Bücher der Reihe British Archaeological Reports International Series

Just how sanitary were cities in North America in the late 19th century? The period was a time of great change in urban sanitary regulations and awareness of public health generally. At the Îlot Hunt site in Québec City, domestic and commercial establishments were investigated and archaeoentomological samples analyzed from two latrines, a drain, and an abandoned well. In total 6755 insects were identified from 48 levels. Through a multidisciplinary contextual analysis, a new view of public health in late nineteenth-century Québec City has been accessed, indicating the value of this approach in historical archaeology. Appendix C features a 12-page, complete listing of all the insect remains recovered from the site.

Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology 4The 11 papers in this volume derive from a series of seminars under the aegis of the Lampeter Workshop in Archaeology. The result is an attempt to broaden the debate and discuss the many problems that face archaeologists in the area of ethics today. It also aims to theorize some of the terms that have tended to be taken for granted in previous discussions. Many people engage with ethical issues in their everyday lives, including within their roles as archaeologists, but this thoughtful critical practice perhaps does not always become articulated in published form.

A study of the representation of theatre structures on Italian painted ceramics of the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, focusing in particular on the regions of Apulia, Campania, Lucania, Paestum and Sicily.

This ambitious study aims to explore the decision-making processes of Neanderthals when making and selecting tools, from selecting the raw material to the finished tool and its use.

This book analyses the 'local pottery' tradition of Roman Dacia. (In the summer of 106 AD a part of Dacia - today Romania - became a Roman province.) Taking wheel- and hand-made products, the author investigates only that pottery which clearly derives from the classic Dacian Late Iron Age, and under 'local pottery' includes the terms 'local tradition', 'native', and 'indigenous pottery'. The work contains a repertory of wholly native pottery found in Roman Dacia, as well as a list of sites.

This is a highly unusual and particularly interesting BAR which is very atypical in terms of its content and form from many of our other titles. This study deals with Ethnoarchaeology, which is the study of material culture in present-day contexts, not with regards to another field, but with respect to the material culture of archaeologists themselves. This is therefore as the title plainly states, an Ethnography of Archaeology, and in the author's own words this study: 'takes an outside perspective looking in rather than an inside perspective looking out.' The author carries out a detailed analysis of the various practices and material cultures of archaeological fieldwork, looking at certain skills, traditions, tools and other objects which become part of common everyday use on a dig, and he goes on to look further at the meaning and symbolism of these practices and objects. Edgeworth compares the act of archaeological excavation to a 'traditional craft process', for by all definitions of the word it is indeed a craft. He then goes on to discuss a typology of the related tools of the this 'craft', splitting them up into two categories, those related to actually digging into the ground, e.g. spades, trowels, pick-axes...and those related to measuring and recording, e.g. pens, pencils etc. Furthermore there are many associated formal methods of dealing with archaeological features, involving either removing objects (material transactions) or making recordings (inscriptions). One object of particular ritual and hierarchical importance is the trowel, which is shown to be a very personal item of equipment that can often even be a status symbol (for instance a well-worn trowel indicates experience, a position akin to that of a sort of tribal elder within the dig). The technique of an archaeologist is also discussed, with it being likened to a learned skill that can be passed on to other, less experienced members of the social group on the dig. However, there are other, less material, aspects discussed in this thesis, as the social transactions on the dig are of considerable significance. With all participants carrying out the same actions there will be a general shared feeling of intent or purpose, common goals and interests, a shared unfolding of the dig, as well as similar skills and abilities derived from shared cultural experiences. The author carries out extensive ethnographic interviews in order to gauge the thought processes and general method of operating an archaeologist generally goes through when digging. The way archaeologists recognise certain features is of particular interest here as the learned and inherent skills and abilities which are usually taken for granted are illustrated.

The detailed estimation of the original live size of faunal specimens from archaeological assemblage provides a particularly useful, though generally under-employed, tool for zooarchaeological analysis. Though a variety of methods have been employed in the generation of such size estimations, statistical regression provides perhaps the most accurate estimations of the original live length and weight of fish specimens found in archaeological contexts. Such estimations are useful for the reconstruction of diet and the investigation of past environments. Furthermore, detailed size estimations can contribute to a refinement of other methods of faunal quantification, such as the calculation of minimum numbers of individuals (MNI). Statistical regression was applied to the comparison of skeletal element size and the live length and weight of six fish taxa: Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Atka mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius), Greenling (Hexagrammos sp.), Rockfish (Sebastes sp.), and Irish Lords (Hemilepidotus sp.). For each taxon, a selection of skeletal elements were measured from comparative specimens and these data sets used to generate regression formulae which compared the known live length and weight to specific skeletal element measurements. This resulted in the creation of a easily applicable tool for the estimation of the live size and weight of skeletal specimens from archaeological contexts. This methodology was tested in the context of a case study involving the analysis of fish remains from five archaeological sites in the Aleutian archipelago. Specifically, this included two sites on Adak island, a single site on Buldir island, and two sites on Shemya Island, providing a sample that spans the central and western parts of the Aleutian chain. In the assessment of the relative contributions of the taxa under consideration to the diet of the prehistoric inhabitants of these sites, the regression approach was shown to produce superior results to those obtained through traditional meat weight calculations. The results of this analysis also provide insight into temporal changes in the local environment and ecology.

15 papers on research (1970-2001) into Roman Dalamtia in honour of J. J. Wilkes.

This work describes the organization of an agricultural homestead and its equipment and function and the ensuing research contributes towards an understanding of aspects of the social and economical status of peasants during the High and Late Middle Ages. Looking at homesteads, courtyards and villages, the author mainly focuses on the period between the 13th - 15th centuries in the region of the present-day Czech Republic, as well as in other parts of Central Europe, extending the current knowledge base,with the intention of bringing more information on the development of the inner structure of the mediaeval village.Written by Rostislav Nekuda and translated by Radek Kobzik and David Kone¿ný

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 16This book includes 19 papers relating to current research undertaken by the University of Paris from the High Plains of Mexico to Patagonia.

The bronze lamps in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum, consisting of a variety of material from the Ottoman Empire - Palestine, Syria, the Lebanon and Macedonia - were acquired through confiscation, purchase or in a few cases from excavations (Cos, Lindos, Sidon, Tel-Taannek and Thrace). The collection illustrates the range of bronze lamp production in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Archaic to the Late Roman world. The collection is particularly rich in lamps from the Early Christian period and also includes polycandela for glass lamps. Although provenance is often lacking, the Istanbul lamps nevertheless offer a useful and interesting body of material for the student of lighting technology in the ancient world. Until the 1960s, from almost every corner of Turkey all kinds and types of object were being brought to the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. However, with the new regulations in force, the objects are now being collected in local museums and not much is received by the Istanbul Archaeological Museum. The present catalogue lists metal lamps, lampstands, polycandela, lanterns, suspension chains, and lamplids which have entered the museum's collection up to the end of 1998. Only a few examples of the collection are published.

Historical records mention that over 200 potters were active in Southern Québec between 1655 and 1920. These locally-made productions are now found on every archaeological excavation undertaken in Southern Quebec, but their contribution to the understanding of the archaeological sites are limited because these locally-made ceramics are rarely identified. This study presents compositional analysis as a solution to the problem of identification and provenance of local wares. Through the analysis of major, minor, and trace elements (using ICP-AES and ICP-MS) of about 300 ceramics uncovered on 16 production sites, the author was able to distinguish and characterize the different productions, as well as relate them to the Southern Québec geological environments (and reduce the risks of confusion with exogenous productions).

The Bolivian high plateau, situated between the two Andean cordilleras, at an altitude of c. 3800-4000 metres above sea level. The Tiwanaku State (Tiwanaku IV and V, c. AD 500- 1150) - the heartland of which was situated in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin - was one of the most important pre-Inca civilisations of the South Central Andes. Since the late 1950s - and especially since the mid- 1980s - understanding of the Tiwanaku culture has increased rapidly. However, no systematic study of Tiwanaku burial practices - combining older and newer archaeological data with information from historical and ethnographic sources - has been available. This study fills this gap and furthers advances the general understanding of the Tiwanaku culture.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 67This book is a presentation of North Cameroon, and, as required, the neighbouring regions' prehistory, back to the most remote Palaeolithic times. It focuses on a region and mainly on the most recent period, from which grew the cultures of its ethnographic present: that is to say the Postneolithic, often termed Iron Age civilizations of sub-Saharan Africa, dating to the two last millennia. This work attempts to serve simultaneously as a useful introduction to the archaeology of the region, and as a general interpretation of those later prehistoric times that constitute the background of its historic and present settlements. In doing so it relies upon the data related to this region gathered by a wide range of disciplines over the past three to five decades.

The central position of this study is that rural development in Crete under Roman rule (beginning 67 BC) was built upon traditional relationships of people to the land. It is argued that the productive forces behind agricultural subsistence may have altered little from Hellenistic times. The author supports this claim by examining a series of linked variables germane to a reconstruction of rural organization over the periods in question: settlement patterns, land tenure, land use, production activities, and spheres of economic interaction.

Papers from a session held at the European Association of Archaeologists Sixth Annual Meeting in Lisbon 2000This volume publishes a collection of papers inspired by the sessions on "The Archaeology of Fire" held at the 6th and 7th European Association of Archaeologists Conferences in Lisbon and Esslington in 2000 and 2001. In archaeological literature the number of studies on fire is minimal. In archaeological research fire seems to have been the forgotten phenomenon, all attention being focussed on material culture. The 15 papers here (covering the Palaeolithic to the Iron Age and regions from Scandinavia to Italy, Spain to the Black Sea) reflect on the approaches to the study of fire, as an essential phenomenon in human evolution. Included are studies of anthracology, ethnoarchaeology, field archaeology, symbolism, technology and experimental archaeology, whose ideas converge to some universals, such as the relationship of fire with environment, materials, human body, its quality of transformability, and its anthropological centrality.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 17

A new approach to the important site of Abri Pataud in the Vézère valley, near Les Eyzies, Dordogne. This important site has a very rich Upper Palaeolithic sequence, beginning with Aurignacian deposits containing saucer-shaped living-hollows with central hearths. With particular reference to the digs of Hallam L. Movius (starting at the site in the 1950s), the author develops recent studies focussing on not just the tools found but also the totality of material discovered around the dig sites. His approach, already employed for two of the Périgordian levels, gives insights for the first time to technological issues raised by the assemblages from Abri Pataud.

Provenance and technology of production - an archaeometric studyThis work presents an archaeometric study on the Vindonissa stamped tiles. Vindonissa (Canton of Aargau, Switzerland) was an important Roman camp during the 1st century AD. With Vindonissa stamped tiles, archaeologists refer to all tiles stamped with the name of the military units that were stationed at Vindonissa from 47 to 101 AD. These tiles are among the most common archaeological findings in the Vindonissa legionary camp, but commonly occur in different Roman sites of Switzerland. The principal aim of this study was the petrographic and chemical characterisation of the Vindonissa tiles to determine the production site (or sites) for these ceramics and to obtain information concerning the technological aspects of the tile production and the distribution of these stamped tiles in Switzerland in Roman times.

This book provides the most up-to-date examination of the changing burial practices in Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age South Germany, a pivotal period and region in European Prehistory. Despite the richness of the archaeological evidence, only cursory discussions of the material have so far appeared in English. This major study not only provides a detailed synthetic account of mortuary practice and its related material culture but it is the first attempt to explore the relationship between material culture change and human 'subjectification', the process in which people subjectify themselves by establishing a relationship with material culture, in order to construct their own identity.

This work describes the technology and typology of stone industries in Corsica from the Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic, and is the first major synthesis on this material.

This work presents the extensive excavation results of two important Neolithic enclosure sites in western-central France.Written by Claude Burnez with L. Bartosiewicz, S. Bökönyi †, J.-M. Bouchet, S. Braguier, J. Dassié, F. Fischer, M. Fontugne, P. Fouéré, J. Gomez de Soto, P. Gouverneur, N. Limondin-Lozouet, C. Louboutin, L. Marambat, N. Périn, P. Pierre, P. Semelier and I. Sidéra

Proceedings of the Graduate Archaeology at Oxford Conferences 2015-2016This volume brings together two Graduate Archaeology at Oxford (GAO) conferences held in 2015-2016 to present the work of early-career researchers from across the globe. The papers cover a range of periods and regions, but all share the focus of bridging boundaries, whether these are theoretical, methodological or geographic. Some contributors traverse traditional divisions between subjects by integrating computational approaches with early excavation data or archaeology with historical sources to produce 'thick interpretations' of the past. Several papers approach the past as a bilateral process, examining how people shaped and were in return shaped by their interactions with the world around them. In addition, many authors have directly tackled the modern political divides that influence our research. Building on a strong tradition of novel approaches and interdisciplinary methods, these proceedings present current research on directly tackling issues of division head on.

Valencian castles have been studied from very different approaches, and to greater or lesser degrees. This has allowed scholars to better understand their history and morphology, the materials used in their construction and their pathologies, as well as other aspects related to the people who occupied them at different times in history. Furthermore, multiple interventions have been carried out in order to improve their condition and recover them for cultural, social and tourist uses. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of analysis of how fortifications are managed. This research focuses on cultural heritage management, and especially how castles are managed, in the province of Alicante (Spain). To do this, a qualitative research methodology and semi-structured interviews with specialists have been employed. This project shows the results of research applied to 42 fortifications, owned by several municipalities of the province of Alicante.

Este trabajo de investigación fundamenta su estudio en el interés por conocer las características biológicas de los individuos inhumados en los diferentes tipos de estructuras funerarias y el ritual que estos recibieron, según los datos arqueológicos que proporcionan los diferentes yacimientos con contextos funerarios de la Campiña Litoral y Banda Atlántica de Cádiz durante la Prehistoria reciente. Por tanto, se trata de un estudio donde, por una parte se comparan yacimientos desde el punto de vista arqueológico, centrándonos en las estructuras funerarias y sus ajuares; y por otra, desde una perspectiva bioantropológica se analizan los restos óseos con la finalidad de recoger datos sobre las características de las poblaciones, sus patologías, variantes anatómicas, etc. El resultado final es un análisis integral en el que se relacionan estos datos biológicos con los aspectos culturales propios de su contexto histórico.This research work is based on the importance of knowing the biological characteristics of the individuals buried in various types of funerary structures and the ritual they received, according to the archaeological data that the different deposits have provided in funerary contexts of the Campiña Litoral and Atlantic band of Cadiz during recent prehistory. Therefore, it is a study in which, on the one hand, the deposits are compared from an archaeological point of view, focusing on the funerary structures and their associated grave goods; on the other hand, the skeletal remains have been analysed from a bioanthropological perspective, in order to collect data on the characteristics of the populations, their pathologies, anatomical variants, etc. The end result is an integrated analysis in which these biological data are considered in relation to the cultural data for their historical context.

This work helps provide a better understanding, in particular for the coastal part of central south Lazio, Italy, of the development of new socio-economic forms. Rooted in the ancient Bronze Age, these would, in the relatively short period of protohistory, lead from a society functioning on an essentially kinship basis to one dominated by true hegemonic aristocracies. The study area includes the Tiber Delta, the co-called Latial Volcano, and the Pontine Plain.

This study builds on the work of the archaeologist Jose-Maria De Navarro to examine a particular celtic scabbard decoration, of two facing s-shaped dragons. The book contains maps of the distribution of these artefacts, and a full catalogue, together with an analysis of the iconography of the design. French text.

Between the emergence of insular characters and Middle-Eastern traditional reminiscences, the Khirokitian Culture (Late Aceramic Neolithic period; from the 7th millennium to the middle of the 6th millennium cal. BC), which forms the core of this study, can be considered as the result of a colonizing process which started in Cyprus at the end of the 9th millennium cal. BC. The study of the bone industries of Khirokitia, in the south of the island, and of Cap Andreas-Kastros, at its eastern extremity which yielded a total of 2451 artefacts, allowed the author to follow two principal aims. Firstly, it was advisable to measure the part Middle-Eastern tradition played in these productions and to uncover their original character. In addition the island provided the possibility of studying sedentary agro-pastoral communities in an insular context where development occurred in a certain isolation, without a regular relationship with the mainland. The study therefore centred on the question of understanding and measuring the effect of this isolation on the nature of the relationships between these communities and their environment, and on the formation of the bone industry.

This study looks at the introduction of bronze technology in Syria/Mesopotamia and its subsequent diffusion and social consequences for the history of the region in the second millennium BC.

This study explores the influence of Near Eastern military architecture on the Egyptian 20th-Dynasty 'castle' (Migdol) at Medinet Habu.