Bücher der Reihe Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence

This volume contains the collected contributions of two conferences, Calcu- mus2007andMKM2007.Calculemus2007wasthe14thinaseriesofconferences dedicated to the integration of computer algebra systems (CAS) and automated deduction systems (ADS). MKM 2007 was the sixth International Conference on Mathematical Knowledge Management, an emerging interdisciplinary ?eld of research in the intersection of mathematics, computer science, library s- ence, and scienti?c publishing. Both conferences aimed to provide mechanized mathematical assistants. Although the two conferences have separate communities and separate foci, there is a signi?cant overlap in the interests in building mechanized mathem- ical assistants. For this reason it was decided to collocate the two events in 2007 for the ?rst time, at RISC in Hagenberg, Austria. The number and quality of the submissions show that this was a good decision. While the proceedings are shared, the submission process was separate. The responsibility for acc- tance/rejection rests completely with the two separate Program Committees. By this collocation we made a contribution against the fragmentation of communities which work on di?erent aspects of di?erent independent branches, traditional branches (e.g., computer algebra and theorem proving), as well as newly emerging ones (on user interfaces, knowledge management, theory exp- ration, etc.). This will also facilitate the development of integrated mechanized mathematical assistants that will be routinely used by mathematicians, c- puter scientists, and engineers in their every-day business.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods, TABLEAUX 2007, held in Aix en Provence, France. It covers the wide range of logics, from intuitionistic and substructural logics to modal logics (including temporal and dynamic logics), from many-valued logics to nonmonotonic logics, and from classical first-order logic to description logics.

PRIMA 2000 was the third in the series of Paci c Rim International Workshops on Multi-Agents. It was held on August 28-29, 2000, in Melbourne, Australia in conjunction with the Paci c Rim International Conference on Arti cial Intel- gence 2000. PRIMA is the main forum for the agent or multi-agent researchers in paci c rim countries to exchange and discuss their research results. This volume contains selected papers from PRIMA 2000. It covers theory, design, and applications of intelligent agents. The speci c aspects include co- dination, negotiation, learning, architecture, speci cation, allocation, and app- cation of intelligent agents. All papers are of high quality because each of them was reviewed and recommended by at least two international renowned program committee members. Many people contributed to this volume. We would like to thank all the a- hors who submitted papers to the workshop. Many thanks also to the members of the program committee who diligently reviewed all the papers. Finally, we thank the editorial sta of Springer-Verlag for publishing this volume in the Lecture Notes in Arti cial Intelligence series.

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-conference proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Intelligent Computing, ICIC 2011, held in Zhengzhou, China, in August 2011. The 94 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 832 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on intelligent computing in scheduling; local feature descriptors for image processing and recognition; combinatorial and numerical optimization; machine learning theory and methods; intelligent control and automation; knowledge representation/reasoning and expert systems; intelligent computing in pattern recognition; intelligent computing in image processing; intelligent computing in computer vision; biometrics with applications to individual security/forensic sciences; modeling, theory, and applications of positive systems; sparse manifold learning methods and applications; advances in intelligent information processing.

Context a?ects a wide range of activities in humans and animals as well as in arti?cialagentsandothersystems.Theimportanceofcontextiswidelyackno- edged, and "e;context"e; has become an area of study in its own right, as evidenced bynumerousworkshops,symposia,seminars,andconferencesonthisarea.CON- TEXT,theoldestconferenceseriesfocusing oncontext,is unique inits emphasis on interdisciplinary research. Previous CONTEXT conferences have been held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (CONTEXT'97), Trento, Italy (CONTEXT'99, LNCS 1688), Dundee, UK (CONTEXT 2001, LNCS 2116), Palo Alto, USA (CON- TEXT 2003, LNCS 2680), and Paris, France (CONTEXT 2005, LNCS 3554). Each of these brought together researchers and practitioners from a large range of ?elds to discuss and report on context-related research and projects. The CONTEXT 2007 conference was held at Roskilde University, Denmark. The ?rst two days were devoted to workshops on speci?c areas of interest to the context community and, in parallel, the doctoralconsortium. The remaining three days featured invited talks, presentations, and posters on both theoretical and applied context research. This volume contains the papers presented at CONTEXT 2007, the Sixth International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Modeling and Using Context. There were 121 submissions to the conference. The committee decided to accept 42 papers on the basis of a thorough and highly selective review process. We believe that the papers of this volume represent a snapshot of current work and contribute to both theoretical and applied aspects of research.

The refereed post-proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security are presented in this volume. The 116 papers were submitted to two rounds of careful review. Papers cover bio-inspired computing, evolutionary computation, learning systems and multi-agents, cryptography, information processing and intrusion detection, systems and security, image and signal processing, and pattern recognition.

Hybrid neural systems are computational systems which are based mainly on artificial neural networks and allow for symbolic interpretation or interaction with symbolic components. This book is derived from a workshop held during the NIPS'98 in Denver, Colorado, USA, and competently reflects the state of the art of research and development in hybrid neural systems.The 26 revised full papers presented together with an introductory overview by the volume editors have been through a twofold process of careful reviewing and revision. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: structured connectionism and rule representation; distributed neural architectures and language processing; transformation and explanation; robotics, vision, and cognitive approaches.

The 30th Annual German Conference on Arti?cial Intelligence (KI-2007) took place in the University of Osnabru *ck, September 10-13, 2007. In this volume, you will ?nd papers or abstracts of its six invited talks, 25 full papers, and 21 posters. The full papers were selected from 81 submissions, resulting in an acceptance rate of 32%. AsusualataKIconference,anentiredaywasreservedfortargetedworkshops - ten of them this year - and two tutorials. They are not coveredin this volume, but the conference Web sitewww.ki2007.uos.de will keep providing information and references to their contents. Some topic clusters are apparent in the overall conference program, which re?ect recent trends in AI research, convolved with foci of work in Germany and Europe. Examples are learning and data mining, robotics and perception, knowledge representation and reasoning, planning and search - all of them including a healthy number of approaches dealing with uncertainty, contradiction, and incompleteness of knowledge. All in all, KI-2007 provided a cross section of modern AI research and application work. KI-2007 also constituted a "e;small anniversary,"e; being the 30th exemplar of its kind. The invited talk by Wolfgang Bibel (accompanied by a paper in this volume) picked up on that occasion by recalling what the ?eld of automated deduction was like 30 and more years ago - in general, and in Germany. He also paid homage to Gerd Veenker, who organizedthe ?rst KI conference (which had a di?erent name at the time) in 1975 and whose ?eld of research was deduction.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Frontiers of Combining Systems, FroCoS 2007, held in Liverpool, UK, September 2007. The 14 revised full papers presented were carefully selected and are organized in topical sections on combinations of logics, theories, and decision procedures; constraint solving and programming; combination issues in rewriting and programming as well as in logical frameworks and theorem proving systems.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th Congress of the Italian Association for Artificial Intelligence, AI*IA 2007. Coverage includes knowledge representation and reasoning, multiagent systems, distributed AI, knowledge engineering, ontologies and the semantic Web, machine learning, natural language processing, information retrieval and extraction, AI and robotics, AI and expressive media, and intelligent access to multimedia information.

The World Wide Web is a rich source of information about human behavior. It containslarge amount of data organizedvia interconnected Web pages,traces of information search, user feedback on items of interest, etc. In addition to large data volumes, one of the important characteristics of the Web is its dynamics, where content,structure and usagearechanging over time. This showsup in the rise of related research areas like communities of practice, knowledge mana- ment, Web communities, and peer-to-peer. In particular the notion of colla- rative work and thus the need of its systematic analysis become more and more important. For instance, to develop e?ective Web applications, it is essential to analyze patterns hidden in the usage of Web resources, their contents and their interconnections. Machine learning and data mining methods have been used extensively to ?nd patterns in usage of the network by exploiting both contents and link structures. We have investigated these topics in a series of workshops on Semantic Web Mining (2001, 2002) at the European Conference on Machine Learning / Pr- ciples and Practice of Knowledge Discovery from Databases (ECML/PKDD) conference series, in the selection of papers for the post-proceedings of the - ropean Web Mining Forum 2003 Workshop, published as the Springer LNAI volume 3209 "e;Web Mining: From Web to Semantic Web"e; in 2004, as well as in the Knowledge Discovery and Ontologies workshop in 2004 and in the selection ofpapersfor thepost-proceedingsofthe ECML/PKDD2005jointworkshopson Web Mining (European Web Mining Forum) and on Knowledge Discovery and

The two premier annual European conferences in the areas of machine learning and data mining have been collocated ever since the ?rst joint conference in Freiburg, 2001. The European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML) traces its origins to 1986, when the ?rst European Working Session on Learning was held in Orsay, France. The European Conference on Principles and Practice of KnowledgeDiscoveryinDatabases(PKDD) was?rstheldin1997inTrondheim, Norway. Over the years, the ECML/PKDD series has evolved into one of the largest and most selective international conferences in machine learning and data mining. In 2007, the seventh collocated ECML/PKDD took place during September 17-21 on the centralcampus of WarsawUniversityand in the nearby Staszic Palace of the Polish Academy of Sciences. The conference for the third time used a hierarchical reviewing process. We nominated 30 Area Chairs, each of them responsible for one sub-?eld or several closely related research topics. Suitable areas were selected on the basis of the submission statistics for ECML/PKDD 2006 and for last year's International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML 2006) to ensure a proper load balance amongtheAreaChairs.AjointProgramCommittee(PC)wasnominatedforthe two conferences, consisting of some 300 renowned researchers, mostly proposed by the Area Chairs. This joint PC, the largest of the series to date, allowed us to exploit synergies and deal competently with topic overlaps between ECML and PKDD. ECML/PKDD 2007 received 592 abstract submissions. As in previous years, toassistthereviewersandtheAreaChairsintheir?nalrecommendationauthors had the opportunity to communicate their feedback after the reviewing phase.

This volume contains the papers presented at the 18th International Conf- ence on Algorithmic Learning Theory (ALT 2007), which was held in Sendai (Japan) during October 1-4, 2007. The main objective of the conference was to provide an interdisciplinary forum for high-quality talks with a strong theore- cal background and scienti?c interchange in areas such as query models, on-line learning, inductive inference, algorithmic forecasting, boosting, support vector machines, kernel methods, complexity and learning, reinforcement learning, - supervised learning and grammatical inference. The conference was co-located with the Tenth International Conference on Discovery Science (DS 2007). This volume includes 25 technical contributions that were selected from 50 submissions by the ProgramCommittee. It also contains descriptions of the ?ve invited talks of ALT and DS; longer versions of the DS papers are available in the proceedings of DS 2007. These invited talks were presented to the audience of both conferences in joint sessions.

Research on spatial cognition is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary enterprise for the study of spatial representations and cognitive spatial processes, be they real or abstract, human or machine. Spatial cognition brings together a variety of - search methodologies: empirical investigations on human and animal orientation and navigation; studies of communicating spatial knowledge using language and graphical or other pictorial means; the development of formal models for r- resenting and processing spatial knowledge; and computer implementations to solve spatial problems, to simulate human or animal orientation and navigation behavior, or to reproduce spatial communication patterns. These approaches can interact in interesting and useful ways: Results from empirical studies call for formal explanations both of the underlying memory structures and of the processes operating upon them; we can develop and - plement operational computer models obeying the relationships between objects and events described by the formal models; we can empirically test the computer models under a variety of conditions, and we can compare the results to the - sults from the human or animal experiments. A disagreement between these results can provide useful indications towards the re nement of the models.

This book constitutes the refereed preceedings of the 13th European Conference on Machine Learning, ECML 2002, held in Helsinki, Finland in August 2002.The 41 revised full papers presented together with 4 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. Among the topics covered are computational discovery, search strategies, Classification, support vector machines, kernel methods, rule induction, linear learning, decision tree learning, boosting, collaborative learning, statistical learning, clustering, instance-based learning, reinforcement learning, multiagent learning, multirelational learning, Markov decision processes, active learning, etc.

In the ten years since the first MAAMAW was held in 1989, at King's College, Cambridge, the field of Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) has flourished. It has attracted an increasing amount of theoretical and applied research. During this decade, important efforts have been made to establish the scientific and technical foundations of MAS. MAAMAW publications are testimony to the progress achieved in key areas such as agent modelling and reasoning, multi-agent interaction and communication, and multi-agent organisation and social structure. Research results have covered a wide range of inter-related topics in each area including agent architectures, reasoning models, logics, conflict resolution, negotiation, resource allocation, load balancing, learning; social behaviour and interaction, languages and protocols, interagent and agent-human communication, social models, agent roles, norms and social laws, and static and dynamic organisational structures. The feasibility and the viability of the proposed models and techniques have been demonstrated through MAS applications in heterogeneous domains including electronic commerce, co-operative work, telecommunications, social and biological systems, robotics, office and business automation, public administration, social simulations and banking. As the applicability of the technology became understood, the multi-agent paradigm has been progressively accepted by product managers and system developers, giving rise to a considerable amount of business expectation from industry. These expectations do not rest on the concept or metaphor of agent, but on the development of MAS useful in an industrial setting, with real-time systems presenting the biggest challenge.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, ECSQARU 2007. Coverage in the 78 revised full papers, presented together with three invited papers, includes Bayesian networks, graphical models, learning causal networks, planning, causality and independence, preference modeling and decision, argumentation systems, inconsistency handling, and uncertainty measures.

The seventh international workshop ESAW 2006 - Engineering Societies in the Agents World VII-was hosted in the School of Computer Science and Inf- matics, University College Dublin, Ireland in September 2006. This workshop was organized as a stand-alone event, running over three days, and continued andenhancedthe high-qualityconferencetheme thatnowuniquelycharacterizes the ESAW workshop series. ESAW VII built upon the success of prior ESAW workshops - Ku sadasi (2005), London (2004) and Toulouse (2004), going back to the inauguralworkshopheld in Berlin(2000). This workshopwasattended by 50 participants from 13 di?erent countries. Over 25 researchers presented their work and substantial time was allocated each day for ad-hoc interactive disc- sions on those presented topics. Indeed, these opportunities for the exchange of views and open discussion with fellow experts are one of the hallmarks of the ESAW series. Discussions coalesced around ESAW's main themes: - Engineering multi-agent systems - Methodologies for analysis, design, development and veri?cation of agent societies - Interaction and coordination in agent societies - Autonomic agent societies - Trust in agent societies For moreinformationabouttheworkshop,theinterestedreaderisreferredto 1 the ESAW 2006 WWW site . The original contributions have been published as a Technical Report (UCD-CSI-2006-5) and this may be obtained freely from the Technical Report section on the WWW page of the School of Computer Science 2 and Informatics at University College Dublin . These post-proceedings continue the series published by Springer (ESAW 2000: LNAI 1972; ESAW 2001: LNAI 2203; ESAW 2002: LNAI 2577; ESAW 2003: LNAI 3071; ESAW 2004: LNAI 3451; ESAW 2005: LNAI 3963).

Edited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information, this book constitutes the third volume of the FoLLI LNAI subline. The 17 revised papers of this Festschrift volume - published in honour of Daniele Mundici on the occasion of his 60th birthday - include invited extended versions of the most interesting contributions to the International Conference on the Algebraic and Logical Foundations of Many-Valued Reasoning, held in Gargnano, Italy, in March 2006.Daniele Mundici is widely acknowledged as a leading scientist in many-valued logic and ordered algebraic structures. In the last decades, his work has unveiled profound connections between logic and such diverse fields of research as functional analysis, probability and measure theory, the geometry of toric varieties, piecewise linear geometry, and error-correcting codes. Several prominent logicians, mathematicians, and computer scientists attending the conference have contributed to this wide-ranging collection with papers all variously related to Daniele's work.

With all of the news about the Internet and the Y2K problem, it is easy to forget that other areas of computer science still exist. Reading the newspaper or watching the television conveys a very warped view of what is happening in computer science. This conference illustrates how a maturing subdiscipline of computer science can continue to grow and integrate within it both old and new approaches despite (or perhaps due to) a lack of public awareness. The conceptual graph community has basically existed since the 1984 publication of John Sowa's book, "e;Conceptual Structures: Information Processing In Mind and Machine."e; In this book, John Sowa laid the foundations for a knowledge representation model called conceptual graphs based on semantic networks and the existential graphs of C.S. Peirce. Conceptual graphs constitutes a very powerful and expressive knowledge representation scheme, inheriting the benefits of logic and the mathematics of graphs. The expressiveness and formal underpinnings of conceptual graph theory have attracted a large international community of researchers and scholars. The International Conferences on Conceptual Structures, and this is the seventh in the series, is the primary forum for these researchers to report their progress and activities. As in the past, the doors were open to admit alternate representation models and approaches.

A special year like 1999 invites one to draw a balance of what has been achieved in the roughly 30 years of research and development in knowledge based systems (still abbreviated as XPS following the older term "e;expert systems"e;) and to take a look at th what the future may hold. For the 5 German conference on knowledge-based systems we therefore asked current and former speakers of the four working groups (FG's) in the subdivision of knowledge-based systems (FA 1.5) of the German association of Informatics (GI) to present a survey of and future prospects for their respective fields: knowledge engineering, diagnosis, configuration, and case-based reasoning. An additional 14 technical papers deal with current topics in knowledge-based systems with an equal emphasis on methods and applications. They are selected from more than 50 papers accepted in the 4 parallel workshops of XPS-99: a) Knowledge Management, Organizational Memory and Reuse, b) various fields of applications, c) the traditional PuK Workshop (planning and configuration), and d) the GWCBR (German workshop on case-based reasoning). The other papers presented at these workshops are not included in this volume but are available as internal reports of Wurzburg university together with the exhibition guide that emphasizing tool support for building knowledge based systems.