Bücher der Reihe Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence

Arti?cial Intelligence is a ?eld with a long history, which is still very much active and developing today. Developments of new and improved techniques, together with the ever-increasing levels of available computing resources, are fueling an increasing spread of AI applications. These applications, as well as providing the economic rationale for the research, also provide the impetus to further improve the performance of our techniques. This further improvement today is most likely to come from an understanding of the ways our systems work, and therefore of their limitations, rather than from ideas 'borrowed' from biology. From this understanding comes improvement; from improvement comes further application; from further application comes the opportunity to further understand the limitations, and so the cycle repeats itself inde?nitely. In this volume are papers on a wide range of topics; some describe appli- tions that are only possible as a result of recent developments, others describe new developments only just being moved into practical application. All the - pers re?ect the way this ?eld continues to drive forward. This conference is the 15th in an unbroken series of annual conferences on Industrial and Engineering Application of Arti?cial Intelligence and Expert Systems organized under the auspices of the International Society of Applied Intelligence.

Past, Present, and Future of Knowledge Acquisition This book contains the proceedings of the 11th European Workshop on Kno- edge Acquisition, Modeling, and Management (EKAW '99), held at Dagstuhl Castle (Germany) in May of 1999. This continuity and the high number of s- missions re?ect the mature status of the knowledge acquisition community. Knowledge Acquisition started as an attempt to solve the main bottleneck in developing expert systems (now called knowledge-based systems): Acquiring knowledgefromahumanexpert. Variousmethodsandtoolshavebeendeveloped to improve this process. These approaches signi?cantly reduced the cost of - veloping knowledge-based systems. However, these systems often only partially ful?lled the taskthey weredevelopedfor andmaintenanceremainedanunsolved problem. This required a paradigm shift that views the development process of knowledge-based systems as a modeling activity. Instead of simply transf- ring human knowledge into machine-readable code, building a knowledge-based system is now viewed as a modeling activity. A so-called knowledge model is constructed in interaction with users and experts. This model need not nec- sarily re?ect the already available human expertise. Instead it should provide a knowledgelevelcharacterizationof the knowledgethat is requiredby the system to solve the application task. Economy and quality in system development and maintainability are achieved by reusable problem-solving methods and onto- gies. The former describe the reasoning process of the knowledge-based system (i. e. , the algorithms it uses) and the latter describe the knowledge structures it uses (i. e. , the data structures). Both abstract from speci?c application and domain speci?c circumstances to enable knowledge reuse.

The biennial European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML) series is intended to provide an international forum for the discussion of the latest high quality research results in machine learning and is the major European scienti?c event in the ?eld. The eleventh conference (ECML 2000) held in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain from May 31 to June 2, 2000, has continued this tradition by attracting high quality papers from around the world. Scientists from 21 countries submitted 100 papers to ECML 2000, from which 20 were selected for long oral presentations and 23 for short oral presentations. This selection was based on the recommendations of at least two reviewers for each submitted paper. It is worth noticing that the number of papers reporting applications of machine learning has increased in comparison to past ECML conferences. We believe this fact shows the growing maturity of the ?eld. This volume contains the 43 accepted papers as well as the invited talks by Katharina Morik from the University of Dortmund and Pedro Domingos from the University of Washington at Seattle. In addition, three workshops were jointly organized by ECML 2000 and the European Network of Excellence - net: "e;Dealing with Structured Data in Machine Learning and Statistics W- stites"e;, "e;Machine Learning in the New Information Age"e; , and "e;Meta-Learning: Building Automatic Advice Strategies for Model Selection and Method Com- nation"e;.

 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 16th Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, AI 2003, held in Halifax, Canada in June 2003.The 30 revised full papers and 24 revised short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 106 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on knowledge representation, search, constraint satisfaction, machine learning and data mining, AI and Web applications, reasoning under uncertainty, agents and multi-agent systems, AI and bioinformatics, and AI and e-commerce. 

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 22th International Conference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods, TABLEAUX 2013, held in Nancy, France, in September 2013. The 20 revised research papers presented together with 4 system descriptions were carefully reviewed and selected from 38 submissions. The papers cover many topics as proof-theory in classical and non-classical logics, analytic tableaux for various logics, related techniques and concepts, e.g., model checking and BDDs, related methods (model elimination, sequent calculi, resolution, and connection method), new calculi and methods for theorem proving and verification in classical and non-classical logics, systems, tools, implementations and applications as well as automated deduction and formal methods applied to logic, mathematics, software development, protocol verification, and security.

The 12th Australian Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AI'QQ) held in Sydney, Australia, 6-10 December 1999, is the latest in a series of annual re- gional meetings at which advances in artificial intelligence are reported. This series now attracts many international papers, and indeed the constitution of the program committee reflects this geographical diversity. Besides the usual tutorials and workshops, this year the conference included a companion sympo- sium at which papers on industrial appUcations were presented. The symposium papers have been published in a separate volume edited by Eric Tsui. Ar99 is organized by the University of New South Wales, and sponsored by the Aus- tralian Computer Society, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Computer Sciences Corporation, the KRRU group at Griffith University, the Australian Artificial Intelligence Institute, and Neuron- Works Ltd. Ar99 received over 120 conference paper submissions, of which about o- third were from outside Australia. Prom these, 39 were accepted for regular presentation, and a further 15 for poster display. These proceedings contain the full regular papers and extended summaries of the poster papers. All papers were refereed, mostly by two or three reviewers selected by members of the program committee, and a list of these reviewers appears later. The technical program comprised two days of workshops and tutorials, fol- lowed by three days of conference and symposium plenary and paper sessions.

The papers in this volume show the lively variety of topics and methods in automated deduction in geometry, and their applicability to different branches of mathematics as well as to other sciences and technologies. The book is made up of the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Automated Deduction in Geometry, ADG 2006, held at Pontevedra, Spain, in 2006. There are a total of 13 revised full papers selected from a number of submissions.

As information technologies (IT) become specialized and fragmented, it is easy to lose sight that many topics in IT have common threads and because of this, advances in one sub-discipline may transmit to another. The presentation of results between di?erent sub-disciplines of IT encourages this interchange for the advancement of IT as a whole. Of particular interest is the hybrid approach or combining ideas from one discipline with those of another to achieve a result that is more signi?cant than the sum of the individual parts. Through this hybrid philosophy, a new or common principle can be discovered which has the propensity to propagate throughout this multifaceted discipline. This volume comprises the selection of extended versions of papers that were presentedintheirshortenedformatthe2006InternationalConferenceonHybrid InformationTechnology(http://www.sersc.org/ICHIT2006/).Sixty-four papers out of the 235 that were published in ICHIT 2006 electronic proceedings were deemed suitable for inclusion in this volume, in a selection that was guided by technical quality and relevance to the balance of topics in hybrid information technology. The conference re?ected a change in the thinking of scientists and practitioners,whonowtendtojointheire?ortswithinmultidisciplinaryprojects. As a consequence, the readers may observe that many papers might conceivably be classi?ed into more than one chapter, given their interdisciplinary scope. The contributions in this monograph are clustered into six chapters: Data Analysis, Modeling, and Learning (11 papers); Imaging, Speech, and Complex Data (11 papers); Applications of Arti?cial Intelligence (11 papers); Hybrid, Smart, and UbiquitousSystems(11papers);HardwareandSoftwareEngineering(9papers); as well as Networking and Telecommunications (11 papers).

This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Engineering Self-Organising Applications, ESOA 2006, held in Hakodate, Japan in May 2006. This was an associated event of AAMAS 2006, the 5th International Joint Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. The seven full papers presented together with six invited papers were carefully selected for inclusion in the book.

This volume contains selected papers presented at the Second Asia-Paci c C- ference on Simulated Evolution and Learning (SEAL'98), from 24 to 27 Nov- ber 1998, in Canberra, Australia. SEAL'98 received a total of 92 submissions (67 papers for the regular sessions and 25 for the applications sessions). All papers were reviewed by three independent reviewers. After review, 62 papers were - cepted for oral presentation and 13 for poster presentation. Some of the accepted papers were selected for inclusion in this volume. SEAL'98 also featured a fully refereed special session on Evolutionary Computation in Power Engineering - ganised by Professor Kit Po Wong and Dr Loi Lei Lai. Two of the ve accepted papers are included in this volume. The papers included in these proceedings cover a wide range of topics in simulated evolution and learning, from self-adaptation to dynamic modelling, from reinforcement learning to agent systems, from evolutionary games to e- lutionary economics, and from novel theoretical results to successful applications, among others. SEAL'98 attracted 94 participants from 14 di erent countries, namely A- tralia, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Iceland, India, Japan, South Korea, New Z- land, Portugal, Sweden, Taiwan, UK and the USA. It had three distinguished international scientists as keynote speakers, giving talks on natural computation (Hans-Paul Schwefel), reinforcement learning (Richard Sutton), and novel m- els in evolutionary design (John Gero). More information about SEAL'98 is still available at http://www.cs.adfa.edu.au/conference/seal98/.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Concept Lattices and their Applications, CLA 2006, held in Tunis, Tunisia, October 30-November 1, 2006.The 18 revised full papers together with 3 invited contributions presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 41 submissions. The topics include formal concept analysis, foundations of FCA, mathematical structures related to FCA, relationship of FCA to other methods of data analysis, visualization of data in FCA, and applications of FCA.

This volume contains the papers selected for presentation at the Third Inter- tional Conference on Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology (RSKT 2008) held in Chengdu, P. R. China, May 16-19, 2008. The RSKT conferences were initiated in 2006 in Chongqing, P. R. China. RSKT 2007 was held in Toronto, Canada, together with RSFDGrC 2007, as JRS 2007. The RSKT conferences aim to present state-of-the-art scienti?c - sults, encourage academic and industrial interaction, and promote collaborative research in rough sets and knowledge technology worldwide. They place emphasis on exploring synergies between rough sets and knowledge discovery, knowledge management, data mining, granular and soft computing as well as emerging application areas such as bioinformatics, cognitive informatics, and Web intel- gence, both at the level of theoretical foundations and real-life applications. RSKT 2008 focused on ?ve major research ?elds: computing theory and paradigms, knowledge technology, intelligent information processing, intelligent control, and applications. This was achieved by including in the conference program sessions on rough and soft computing, rough mereology with app- cations, dominance-based rough set approach, fuzzy-rough hybridization, gr- ular computing, logical and mathematical foundations, formal concept analysis, data mining, machine learning, intelligent information processing, bioinform- ics and cognitive informatics, Web intelligence, pattern recognition, and real-life applications of knowledge technology. A very strict quality control policy was adopted in the paper review process of RSKT 2008. Firstly, the PC Chairs - viewed all submissions.

ThePaci?c-AsiaConferenceonKnowledgeDiscoveryandDataMining(PAKDD) has been held every year since 1997. PAKDD 2008, the 12th in the series, was heldatOsaka,JapanduringMay20-23,2008.PAKDDisaleadinginternational conference in the area of data mining. It provides an international forum for - searchers and industry practitioners to share their new ideas, original research results, and practical development experiences from all KDD-related areas - cluding data mining, data warehousing, machine learning, databases, statistics, knowledge acquisition, automatic scienti?c discovery, data visualization, causal induction, and knowledge-based systems. This year we received a total of 312 research papers from 34 countries and regions in Asia, Australia, North America, South America, Europe, and Africa. Every submitted paper was rigorously reviewed by two or three reviewers, d- cussed by the reviewers under the supervision of an Area Chair, and judged by the Program Committee Chairs. When there was a disagreement, the Area Chair and/or the Program Committee Chairs provided an additional review. Thus, many submissions were reviewed by four experts. The Program Comm- tee members were deeply involved in a highly selective process. As a result, only approximately11.9%ofthe312submissionswereacceptedaslongpapers,12.8% of them were accepted as regular papers, and 11.5% of them were accepted as short papers.

The 21st International Conference on Industrial, Engineering and Other Applications of Applied Intelligent Systems (IEA-AIE 2008) held in Wroclaw, Poland was an international scientific forum for researchers in the field of applied artificial intelligence. The presentations of the invited speakers and the authors focused on developing and employing methods and systems to solve real-life problems in all applied intelligence areas. The IEA-AIE conference series, chaired by Moonis Ali, has a very long tradition, and it is the first time it was hosted in Poland. We received 302 papers from 52 countries. Each paper was sent to at least three Program Committee members for review. Although the general quality of the submissions was very high, only 90 best papers were selected for oral presentation and publication in the LNAI proceedings. The papers in the proceedings cover the following topics: computer vision, fuzzy system applications, robot, manufacturing, data mining and knowledge discovery, neural network, machine learning, natural language processing, Internet application, e-learning, heuristic search, application systems, agent-based system, evolutionary and genetic algorithms, knowledge management, and other applications. These papers highlight new trends and frontiers of applied artificial intelligence and show how new research could lead to new and innovative applications. We hope you will find these works useful and inspiring for your own research. We would like to express our sincere thanks to the Program Committee members and all the reviewers for their hard work, which helped us to select the highest quality papers for the conference.

Software intensive systems are increasingly expected to deal with changing user needs and dynamic operating conditions at run time. Examples are the need for life recon?gurations, management of resource variability, and dealing with p- ticular failure modes. Endowing systems with these kinds of capabilities poses severe challenges to software engineers and necessitates the development of new techniques, practices, and tools that build upon sound engineering principles. The ?eld of multi-agent systems focuses on the foundations and engineering of systems that consists of a network of autonomous entities (agents) that int- act to achieve the system goals. One line of research in multi-agent systems, inspired by biological, physical and other naturally occurring systems, concerns multi-agent systems in which agents share information and coordinate their - havior througha shared medium called an agentenvironment. Typical examples are gradient ?elds and digital pheromones that guide agents in their local c- text and as such facilitate the coordination of a community of agents. Since environment-mediation in multi-agent systems has shown to result in mana- able solutions with very adaptable qualities, it is a promising paradigm to deal with the increasing complexity and dynamism of distributed applications. Control in environment-mediated multi-agent systems is decentralized, i. e. , noneofthecomponentshasfullaccessorcontroloverthesystem. Self-organization isanapproachtoengineerdecentralized,distributedandresource-limitedsystems thatarecapableofdynamicallyadaptingtochangingconditionsandrequirements without external intervention. This useful system property is often re?ected in functionssuchasself-con?guration,self-optimization,andself-healing. Engine- ing approaches to self-organizing systems often rely on global functionality to emerge from localand autonomous decisions of individual agents that commu- catethroughasharedagentenvironment.

The papers in this volume were presented at TMRA 2007, the International Conference on Topic Maps Research and Applications, held October 11-12, 2007, in Leipzig, Germany. TMRA 2007 was the third conference in an annual series of international conferences dedicated to Topic Maps in science and industry. The motto of TMRA 2007 was "e;Scaling Topic Maps."e; Taken literally the motto implies developing Topic Maps approaches that scale to large data and user volumes. This is a very real and useful research problem which is addressed by many of the contributions to the conference. But there is an even broader interpretation of the motto: wide adoption of Topic Maps in academia and industry. This is an equally important problem, and one that the TMRA conference series exists to help solve. And there is a more fanciful view on the motto. To "e;scale"e; can also mean to climb, so for the attendees the conference provided a way to "e;scale the mountain of Topic Maps."e; In all these ways TMRA 2007 helped to scale Topic Maps.

With the proliferation of consumer devices, computation is becoming truly ubiq- tous. Multi-agent systems hold the promise to enable utilization of these compu- tional resources for ground-breaking new applications. However, as the number of agents involved in multi-agent computations rises, traditional approaches of bui- ing multi-agent systems fail to scale. Massively multi-agent systems address this challenge of scale. Massive, in this context, is meant to capture the complexity of such systems, which precludes decision making to focus on individual agents. Agents making decisions have to reduce the complexity of the space in which they must decide. The focus, therefore, is on the approaches to manage the compl- ity, implications of this abstraction, as well as on identifying ways of applying the paradigm to problems. Papers appearing in this volume have been selected from three inter- tional workshops held in conjunction with the International Conferences on - tonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS) held in 2006 and 2007: First International Workshop on Coordination and Control in Massively Mul- agent Systems (CCMMS 2007); and the jointly held Second International Workshop on Massively Multi-agent Systems (MMAS 2006) and the Third Int- national Workshop on Challenges in the Coordination of Large-Scale Multi-agent Systems (LSMAS 2006).

This volume contains the papers presented at the 9th European Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (ECCBR 2008). Case-based reasoning (CBR) is an arti?cial intelligence approach whereby new problems are solved by remembering, adapting and reusing solutions to a previously solved, similar problem. The collection of previously solved problems andtheirassociatedsolutionsisstoredinthecasebase. Neworadaptedsolutions are learned and updated in the case base as needed. In remembrance of the First European Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning, which took place 15 years ago at the European Academy Otzenhausen, not far from Trier, this year's conference was especially devoted to the past, present, and future of case-based reasoning. ECCBR and the International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning (IC- CBR) alternate every year. ECCBR 2008 followed a series of seven successful European workshops previously held in Otzenhausen, Germany (1993), Ch- tilly, France (1994), Lausanne, Switzerland (1996), Dublin, Ireland (1998), and Trento, Italy (2000), and three European conferences in Aberdeen, UK (2002), * Madrid, Spain (2004), and Olu *deniz/Fethiye, Turkey (2006). The International Conferences on Case-Based Reasoning (ICCBR) were previously held in Ses- bra, Portugal (1995), Providence, Rhode Island, USA (1997), Seeon, Germany (1999), Vancouver, Canada (2001), Trondheim, Norway (2003), Chicago, USA (2005), and Belfast, Northern Ireland (2007). These meetings have a history of attracting ?rst-class European and international researchers and practiti- ers. The proceedings of the ECCBR and ICCBR conferences are published by Springer in their LNAI series.

It is our pleasure to present the proceedings of Discovery Science 2008, the 11th International Conference on Discovery Science held in Budapest, Hungary, October 13-16, 2008. It was co-located with ALT 2008, the 19th International Conference on Algorithmic Learning Theory, whose proceedings are available in the twin volume LNAI 5254. This combination of DS and ALT conferences has been successfully organized each year since 2002. It provides a forum for the researchersworking on many di?erent aspects of scienti?c discovery. Indeed, ALT/DS 2008 covered both the possibility to automate part of the scienti?c discoveryandthenecessarysupporttothehumanprocessofdiscoveryinscience. Interestingly, this co-location also provided the opportunity for an exciting joint program of tutorials and invited talks. The number of submitted papers was 58, i.e., slightly more than the previous year. The Program Committee members were involved in a rigorous selection process based on three reviews per paper. At the end, we selected 26 long papers thanks to the recommendations of the experts based on relevance, novelty, signi?cance, technical quality, and clarity. Although some short papers were submitted, none of them was selected.

Multi-agent systems are communities of problem-solving entities that can exhibit varying degrees of intelligence. They can perceive and react to their environment, they can have individual or joint goals, for which they can plan and execute actions. Work on such systems integrates many technologies and concepts in - ti?cial intelligence and other areas of computing as well as other disciplines. The agent paradigm has become widely popular and widely used in recent years, due to its applicability to a large range of domains, from search engines to edu- tional aids to electronic commerce and trade, e-procurement, recommendation systems, simulation and routing, and ambient intelligence, to cite only some. Computational logic provides a well-de?ned, general, and rigorous framework for studying syntax, semantics, and procedures for various capabilities and fu- tionalities of individual agents, as well as interaction amongst agents in multi-agent systems. It also provides a well-de?ned and rigorous framework for implemen- tions, environments, tools, and standards, and for linking together speci?cation and veri?cation of properties of individual agents and multi-agent systems. The CLIMA workshop series was founded to provide a forum for discussing, presenting, and promoting computational logic-based approaches in the design, development, analysis, and application of multi-agent systems.