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This Handbook represents the development of research and the current level of knowledge in the fields of syntactic theory and syntax analysis. Syntax can look back to a long tradition. Especially in the last 50 years, however, the interaction between syntactic theory and syntactic analysis has led to a rapid increase in analyses and theoretical suggestions. This second edition of the Handbook on Syntax adopts a unifying perspective and therefore does not place the division of syntactic theory into several schools to the fore, but the increase in knowledge resulting from the fruitful argumentations between syntactic analysis and syntactic theory. It uses selected phenomena of individual languages and their cross-linguistic realizations to explain what syntactic analyses can do and at the same time to show in what respects syntactic theories differ from each other.It investigates how syntax is related to neighbouring disciplines and investigate the role of theinterfaces especially the relationship between syntax and phonology, morphology, compositional semantics, pragmatics, and the lexicon. The phenomena chosen bring together renowned experts in syntax, andrepresent the consensus reached as to what has to be considered as an important as well as illustrative syntactic phenomenon. The phenomena discuss do not only serve to show syntactic analyses, but also to compare theoretical approaches with each other.

This series of HANDBOOKS OF LINGUISTICS AND COMMUNICATION SCIENCE is designed to illuminate a field which not only includes general linguistics and the study of linguistics as applied to specific languages, but also covers those more recent areas which have developed from the increasing body of research into the manifold forms of communicative action and interaction.For "classic" linguistics there appears to be a need for a review of the state of the art which will provide a reference base for the rapid advances in research undertaken from a variety of theoretical standpoints, while in the more recent branches of communication science the handbooks will give researchers both an overview and orientation.To attain these objectives, the series aims for a standard comparable to that of the leading handbooks in other disciplines, and to this end strives for comprehensiveness, theoretical explicitness, reliable documentation of data and findings, and up-to-date methodology.The editors, both of the series and of the individual volumes, and the individual contributors, are committed to this aim. The language of publication is English.The main aim of the series is to provide an appropriate account of the state of the art in the various areas of linguistics and communication science covered by each of the various handbooks; however no inflexible pre-set limits will is imposed on the scope of each volume. The series is open-ended, and can thus take account of further developments in the field. This conception, coupled with the necessity of allowing adequate time for each volume to be prepared with the necessary care, means that there is no set time-table for the publication of the whole series. Each volume is a self-contained work, complete in itself.The order in which the handbooks are published does not imply any rank ordering, but is determined by the way in which the series is organized; the editors of the whole series enlist a competent editor for each individual volume. Once the principal editor for a volume has been found, he or she then has a completely free hand in the choice of co-editors and contributors. The editors plan each volume independently of the others, being governed only by general formal principles. The series editors only intervene where questions of delineation between individual volumes are concerned. It is felt that this (modus operandi) is best suited to achieving the objectives of the series, namely to give a competent account of the present state of knowledge and of the perception of the problems in the area covered by each volume.To discuss your handbook idea or submit a proposal, please contact Birgit Sievert.

This book, consisting of 12 contributions, amalgamates the most recent results from archaeological research in the Upper Mesopotamian piedmont. Under the growing influence of expanding territorial states which had become established during the 2nd millennium BC, this region experienced a substantial change in social and political life during that time. The discussion is centered around settlement shapes, developments in the material culture, as well as written documents that attest to this change. In summary, this book emphasizes the significant roll of archaeological research in the reconstruction of models concerning the formation and transformation of political space in the ancient world.

Germans are often accused of failing to take responsibility for Nazi crimes, but what precisely should ordinary people do differently? Indeed, scholars have yet to outline viable alternatives for how any of us should respond to terror and genocide. And because of the way they compartmentalize everyday life, our discipline-bound analyses often disguise more than they illuminate. Written by a historian, literary critic, philosopher, and theologian, The Happy Burden of History takes an integrative approach to the problem of responsible selfhood. Exploring the lives and letters of ordinary and intellectual Germans who faced the ethical challenges of the Third Reich, it focuses on five typical tools for cultivating the modern self: myths, lies, non-conformity, irony, and modeling. The authors carefully dissect the ways in which ordinary and intellectual Germans excused their violent claims to mastery with a sense of ¿sovereign impunity.¿ They then recuperate the same strategies of selfhood for our contemporary world, but in ways that are self-critical and humble. The book shows how viewing this problem from within everyday life can empower and encourage us to bear the burden of historical responsibility ¿ and be happy doing so.

This is the first modern commentary devoted exclusively to the epigrams of Lucillius, a prolific Neronian poet who, in spite of being one of the most significant representatives of the Greek satirical epigram, has primarily been studied not for his own value, but for the influence he had on Martial. About 140 epigrams of his survive, mostly in book XI of the Anthology. The volume contains an extensive introduction, a new critical text and translation, and a full literary and philological commentary. While the body of the commentary focuses on the particular, providing literary readings of individual epigrams and a line-by-line linguistic, philological, and stylistic analysis, the introduction deals with Lucillius's identity, the tradition of the text, style, themes, metrics, and cultural setting, and additionally investigates the origins and development of Greek skoptic epigram. Particular attention is paid to the way in which Lucillius engages with the conventions of the genre, often overturning the reader's expectations. In this way, the work explores the paradox inherent to the fact that a poetic form that was by its nature eulogistic (inscriptional epigrams were born in order to record, and thus celebrate, the dedication of an object or the death of a man) ultimately became the genre of mockery and abuse.

The book defends that there is both teleological order (design) and chance in non-living and in living systems of nature including man. This is done by giving exact definitions of different types of order and teleological order on the one hand and of different types of chance on the other. For their compatibility it is important to notice that any definition of chance presupposes some kind of order relative to that we can speak of chance. Thus also in evolution which is some growth of some order and for which a detailed definition is given in chpt.13 chance and degrees of freedom play an essential role.A further purpose of the book is to show that both the existing order and the existing chance in nature are compatible with a global teleological plan which is God's providence. However concerning the execution of God's plan not everything is done or caused by himself but ?God created things in such a way that they themselves can create something? (Gödel, MAX PHIL). A reason for that is that God is neither all-causing nor all-willing although he is almighty. This is connected with the result of chpts.15 and 16 that also human freedom and evil are compatible with God's providence.

This volume of Papyri contains a selection of 25 pieces which were excavated in the village of Karanis in the north-eastern Fayum (Egypt) by American archaeologists between 1924 and 1926. Many of the texts published here come from the archive of a well known figure in the village life of Karanis in the 2nd century AD: Socrates, son of Sarapion, was a tax collector here for many years, serving the Roman Empire collecting taxes due in money and in kind. Besides his successful economic activities - Socrates certainly belonged to the upper stratum of society in Karanis - the tax collector was a lover of Greek literature; for sure, he did not venture into high philosophy and the like, but he read Homer, comedies, and tried to be up to date about mythology in plays. Half of the new texts published here are literary, mostly from Socrates' library; other texts were found in the immediate neighbourhood of where Socrates lived, such as a surgical treatise about remedies of shoulder dislocations, which perhaps belonged to a doctor. The other half of the papyrus texts in this volume are documents that can shed new light on the activities of the tax collector, or of other inhabitants of Karanis. Altogether they give us a vivid picture of village life in Graeco/Roman Egypt in the 2nd century AD.

die Jahre 1963-1969 sind eine Schlusselperiode fur die Beziehungen zwischen Frankreich und Deutschland. Kaum war der Elysee-Vertrag unterzeichnet, entbrannten Auseinandersetzungen zwischen Paris und Bonn, die die bilaterale Entente dauernd belasteten. Auf einer breiten Quellenbasis geht Carine Defrance der Hauptfrage nach, ob und weshalb die Unfahigkeit beider Lander, zu einem Konsens uber gemeinschaftliche und internationale Schlusselfragen zu kommen, fur die Stagnation des europaischen Einigungsprozesses in den Jahren 1963-1969 verantwortlich ist. Sie untersucht die dynamischen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Frankreich und Deutschland in Europa sowohl im gemeinschaftlichen als auch im internationalen Kontext der 1960er Jahre. Die Autorin arbeitet systematisch die Perspektiven, Motive, Aktionen und Reaktionen in den bilateralen Beziehungen heraus, um ihre Auswirkungen auf die europaische Ebene aufzuzeigen. Damit hebt sie die deutsch-franzosischen Beziehungen aus der Betrachtung der nationalen Politik hervor und unterscheidet sich damit von bisherigen Arbeiten, die die Paris-Bonn-Achse entweder aus franzosischer oder deutscher Perspektive beleuchtet haben. Uber die Analyse der bilateralen Zusammenarbeit hinaus ist dieses Buch ein wichtiger Beitrag zur Historiographie der europaischen Integration, indem sie die Debatte um das Verhaltnis zwischen Bilateralismus und Multilateralismus und zwischen europaischer Integration und Kaltem Krieg bereichert.

The oath was an institution of fundamental importance across a wide range of social interactions throughout the ancient Greek world, making a crucial contribution to social stability and harmony; yet there has been no comprehensive, dedicated scholarly study of the subject for over a century. This volume of a two-volume study explores the nature of oaths as Greeks perceived it, the ways in which they were used (and sometimes abused) in Greek life and literature, and their inherent binding power.

Meisterwerke der griechischen Kunst, Statuen und Gemalde, wurden ab republikanischer Zeit in groer Zahl von ihren originalen Standorten nach Rom entfuhrt. Dort schmuckten sie offentliche Orte, genau wie Jahrhunderte spater wiederum griechische Kunstwerke, die in die neue Hauptstadt Konstantinopel versetzt wurden. Der vorliegende Band liefert uns eine Fulle an schriftlichen und archaologischen Zeugnissen zu den Werken und ihren neuen Standorten. Die Verfasserin erklart das Phanomen in einer breiten Perspektive, die von romischen Kunstkriterien zur politischen Kommunikation fuhrt. Zentraler Begriff ist das Decorum, das "e;Passende"e;, das nach Cicero die stimmige Kombination eines bedeutungsvollen Kontextes mit der Selbstdarstellung des Auftraggebers und den inhaltlichen Aussagen der Werke selbst bezeichnet. Chronologisch fortschreitend ist zu verfolgen, wie die griechischen Kunstwerke als Decorum offentlicher Orte Roms eingesetzt wurden, von den Tempeln der republikanischen Imperatoren bis zu den komplexen Ausstattungen kaiserzeitlicher Fora. Im Kontext ziviler Aktivitaten und staatlicher Zeremonien vermittelten sie ein weites Spektrum an politischen Werten und Programmausssagen des Herrscherhauses. Die Werke, die ab dem 4. Jh. n. Chr. auf politische Platze der neuen Hauptstadt versetzt wurden, besaen noch immer das Potential, die Facetten herrscherlicher Macht und Sieghaftigkeit zur Anschauung zu bringen. Der vergleichende Blick auf Konstantinopel bestatigt die anhaltende Bedeutung von griechischen Werken als adaquatem Schmuck politischer Raume. Erst im 6. Jh. n. Chr. verloren ihre paganen Inhalte jeden Zusammenhang mit dem Weltbild einer christlichen Gesellschaft. Zweifellos waren - so zeigt die Verfasserin - griechische Kunstwerke in der "e;Emigration"e; kein Randphanomen, sondern ein wesentlicher Beitrag zum politischen Leben Roms und Konstantinopels.

Die Studie greift die philosophische Frage nach den Grenzen undder moglichen Uberwindung des Formalismus auf. Sie bietet eine kritische Rekonstruktion des Fruhwerks von Georg Lukacs, in dem eine eigenartig asthetizistische Kulturkritik miteiner ethischen Utopie dostojewskischer Pragung erganzt werden sollte. Das Aufzeigen der Einheit wie der Aporien dieses zweigleisigen Ansatzes wirft neues Licht auf Lukacs' marxistische Wende Ende 1918.

Like artists, important writers defy unequivocal interpretations. Gao Xingjian, winner of the Nobel Prize in literature, is a cosmopolitan writer, deeply rooted in the Chinese past while influenced by paragons of Western Modernity. The present volume is less interested in a general discussion on the multitude of aspects in Gao's works and even less in controversies concerning their aesthetic value than in obtaining a response to the crucial issues of freedom and fate from a clearly defined angle. The very nature of the answer to the question of freedom and fate within Gao Xingjian's works can be called a polyphonic one: there are affirmative as well as skeptical voices. But polyphony, as embodied by Gao, is an even more multifaceted phenomenon. Most important for our contention is the fact that Gao Xingjian's aesthetic experience embodies prose, theater, painting, and film. Taken together, they form a Gesamtkunstwerk whose diversity of voices characterizes every single one of them.

Questions concerning mobility and migration as well as subsistence strategies of past societies have always been of major importance in archaeological research. The West Eurasian steppes in the Eneolithic, the Early Bronze and the Iron Age were largely inhabited by cultural communities believed to show an elevated level of spatial mobility, often linked to their subsistence economy. In this volume, questions concerning the mobility and potential migration as well as the diet and economy of the West Eurasian steppes communities during the 4th, the 3rd and the 1st Millennia BC are approached by applying isotope analysis, specifically 87Sr/86Sr, I 18O, I 15N and I 13C analyses. Adapting a combination of different isotopic systems to a study area of vast spatial and chronological dimension allowed a wide variety of questions to be answered and establishes the beginning of a database of biogeochemical data for the West Eurasian steppes. Besides the characterisation of mobility and subsistence patterns of the archaeological communities under discussion, attempts to identify possible Early Bronze Age migrations from the steppes to the steppe-like plains in parts of Eastern Europe were made, alongside an evaluation of the applicability of isotope analysis to this context.

The series "e;QUELLEN UND FORSCHUNGEN ZUR LITERATUR- UND KULTURGESCHICHTE"e; (Sources and Research in the History of Literature and Culture), with a rich tradition stretching back to 1874, is an established feature among the renowned publications for German Literary Studies. Edited by Ernst Osterkamp and Werner Rocke at the Humboldt University of Berlin, the series presents examples of high-quality scholarship examining literary texts in conjunction with historical cultural phenomena, particularly with the other arts. There is an explicit demand for literary studies with a transdisciplinary approach. German literature from the Middle Ages to the present day forms the main focus of the series. As the historical cultural thrust of the series includes aspects of intercultural experience and national perceptions of the other, Quellen und Forschungen is also open to occasional comparative studies. The publications of the series include monographs, doctoral and professorial theses and thematically focused volumes of collected papers. Works presented for acceptance in the series are required to display scholarly relevance and excellence in method and presentation.

The book gives a systematical presentation of stochastic approximation methods for discrete time Markov price processes. Advanced methods combining backward recurrence algorithms for computing of option rewards and general results on convergence of stochastic space skeleton and tree approximations for option rewards are applied to a variety of models of multivariate modulated Markov price processes. The principal novelty of presented results is based on consideration of multivariate modulated Markov price processes and general pay-off functions, which can depend not only on price but also an additional stochastic modulating index component, and use of minimal conditions of smoothness for transition probabilities and pay-off functions, compactness conditions for log-price processes and rate of growth conditions for pay-off functions. The volume presents results on structural studies of optimal stopping domains, Monte Carlo based approximation reward algorithms, and convergence of American-type options for autoregressive and continuous time models, as well as results of the corresponding experimental studies.

This book shifts the frame of reference for today's network- and structure oriented discussions from the applied computational tools of the 20th century back to the abstractness of 19th century mathematics. It re-reads George Boole, Richard Dedekind, Hermann Grassmann and Bernhard Riemann in a surprising manner. EigenArchitecture argues for a literacy of the digital, displacing the role of geometrical craftsmanship. Thus, architecture can be liberated from today's economical, technocratic and bureaucratic straight jackets: from physicalistic optimization, sociological balancing, and ideological naturalizations. The book comprises a programmatic text on the role of technology in architecture, a philosophical text on the generic and on algebraic articulation, and six exemplary projects by postgraduate students in 2012 at the Chair for Computer Aided Architectural Design at ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

A Chance for Possibility defends the view that the objective modal realm is tripartite: truths about possible worlds supervene on modal truths, which in turn supervene on truths about objective chances.An understanding of supervenience in terms of grounding is developed which ? unlike the standard modal characterization ? allows the question of what modal truths supervene on to have a non-trivial answer. Relying on this understanding, a negative result is established: modal truths do not supervene on truths about possible worlds, whether possible worlds are conceived of as Lewisian concreta or as abstract objects of some kind. Instead, a conception of pleonastic possible worlds is developed that reverses the direction of supervenience. On the basis of linguistic considerations concerning our use of natural language 'might' and 'might have' sentences, Steinberg finally argues that truths about objective chances are able to provide a supervenience base for modal truths.A Chance for Possibility is an investigation in analytic metaphysics, drawing on related work in the philosophy of logic and language as well as linguistics. It provides a detailed case study for the fruitful use of a notion of grounding in the clarification and evaluation of longstanding philosophical issues.

Seit Parmenides gehort die Frage, wie man auf etwas intentional gerichtet sein kann, das nicht existiert, zu den Ratseln der Philosophie. Gema einer Lesart besteht das Ratsel darin, ob Intentionalitat eine Relation ist. Ist dem aber so und gehort es zur Natur einer Relation, nur zwischen Existierendem bestehen zu konnen, wie kann es dann eine intentionale Relation"e; zwischen einer Entitat und einer Non Entitat geben? Muss man, wie etwa Meinong, einen eigenen Status fur jedes intentionale Objekt einfuhren? Oder sollte man eher die Idee aufgeben, Intentionalitat sei eine Relation? In diesem Buch wird das Problem der Nicht Existenz im Kontext dieser Fragen verortet und zum Ausgangspunkt einer Untersuchung von Husserls Phanomenologie bewusster Intentionalitat gemacht. So werden z. B. Husserls Deutung von Urteilen uber Nicht-Seiendes als Urteile unter Assumption"e; und seine Analyse der freien Phantasie untersucht. Husserl wird insgesamt als Nicht Relationalist gedeutet, der sich als systematisch anschlussfahig an zeitgenossische nicht relationale Theorien erweist.

Die Reihe bietet ein Publikationsforum fur innovative Arbeiten zu allen Themengebieten der analytischen Philosophie. Die Bande in dieser Reihe erscheinen in deutscher oder englischer Sprache.

¿SHEAVES¿ will not describe anything. It will not judge. It will inspire. There are no continuous texts, but a wide range of topics. How to read this book? Take the notions seriously. Search the Internet and they will lose their generalness. They will begin to speak to you vividly. Bundle these riches with the riches of other notions and they will activate each other. Also take the pictures seriously. Photograph or scan them. Use them as an index, while searching the Internet. Again, you will find rich stories. Bundle those riches, concentrate them into new identities that are interesting to you. Let yourself be inspired by the intellectual wealth of our world. You can expand it. It is an exciting adventure, demanding and optimistic.

Semiotics and Documentary Film: The Living Sign in the Cinema engages with very vital problems posed by Peirce's philosophy in an innovative and inter-disciplinary fashion by examining how documentary film practice can engage with the question of emergent human agency within a wider biosphere shared by human animals and non-human animals alike.The book is in many ways a celebration of human inquiry, taking liberally from Peirce's semeiotic and parallel ideas within recent visual anthropology. Through an analysis of the work of three renowned filmmakers - Jon Jost, Johan Van der Keuken, and Rithy Panh - Semiotics and Documentary Film: The Living Sign in the Cinema reasserts human agency within a global age, dominated by philosophical scepticism and an unquestioning subservience to mechanistic military techno-culture.The author argues that an approach to documentary inquiry, broadly derived from Peirce's sign theory, phenomenology, and overall philosophical outlook, has strong advantages over atemporal formal approaches derived from Saussurean semiology.Nevertheless, this project is also both critical and self-critical. It also bears direct testament to the many tumultuous and life-destroying events of the late 20th century and reminds us of the moral and philosophical problems which we are still grappling with in the early 21st century. Hence - the Living Sign.

Der Band Erfolgreich recherchieren ¿ Informatik bietet einen umfassenden Überblick über die Informationsressourcen zu allen Teilgebieten der Informatik. Vorgestellt werden nicht nur die zentralen Rechercheinstrumente wie Bibliothekskataloge, Fachbibliographien, Internetsuchmaschinen und Aufsatzdatenbanken, sondern auch Strategien für die erfolgreiche Literaturrecherche. Ein eigener Teil des Buches widmet sich der Weiterverarbeitung der gefundenen Informationen, also der Literaturbeschaffung, der Verwendung von Literaturverwaltungsprogrammenund dem richtigen Zitieren. Ob für das erste Referat oder die Abschlussarbeit ¿ hier bekommen Sie einen kompetenten Leitfaden für die erfolgreiche Recherche an die Hand.

Die Geschichte um Apollonius von Tyrus gilt als ?Lieblingsbuch des deutschen Mittelalters'. Die vorliegende Studie bietet nun erstmals eine synoptische Paralleledition der ?Apollonius'-Fassung, die der Ulmer Stadtarzt und Frühhumanist Heinrich Steinhöwel 1460 nach zwei lateinischen Vorlagen anfertigte. Auf der Basis eines detaillierten Material-Anhangs, der sämtliche Informationen zu Überlieferung, Textgenese und Übersetzungsverfahren versammelt, situiert der Forschungsteil Autor und Werk im sozialhistorischen Umfeld. Dabei werden sowohl literarhistorische als auch sozial- und wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Aspekte miteinander verknüpft, wobei insbesondere die literarischen, kulturellen und politischen Vernetzungen fokussiert werden.Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, dass die vermeintliche Epochenschwelle um 1500 (besonders im deutschen Frühhumanismus) zu eklatanten Fehleinschätzungen geführt hat, weshalb die Termini ?Fiktionalität' und ?Historizität', ?Roman' und ?Historiographie' für Texte dieser Zeit grundsätzlich neu überdacht werden sollten. Gleiches gilt für den Humanismus-Begriff, der in Bezug auf Heinrich Steinhöwel und den ?Apollonius' im Speziellen nachhaltige Probleme verursacht hat.

Tahiti has a rich history of oral tradition. Early visitors to the island transcribed recitations of myth, battle address, and land description. Until now their poetic organization has remained unexplored. From a computationally assisted analysis, this book describes early use of meter and parallelism and speculates on manner of composition. It sheds light on a poetic style unanticipated for Polynesia and remarkable among world poetries.

In comparison to Mark and Luke, the First Gospel contains a striking preponderance of economic language in passages dealing with sin, righteousness, and divine recompense. For instance, sin is described as a debt, and righteous deeds are said to earn wages with God or treasure in heaven. This study analyzes Matthew's economic language against the backdrop of other early Jewish and Christian literature and examines its import for the narrative as a whole. Careful attention to this neglected aspect of Matthew's theology demonstrates that some of the Gospel's central claims about atonement, Jesus' death and resurrection, and divine recompense emerge from this conceptual matrix. By tracing the narrative development of the economic motif, the author explains how Jesus saves his people from their sins and comes to be enthroned as Son of Man, sheds new light on numerous exegetical puzzles, and clarifies the relationship of ethical rigorism and divine generosity.

Comprising over 2500 entries, this is the first dictionary available for Tauya, a Trans New Guinea language of the Madang Family.Many entries are accompanied by several examples illustrating the use of these words in natural language. A brief overview of the structure of Tauya is included, consisting of information about its phonological, morphological, and syntactic systems, along with a description of various lexical classes.

Anders Cullhed's study The Shadow of Creusa explores the early Christian confrontation with pagan culture as a remote anticipation of many later clashes between religious orthodoxy and literary fictionality. After a careful survey of Saint Augustine's critical attitudes to ancient myth and poetry, summarized as a long drawn-out farewell, Cullhed examines other Late Antique dismissals as well as appropriations of the classical heritage. Macrobius, Martianus Capella and Boethius figure among the Late Antique intellectuals who attempted to save or even restore the old mythology by means of allegorical representation. On the other hand, pious poets such as Paulinus of Nola and Bible epic writers such as Iuvencus or Avitus of Vienne turned against pagan lies, and the mighty arch-bishop of Milan, Saint Ambrose, played off unconditional Christian truth against the last Roman strongholds of cultural pluralism. Thus, The Shadow of Creusa elucidates a cultural conflict which was to leave traces all through the Middle Ages and reach down to our present day.

The book aims to address one of the main problems of Chinese language teaching: lack of research base. The rapidly growing interest in Chinese language teaching has not resulted in the development of a strong research background. This book attempts to change the current situation. The volume consists of three chapters. Chapter I: Research Base for Practice contains three papers, each of which uses research findings as a basis for solving issues connected with practical language teaching. Chapter II: Integrating Culture and Language is about one of the most intriguing topics of current language-oriented research: how to integrate culture into the process of language teaching. Chapter III: Acquisition of Language Structures consists of studies that investigate the acquisition of certain grammatical structures in Chinese. There are only a few papers in the literature on this issue, so the articles in this chapter are especially important for further research. One of the most important features of the volume is that each paper makes an attempt to bring together theory and practice by focusing on theory-building based on practice or theory application in practice. Thus the book can be recommended to both researchers and practitioners.

Felicity Meakins was awarded the Kenneth L. Hale Award 2021by the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) for outstanding work on the documentation of endangered languages This volume provides the first comprehensive description of Bilinarra, a Pama-Nyungan language of the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (Australia). Bilinarra is a highly endangered language with only one speaker remaining in 2012 and no child learners. The materials on which this grammatical description is based were collected by the authors over a 20 year period from the last first-language speakers of the language, most of whom have since passed away. Bilinarra is a member of the Ngumpin subgroup of Pama-Nyungan which forms a part of the Ngumpin-Yapa family, which also includes Warlpiri. It is non-configurational, with nominals commonly omitted, arguments cross-referenced by pronominal clitics and word order grammatically free and largely determined by information structure. In this grammatical description much attention is paid to its morphosyntax, including case morphology, the pronominal clitic system and complex predicates. A particular strength of the volume is the provision of sound files for example sentences, allowing the reader access to the language itself.

This book presents an analysis of Spanish prepositional clauses () - complement and adverbial clauses. The goal is to examine the syntax and evolution of those clauses and their components in Spanish, contrasting them with other European languages.Prepositional argument and adjunct clauses are grammatical in present-day Spanish. However, Medieval Spanish only attests the latter; the former were not frequent until the 16th/17th centuries. Both types are examined in their syntactic evolution and properties, including clausal nominality, argumenthood, nature of prepositions, and optionality.Latin and Portuguese, French, and Italian - both in their present-day and past forms - are studied and compared to Spanish. Likewise, several Germanic languages are surveyed. These languages show variable grammatical degrees of . The comparison reveals aspects which challenge the commonly accepted conclusions about the clausal patterns of each language.This study offers a novel approach to the analysis of Spanish prepositional clauses by looking at its properties and formation not only from within but also in contrast with other languages. It argues for cross-linguistically valid categories and explanations in order to comprehend the properties of human language.