Bücher der Reihe Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications

This largely self-contained treatment surveys, unites and extends some 20 years of research on direct and inverse problems for canonical systems of integral and differential equations and related systems. Five basic inverse problems are studied in which the main part of the given data is either a monodromy matrix; an input scattering matrix; an input impedance matrix; a matrix valued spectral function; or an asymptotic scattering matrix. The corresponding direct problems are also treated. The book incorporates introductions to the theory of matrix valued entire functions, reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces of vector valued entire functions (with special attention to two important spaces introduced by L. de Branges), the theory of J-inner matrix valued functions and their application to bitangential interpolation and extension problems, which can be used independently for courses and seminars in analysis or for self-study. A number of examples are presented to illustrate the theory.

This third volume of four describes all the most important techniques, mainly based on Groebner bases. It covers the 'standard' solutions (Gianni-Kalkbrener, Auzinger-Stetter, Cardinal-Mourrain) as well as the more innovative (Lazard-Rouillier, Giusti-Heintz-Pardo). The author also explores the historical background, from Bezout to Macaulay.

This first volume in a series provides a graduate-level introduction to the many facets of aperiodic order. Special attention is given to methods from algebra, discrete geometry and harmonic analysis, while the main focus is on topics motivated by physics and crystallography. Numerous illustrations and examples are included.

Now in its second edition, this classic text has been expanded to reflect significant developments in Brunn-Minkowski theory over the past two decades. It gives a complete presentation from basics to the exposition of current research, with full proofs, pointers to other fields and a fully updated reference list.

An extensive synthesis of recent work in the study of endomorphism rings and their modules, this book considers direct sum decompositions of modules, the class number of an algebraic number field, point set topological spaces, and classical noncommutative localization.

The first book in the literature devoted to ellipsoidal harmonics includes topics drawn from geometry, physics, biosciences and inverse problems. It serves as a reference for applied mathematicians and for anyone else who needs to know the current state of the art in this fascinating subject.

For over a century lattice sums have been studied by mathematicians and scientists in diverse areas of science, in some cases unwittingly duplicating previous work. Here, at last, is a comprehensive overview of the substantial body of knowledge that now exists on lattice sums and their applications.

In recent years the traditional subject of continuum mechanics has grown rapidly and many new techniques have emerged. This text provides a rigorous, yet accessible introduction to the basic concepts of the network approximation method and provides a unified approach for solving a wide variety of applied problems. As a unifying theme, the authors discuss in detail the transport problem in a system of bodies. They solve the problem of closely placed bodies using the new method of network approximation for PDE with discontinuous coefficients, developed in the 2000s by applied mathematicians in the USA and Russia. Intended for graduate students in applied mathematics and related fields such as physics, chemistry and engineering, the book is also a useful overview of the topic for researchers in these areas.

Structural graph theory uses ideas of 'connectivity' to explore various aspects of graph theory and vice versa. Written by acknowledged international experts in the field, this reference for researchers and graduate students in graph theory and network flows also serves as a quick introduction for mathematicians in other fields.

This unique book covers most of the known results on reducibility of polynomials over arbitrary fields, algebraically closed fields and finitely generated fields. Also included are results based on recent work of E. Bombieri and U. Zannier.

Information content and programming semantics are just two of the applications of the mathematical concepts of order, continuity and domains. The authors develop the mathematical foundations of partially ordered sets with completeness properties of various degrees, in particular directed complete ordered sets and complete lattices. Uniquely, they focus on partially ordered sets that have an extra order relation, modelling the notion that one element 'finitely approximates' another, something closely related to intrinsic topologies linking order and topology. Extensive use is made of topological ideas, both by defining useful topologies on the structures themselves and by developing close connections with numerous aspects of topology. The theory so developed not only has applications to computer science but also within mathematics to such areas as analysis, the spectral theory of algebras and the theory of computability. This authoritative, comprehensive account of the subject will be essential for all those working in the area.

Sub-Riemannian manifolds are manifolds with the Heisenberg principle built in. This comprehensive text and reference introduces the theory and applications of sub-Riemannian geometry for graduate students and researchers in pure and applied mathematics, theoretical physics, control theory, and thermodynamics. Potential applications include quantum mechanics and quantum field theory.

Now in its second edition, this book gives a systematic and self-contained presentation of basic results on stochastic evolution equations in infinite dimensional, typically Hilbert and Banach, spaces. Thoroughly updated, it also includes two brand new chapters surveying recent developments in the area.

Monoidal Topology will appeal to a broad range of mathematicians and theoretical computer scientists who work with ordered, metric and topological structures. It presents frontline research in a number of fields and provides all the necessary pre-requisites in order and category theory.

Serving both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference, this book covers the general theory and emphasizes the classical types of orthogonal polynomials, or those of Gaussian type. Containing 25% brand new material, this revised edition reflects progress made in the field over the past decade.

In this fourth and final volume the author covers extensions of Buchberger's Algorithm, including a discussion of the most promising recent alternatives to Groebner bases: Gerdt's involutive bases and Faugere's F4 and F5 algorithms. This completes the author's comprehensive treatise, which is a fundamental reference for any mathematical library.

This book provides researchers and graduate students with a thorough introduction to the variational analysis of nonlinear problems described by nonlocal operators. The authors give a systematic treatment of the basic mathematical theory and constructive methods for these classes of nonlinear equations, plus their application to various processes arising in the applied sciences. The equations are examined from several viewpoints, with the calculus of variations as the unifying theme. Part I begins the book with some basic facts about fractional Sobolev spaces. Part II is dedicated to the analysis of fractional elliptic problems involving subcritical nonlinearities, via classical variational methods and other novel approaches. Finally, Part III contains a selection of recent results on critical fractional equations. A careful balance is struck between rigorous mathematics and physical applications, allowing readers to see how these diverse topics relate to other important areas, including topology, functional analysis, mathematical physics, and potential theory.

This two-volume work presents the main known equivalents to the Riemann hypothesis, perhaps the most important problem in mathematics. Volume 1 presents classical and modern arithmetic equivalents, with some analytic methods. Accompanying software is freely available online.

This two-volume work presents the main known equivalents to the Riemann hypothesis, perhaps the most important problem in mathematics. Volume 2 covers equivalents with a strong analytic orientation and is supported by an extensive set of appendices.

Presents the state of the art of ultrametric pseudodifferential equations, relevant not only in mathematics but also in fields such as engineering, geophysics, and physics. Results previously scattered across many diverse journals are usefully consolidated here alongside novel ideas and applications.

Proof complexity is a rich subject drawing on methods from logic, combinatorics, algebra and computer science. This self-contained book presents the basic concepts, classical results, current state of the art and possible future directions in the field. Suitable for doctoral students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical computer science.

This self-contained book is the first to be dedicated entirely to Drinfeld's quasi-Hopf algebras, from the basics to the state of the art. It includes a detailed introduction to (braided) monoidal categories, the main tool used to study quasi-Hopf algebras. It is ideal for graduate students and researchers in mathematics and mathematical physics.

The Representation Theory of the Symmetric Group provides an account of both the ordinary and modular representation theory of the symmetric groups. The range of applications of this theory is vast, varying from theoretical physics, through combinatories to the study of polynomial identity algebras; and new uses are still being found.

The first systematic account of the basic theory of normed algebras, without assuming associativity, includes many new and unpublished results and is sure to become a central resource for researchers and graduate students in the field. This first volume of two focuses on C*-algebras and related structure.

Written by acknowledged international experts in the field, this book presents fifteen expository chapters in the rapidly expanding area of algorithmic graph theory. It serves graduate students and researchers in graph theory, combinatorics and computer science, as well as mathematicians and computer scientists in related fields.

Suitable for graduate students and researchers in diverse areas of mathematics, this monograph offers a new perspective on the classical theory of connected Hopf algebras, and extends it to a new setting where a real hyperplane arrangement is a central feature.

Understanding the interaction of waves with obstacles is fundamental in many areas of science and engineering. This book synthesises mathematical methods for solving such scattering problems, with an emphasis on time-dependent problems. It will be a valuable resource for applied mathematicians, physicists and engineers.

This book gathers all the main results on the spectral representation of the most important one-dimensional Markov processes, with examples and applications. Covering sixty years of research, it is an essential resource for graduate students and researchers interested in the connection between orthogonal polynomials and stochastic processes.

Strongly regular graphs are found in statistical design, finite group theory, coding theory and quantum information theory. This detailed survey of the theory and examples gathers the major results for the first time. It is an invaluable reference for researchers in graph theory, algebraic combinatorics, information theory and group theory.

This book presents an up-to-date, unified treatment of research in bounded arithmetic and complexity of propositional logic, with emphasis on independence proofs and lower bound proofs. The author discusses the deep connections between logic and complexity theory and lists a number of intriguing open problems. An introduction to the basics of logic and complexity theory is followed by discussion of important results in propositional proof systems and systems of bounded arithmetic. More advanced topics are then treated, including polynomial simulations and conservativity results, various witnessing theorems, the translation of bounded formulas (and their proofs) into propositional ones, the method of random partial restrictions and its applications, direct independence proofs, complete systems of partial relations, lower bounds to the size of constant-depth propositional proofs, the method of Boolean valuations, the issue of hard tautologies and optimal proof systems, combinatorics and complexity theory within bounded arithmetic, and relations to complexity issues of predicate calculus. Students and researchers in mathematical logic and complexity theory will find this comprehensive treatment an excellent guide to this expanding interdisciplinary area.