of water are investigated in depth. These advances offered man a greater level of control over his environment, and allowed the control of seasonal flooding in the Near East, and more intensive agriculture in Temperate areas of Europe. Water trade routes from the Neolithic were still used in the Chalcolithic and the Bronze Age, but many other trade routes grew up as shipbuilding developed, with the cultures of Greece and Mesopotamia becoming seafarers. The study of certain objects such as figurines and temple offerings show that cultures considered the collection and storage of water to have a great importance, and attached ritual values to these practices. Often, owing to the importance of water in their lives, people would worship the springs and other water sources associated with their settlements. Some of the papers in this study infer that these primitive religions were based upon the fertility values of water in their society. For instance, in the Balkans many container vessels are in the shape of the female body, linking these to a fertility cult of water. However the main theme of this book is to look at the archaeology of water exploitation strategies, both on the macro and the micro-level.

This volume has been produced by the European Association of Archaeologists (EAA) as a result of the contributions presented by different authors during the sessions held under the general heading of 'Architectural Archaeology' in Lisbon (Portugal) in 2000, and in Esslingen (Germany) in 2001. Archaeotecture: Archaeology of Architecture is a compilation of the majority of the papers presented during these sessions, organised according to their subjects or the chronological periods they cover. All nineteen papers share a common factor: the study of constructions and architectonic spaces, analysed from an archaeological perspective. One of the aims of this volume was to gather together the different analyses that have been carried out into all types of architecture, regardless of their chronology or type. The studies gathered in this volume cover a chronological period that starts with Prehistory and continues to the present day, concentrating equally on the analysis of wooden archaeological structures and monumental architecture built in stone. Another of the objectives of these sessions was to demonstrate that investigation and management are two inseparable elements within the study of heritage constructions, as demonstrated by some of the studies included that discuss the application of Architectural Archaeology in Heritage Management. Although this volume is not a compendium of all of the theoretical and methodological approximations, perspectives and proposals in use today in Architectural Archaeology, it does offer a detailed description of the different types of projects that have been carried out in Europe in recent years.

An analysis of the monument in Tunisia and its possible connection with the battle waged between Hannibal and Scipio in 202BCIn the remote countryside of north-central Tunisia, between the cities of Siliana and Le Kef, stands a ruined stone structure known as Kbor Klib. A thorough examination of North African archaeological documentation reveals that the monument has over the years been the subject of a variety of descriptions, discussions and investigations. In this study, the author looks afresh at the archaeological and historical evidence of the site and its environs, and the intriguing possibility that the structure is associated with the Roman North African occupation in general, and the famous battle of Zama in 202 BC between Hannibal and Scipio in particular.

Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 3Collection of papers of which majority were first presented at the Third Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology in September 2000. A wide range of issues relating to archaeology in higher education is dicussed. The aim of the volume was to intervene in the current discussion of the teaching of archaeology in higher education, emphasising the complexity of the matter, and the need to subject all proposed measures to critical analysis and scrutiny and further to send the message that teaching of archaeology in higher education is a matter worth discussing seriously in academic debates and sessions.

Detailed and Revised Chronology of the Eponyms Dating Rhodian Amphora Stamps from circa 270 to 180 BC' is a detailed analysis of the chronology of Rhodian amphorae stamps. The research was then applied by the author to the large amount of material unearthed in the course of excavations in the Southern Levant, primarily today Israel and the Autonomous Palestinian territories. An accurate analysis of relevant finds, accounting for about 95% of amphorae stamps of the Hellenistic period, was a prerequisite for the understanding of the chronological development of the settlement and history of the region.

This study addresses some of the gaps in our knowledge concerning early human occupation in the Vercours mountains to the south-west of Grenoble in southern France.

The field of Islamic archaeology in Morocco has grown substantially during the last two decades. The establishment of the Institut National des Sciences de l'Archéologie et du Patrimoine (INSAP) in Rabat, and its collaboration with archaeological teams from different parts of the world infused the field with new ideas and energy. This monograph is a result of such collaboration. This book builds on the results of recent archaeological investigations in northern Morocco. Archaeological research in northern Morocco was designed to test ideas about state formation and urban growth during the Islamic period. Based on the Boone et al. model, this study examines the material impact of changing political economies on settlement systems in northern Morocco from the ninth to the fifteenth centuries A.D.

Volume I: Introduction and Overview.Excavations at Siyana Ulya, Khirbet Shireena, Khirbet Karhasan, Seh Qubba, Tell Gir Matbakh and Tell Shelgiyya, and other recorded sitesWith a forward by Michael Roaf (and with contributions by Stuart Campbell, Susan Gill, Anthony Green, Marion Pagan, St John Simpson, and David Tucker), Warwick Ball reports on the 1985-86 excavations by the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq in the Saddam Dam Salvage Project. The area under British investigation lay on the right bank of the Tigris approximately 100 km northwest of Mosul, in the Zammar sub-governorate (nahiya) of Nineveh Province. This volume contains an overview of the settlement sequence of the Zammar region (from 7th millennium BC), as well as the excavation reports of Siyana Ulya, Khirbet Shireena, She Qubba, Khirbet Karhasan, Tell Gir Matbakh, Tell Shelgiyya, and surveys of 28 other locations. A second volume will deal with the site of Tell Abu Dhahir and future publications are planned to present the pottery and specialist reports. The detailed record presented here is the first stage in making available the results of these investigations which will gain their full significance when the volumes dealing with the ceramics and other finds are released.

This work relates to a wide study of 3rd-5th centuries-AD masculine metal objects found in various Roman contexts around the Black Sea and beyond. Collections of Bulgarian, Romanian, Greek, Turkish and Crimean provenance are analysed. The book's first part relates to the finds. Catalogues are classified by type, region and context, and a separate section considers the iconography. The second part provides a synthesis of relevant documentation, including chronological and geographical data. The final section presents further comparative analyses, including a section on social status.

This work examines patterns of taxonomic utilization from a wide range of sites from different geographic regions and through several thousand years in order to contribute to an eventual understanding of the mechanisms by which disparate regional societies were subsumed into the unified Egyptian 'state.' An examination of the relative adaptability of cattle, sheep, goat, and pigs is fundamental to understanding the choices by humans for exploiting a particular species or its products in a given area. A predictive model was developed based on issues of economic and social production among modern societies utilizing these same domesticated taxa under similar environmental conditions. Five strategies were identified: nomadic pastoralism, semi-nomadic pastoralism, transhumance, agro-pastoralism, and ranching. Contrary to previous interpretations, pigs were shown to be well adapted to utilization by sedentary populations in both the southern Valley and northern Delta regions. The methods for the investigationof alternatives of social and economic production and intensification were closely linked to zooarchaeological analysis. However, in addition, faunal inferences were supplemented with evidence such as artistic depictions, Egyptian texts, and literature.

This book examines the evidence for the performance of ancestor veneration in LH III Greece with emphasis placed mainly on the data from the typical Mycenaean tomb types, i.e. tholos and chamber tombs, excavated in the central areas of the Mycenaean dominion, viz. the Argolid, Korinthia, Attica, Boeotia and Euboea, during the acme of Mycenaean civilisation, i.e. the LH IIIA-B period (ca.1425/1390-1190/1180 BC). Through a thorough examination of the available archaeological material, namely the products of controlled archaeological excavation (architecture, pottery and ritual remains), the iconographical evidence and Linear B documents, this study aims to assess and challenge assumptions, which amount to prejudices relegating the cult of the dead as a disreputable and taboo subject. It is argued that for the Mycenaeans the ancestors were not simply motionless and decomposing livid bodies, but spiritual entities considered to dwell in a sphere between the human and the sacred, invoked to provide benefits and placated with sacred rituals and offerings to ensure the well-being of the living community. The primary objective of the study is not only to illuminate 'obscure' aspects of Mycenaean religious and eschatological beliefs, but also to document the diversity of repeated diagnostic indicators of symbolic value appropriate for the recognition and study of rites performed in honour of the venerated ancestors in LH III times.

From the beginning to the Hellenistic period.Collections of the Israel Antiquities AuthorityIn the course of the past century, excavations in Palestine have turned up large numbers of oil lamps. This first volume in a planned catalogue raisonné, summarizes the typological development of Palestinian oil lamps from the earliest such items of the Late Chalcolithic period onward, and their historical, cultural, and political contexts. The abundance and great variety of the material make this, a difficult undertaking - particularly for the oil lamps of the earlier periods dealt with in the present volume. Detailed descriptions of many items in the collections of the Israel Antiquities Authority, as well as of recorded oil lamps from other sites and neighboring regions, serve here as a basis for generalizations and conclusions.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 71The Tubus are a diversified pastoral nomadic people who speak two very similar dialects and form a single cultural community, extending from the Fezzan and the Kufra oasis in Southern Lybia, to the Tibesti and Ennedi mountains, to other Saharan and Sahelian territories of the Republic of Tchad, and to the eastern part of the Republic of Niger. The Tubus are now present in territories where Neolithic people left - for many thousands of years - an important number of traces of their life: tools, wall engravings and paintings, and stone monuments of the sort generally defined as 'pre-Islamic'. This study investigates the background, history and culture of these people from their origins to the present day.Photographs by Harry Proto.

This volume is concerned with craft specialization and cultural complexity in prehispanic Andean communities in northwestern Argentina, with particular reference to cultural and social processes in the Ambato Valley (Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina) in the first millennium. The analytical perspective is based on technological processes and labour investment applied to the manufacture of different ceramic wares. The objectives of this study are not only to contribute to the study of social change through the analysis of the technological processes of pottery production, but also to analyze and compare production at two different cultural moments, studying its variability through time, production, distribution, use and discard contexts involved in pottery production. The author begins with an introduction to general and particular objectives, hypothesis and theoretical background to craft production and cultural complexity, social change and craft specialization. Chapter 2 contextualizes chronologically and culturally case studies related to Condorhuasi, Cienaga and Aguada. Chapters 3 and 4 present the archaeological sites and the results obtained in relation to the pottery technology. Chapter 5 centres on specific analysis of labour investment, as one of the theoretical approaches to the study craft specialization. In the final chapter, the author presents her conclusions, linking both craft specialization and social change. Overall, the work is an important contribution to the knowledge of past Andean communities, as well as an original insight into craft specialization and labor-technology change.

This work summarizes a techno-typological analysis of Chalcolithic (c. 4500-3500 B.C.) lithic assemblages from Southern Levant (sites from Israel, the Golan heights, the Jordan valley, Southern and eastern Jordan and eastern and north-eastern Sinai). This period witnessed major changes in the lifestyles of inhabitants in this region, representing the peak of a long development in the rural life, a process that started with first Neolithic villages and ended up in the Early Bronze Age period, with the establishment of first towns. All accessible assemblages dated to the above mentioned period have been studied in the laboratory. More than 200,000 flint artefacts were included in this work, among them c. 20,000 tools, the rest being equally divided between debris and débitage.

Proceedings of a workshop at Ghent University (Belgium) November 28, 2006

A selection of some of the papers presented at two international workshops: Women and Maintenance activities in times of change and Interpreting household practices: reflections on the social and cultural roles of maintenance activities, which were held in Barcelona in November 2005 and November 2007. These two workshops were co-organised by the Centre d'Estudis del Patrimoni Arqueològic de la Prehistòria-CEPAP (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain) and by the Departament d'Humanitats (Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain).

This book includes papers from the session 'Non-Flint Raw Material Use in Prehistory: Old prejudices and new directions' (Vol. 11, Session C77) presented at the XV UISPP World Congress (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006).

This study discusses the results of archaeobotanical studies carried out in Bulgaria over the last five years, with a special focus on the archaeobotanical finds from 36 prehistoric sites from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age.

This research looks at the processes that led to the profound transformation of the Roman world between the 3rd and 7th century AD. By concentrating on archaeozoology this study provides information on socio-economic evolution during Antiquity and the Merovingian period in Northern Gaul. In particular, the economic aspects related to the production, distribution, and consumption of animal resources are studied. This archaeozoological study is based on a corpus of 106,486 faunal remains. Using an interdisciplinary approach, the geographical framework of the region investigated, the climatic conditions over time, and the changing regional landscape are all assessed.

Notebooks on Military Archaeology and Architecture 6This work presents a preliminary report on some new studies in the field of Italian Postmedieval Archaeology. The first part refines the definition of Military Archaeology, sketched by the author in BAR S1920, 2009, Pietralunga 1744, with a studied review from the Classical to Postmedieval periods. The second part, The Stones of the King, presents the main features relating to the archaeology of field-fortifications along the western alpine frontier of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, in the second half of the 17th and the 18th century. Accordingly, part one includes the historical development of that particular alpine frontier region and its permanent (or temporary) fortifications; subsequently the text illustrates alternative research studies on 18th-century field-fortifications, while the concluding part proposes a preliminary classification of the main features of field-fortifications, with several examples and illustrations from the western Alpine territory.

The Rise and Growth of an Urban Community (facsimile of a 1977 Oxford doctoral thesis).

The Archaeology of Semiotics and the social order of things is edited by George Nash and George Children and brings together 15 thought-provoking chapters from contributors around the world. A sequel to an earlier volume published in 1997, it tackles the problem of understanding how complex communities interact with landscape and shows how the rules concerning landscape constitute a recognised and readable grammar. The mechanisms underlying landscape grammar are both physical and mental, being based in part on the mindset of the individual; the same landscape can thus evoke different meanings for different people and at different times. People's perception has greatly influenced the construction of landscapes over millennia but, until recently, the potential of this area has been largely untapped. Apart from chapters focusing solely upon human interaction with landscape, there are several which skilfully integrate artefacts and place with landscape (e.g. Gheorghiu and Sognnes). Other chapters look at the way people have marked the landscape through such mechanisms as rock-art (e.g. Clegg, Devereux, Estévez, Fossati, Kelleher and Skier). Rock-art establishes personal and communal identity in relation to landscape and it is clear that other forms of visual expression were in place which distinctively created special places within the landscape. Landscape constructs can bind cultures together; bringing the old ways of reading the landscape into contemporary life (e.g. Smiseth). Defining early and late prehistoric landscapes and segregating these into, say, mundane domestic and ritualised spaces rely on both clear and subtle archaeologies and in this volume distinct monument clustering and ritualised linearity are considered (e.g. Mason and Nash). A volume such as this cannot escape the influence of New World approaches, such as anthropology, and in many respects chapters by Bender, Muller and Merritt give context to other chapters within the book. Finally, one must consider text as a means of constructing landscape and this is considered by Heyd, who eloquently deconstructs the travel diary of a 17th century Japanese poet. This will be an important volume for archaeologists, landscape scholars and students. The many approaches used are tried and tested, forming an invaluable resource and not just another edited book.

In 1717 A.D., the Caribou Inuit of the Kivalliq, Nunavut were introduced to the Fur Trade through the Hudson Bay Company. It has been previously posited that between that time and 1900 A.D., the Caribou Inuit were drawn out of a traditional subsistence pattern and into an economy that was a part of a world system. However, the actual process of how trade goods and technologies were incorporated into Caribou Inuit society by the Caribou Inuit themselves has received little attention. Using a combination of archaeology, archival history, and oral history to examine the profiles of specific individuals, this report demonstrates the importance of Caribou Inuit families that acted as intermediaries between their culture and European trade in the process of Caribou Inuit economic transition during the early historic period.

A new study of 'The Fair Stone', defining jade, its nature, virtues, deposits and carving techniques according to ancient Chinese texts. Analysis of ancient sources with a critical mind may supplement archaeological finds and modern scientific studies, but others still present scholars with quite a few riddles, such as metal jade carving implements. This study attempts to provide an analysis of the multifaceted meanings, connotations and echoes of a single word, concept and symbol. It also allows a better grasp of matters of concern for mineralogists and gemmologists: jade's origin and deposits, mining and carving technology. Two appendices include a chart of "jade" producing places according to the Shanhaijing (Books of mountains and seas) and a full translation of Song Yingxing' chapter on jade in the Tiangong kaiwu (Exploitation of the works of Nature). Illustrations draw on reproductions of old Chinese books from the Yuan (1279-1368) to the Republic. Maps in late commentaries to the Classics, geographical monographs on Xinjiang or drawn by the author show jade and abrasive deposits and the "jade road" from Khotan to Xi'an.

The extensive work presented here takes a new look at the prehistoric art preserved on various megalithic monuments from the northwestern Iberian Peninsular. The initial chapters (1-3) deal with the objectives of the study, the history of research of megalithic art in the Iberian Peninsula, and the discussion on the area of study. In chapter 4, the research methodologies applied are described in detail: fieldwork (identification, cataloguing and diagnosis), the analysis of stone and paint samples (including radiocarbon dating), and the systems used for the recording of the images. In chapter 5, the most extensive of the book, each of the megalithic sites studied is described, with special emphasis on the description and recording of megalithic art, its state of preservation and the need for conservation actions that would stop its degradation. Chapter 6 deals with the information obtained on this kind of megalithic art. Chapters 7 and 8 deal with the degradation processes and the proposal for preservation measures, not only for the prehistoric art itself, but also for the megalithic sites. Chapter 9 contains the discussion on the main findings.

This book presents a contextual study of the Famabalasto Negro Grabado pottery of the late period in the Calchaqui Valleys in northwest Argentina, especially in the Yocavil or Santa María Valley in the south of the area. This is an interesting black and polished ceramic that is different from contemporary decorated pottery and comes closer in design to certain special metallic goods made in cast bronze, such as round plates and Santamarians bells or tan-tanes.

This book presents the proceedings of the 'Theory and Method in Archaeology of the Neolithic (7th - 3rd millennium BC)' conference held in Mikulov, Czech Republic, 26th - 28th October 2010.

The Klissoura cave site (Argolid, Greece) is a multi-layered site with layers dating back to the Middle Palaeolithic. In the Aurignacian layer were found concave clay forms which are estimated, by C14 dates, to be 35-37.5 calibrated kyrs BP. In this study the author takes an experimental approach to investigate these important primitive features.