Bücher der Reihe Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence

The Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (PRICAI) is one of the preeminent international conferences on artificial intelligence (AI). PRICAI 2008 (http://www.jaist.ac.jp/PRICAI-08/) was the tenth in this series of biennial int- national conferences highlighting the most significant contributions to the field of AI. The conference was held during December 15-19, 2008, in the beautiful city Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam. As in previous years this year's technical program saw very high standards in both the submission and paper review process, resulting in an exciting program that reflects the great variety and depth of modern AI research. This year's contributions covered all traditional areas of AI, including AI foundations, knowledge representation, knowledge acquisition and ontologies, evolutionary computation, etc., as well as va- ous exciting and innovative applications of AI to many different areas. There was particular emphasis in the areas of machine learning and data mining, intelligent agents, language and speech processing, information retrieval and extraction.

Inthesummerof2008,reinforcementlearningresearchersfromaroundtheworld gathered in the north of France for a week of talks and discussions on reinfor- ment learning, on how it could be made more e?cient, applied to a broader range of applications, and utilized at more abstract and symbolic levels. As a participant in this 8th European Workshop on Reinforcement Learning, I was struck by both the quality and quantity of the presentations. There were four full days of short talks, over 50 in all, far more than there have been at any p- vious meeting on reinforcement learning in Europe, or indeed, anywhere else in the world. There was an air of excitement as substantial progress was reported in many areas including Computer Go, robotics, and ?tted methods. Overall, the work reported seemed to me to be an excellent, broad, and representative sample of cutting-edge reinforcement learning research. Some of the best of it is collected and published in this volume. The workshopandthe paperscollectedhere provideevidence thatthe ?eldof reinforcement learning remains vigorous and varied. It is appropriate to re?ect on some of the reasons for this. One is that the ?eld remains focused on a pr- lem - sequential decision making - without prejudice as to solution methods. Another is the existence of a common terminology and body of theory.

Edited in collaboration with FoLLI, the Association of Logic, Language and Information, this book constitutes the 5th volume of the FoLLI LNAI subline. It contains the refereed proceedings of the Third Indian Conference on Logic and Its Applications, ICLA 2009, held in Chennai, India, in January 2009.The 12 revised full papers presented together with 7 invited lectures were carefully reviewed and selected from numerous submissions. The papers present current research in all aspects of formal logic. They address in detail: algebraic logic and set theory, combinatorics and philosophical logic, modal logics with applications to computer science and game theory, and connections between ancient logic systems and modern systems.

The ConstraintHandling Rules (CHR) languagecameto life morethan 15 years ago.Sincethen,ithasbecomeamajordeclarativespeci?cationandimplemen- tion language for constraint-based algorithms and applications. In recent years, the ?ve Workshops on Constraint Handling Rules have spurred the exchange of ideas within the CHR community, which has led to increased international collaboration, new theoretical results and optimized implementations. The aim of this volume of Lecture Notes in Ariti?cial Intelligence was to attract high-quality research papers on these recent advances in CHR. The 8 papersinthis issuewereselectedfrom11submissionsaftercarefulreviewingand subsequent revisions. Each paper was reviewd by three reviewers. The accepted papers represent some of the research teams on CHR around the world. It is not by accident that the currently most active research group is featured here with three articles. We also would have liked to see contributions from other CHR teams, but space is limited and the reviewers took their job seriously. After an introductory article that foreshadows an upcoming monograph on CHR, the accepted papers span a range of current research topics in the CHR community. It goes from extending the CHR language with search facilities and the related adaptive framework, and from generating rules from speci?cations of constraint solvers to implementing abductive probabilistic reasoning. They cover the theory that is a compositional semantics for CHR and ?nally describe e?cient implementations of CHR in traditional mainstream programming l- guages and compiler optimizations in the context of the re?ned semantics of CHR. Wewouldliketothanktheauthorsofsubmittedpapersandthemanyrevi- ers for their contribution in making this collection of research papers possible.

This special issue is the result of the selection and re-submission of advanced and revised versions of papers from the workshop on "e;Trust in Agent Societies"e; (11th edition), held in Estoril (Portugal) on May 10, 2008 as part of the Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 2008 Conference (AAMAS 2008), and organized by Rino Falcone, Suzanne Barber, Jordi Sabater-Mir, and Munindar Singh. The aim of the workshop was to bring together researchers from different fields (artificial intelligence, multi-agent systems, cognitive science, game theory, and social and organizational sciences) that could contribute to a better understanding of trust and reputation in agent societies. The workshop scope included theoretical results as well their applications in human-computer interaction and electronic commerce. It was constituted by a main session integrated with two others: the first on the formal models of trust, and the second on reputation models. In this volume we present papers from the three workshop sessions: the main s- sion with papers on theoretical and applicative aspects of trust (from a engineering, cognitive, computational, sociological point of view); the formal model session with works in the field of applied logic and applied mathematics; the reputation models session with papers that specifically address models of reputation systems, theo- driven and empirically backed-up guidelines for designing reputation technologies, and analysis and discussion of existing reputation systems.

This volume collects the revised versions of the invited and selected papers that were presented at the Second EPOS--Epistemological Perspectives on Simulation--Workshop, held in Brescia, Italy, in October 2006. EPOS is a bi-annual cross-disciplinary workshop on simulation originally established by Ulrich Frank and Klaus G. Troitzsch, with a first e- tion held in Koblenz in July 2004. EPOS aims to provide a forum for scholars from various disciplines, such as the social sciences, computer sciences, engineering and natural sciences, who are interested in discussing epistemological aspects of computer simulation across disciplinary boundaries. The common belief behind the workshop is the recognition that the time has come to seriously reflect on epistemological and methodological preconditions, processes and consequences of simulation as a research tool. During the fist edition in Koblenz 2004, a number of interesting topics were ca- fully addressed: the link between theory and simulation models, the empirical vali- tion of agent-based models in the natural and the social sciences, the relation between models and truth, as well as the role of stylized facts in evidence-based models. A good cross-disciplinary atmosphere permeated the workshop, making possible the exchange of knowledge and ideas beyond any disciplinary boundary. The first EPOS proceedings were edited by Ulrich Frank and Klaus G. Troitzsch and published in the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, Vol. 8, No. 4, 2005.

This volume contains the proceedings of the Third KES Symposium on Agent and Multi-agent Systems - Technologies and Applications (KES-AMSTA 2009)--held at Uppsala University in Sweden during June 3-5, 2009. The symposium was organized by Uppsala University, KES International and its Focus Group on Agent and Multi-agent Systems. The KES-AMSTA Symposium series is a sub-series of the KES Conference series. Following the successes of the First KES Symposium on Agent and Multi-agent Systems - Technologies and Applications (KES-AMSTA 2007), held in Wroclaw, Poland, from May 31 to 1 June 2007--and the Second KES Symposium on Agent and Multi-agent Systems - Technologies and Applications (KES-AMSTA 2008) held in Incheon, Korea, March 26-28, 2008--KES-AMSTA 2009 featured keynote talks, oral and poster presentations, and a number of workshops and invited sessions, closely aligned to the themes of the conference. The aim of the symposium was to provide an international forum for scientific - search into the technologies and applications of agent and multi-agent systems. Agent and multi-agent systems are an innovative type of modern software system and have long been recognized as a promising technology for constructing autonomous, c- plex and intelligent systems. A key development in the field of agent and multi-agent systems has been the specification of agent communication languages and formali- tion of ontologies. Agent communication languages are intended to provide standard declarative mechanisms for agents to communicate knowledge and make requests of each other, whereas ontologies are intended for conceptualization of the knowledge domain.

Similarity-based learning methods have a great potential as an intuitive and ?exible toolbox for mining, visualization,and inspection of largedata sets. They combine simple and human-understandable principles, such as distance-based classi?cation, prototypes, or Hebbian learning, with a large variety of di?erent, problem-adapted design choices, such as a data-optimum topology, similarity measure, or learning mode. In medicine, biology, and medical bioinformatics, more and more data arise from clinical measurements such as EEG or fMRI studies for monitoring brain activity, mass spectrometry data for the detection of proteins, peptides and composites, or microarray pro?les for the analysis of gene expressions. Typically, data are high-dimensional, noisy, and very hard to inspect using classic (e. g. , symbolic or linear) methods. At the same time, new technologies ranging from the possibility of a very high resolution of spectra to high-throughput screening for microarray data are rapidly developing and carry thepromiseofane?cient,cheap,andautomaticgatheringoftonsofhigh-quality data with large information potential. Thus, there is a need for appropriate - chine learning methods which help to automatically extract and interpret the relevant parts of this information and which, eventually, help to enable und- standingofbiologicalsystems,reliablediagnosisoffaults,andtherapyofdiseases such as cancer based on this information. Moreover, these application scenarios pose fundamental and qualitatively new challenges to the learning systems - cause of the speci?cs of the data and learning tasks. Since these characteristics are particularly pronounced within the medical domain, but not limited to it and of principled interest, this research topic opens the way toward important new directions of algorithmic design and accompanying theory.

Adaptation, for purposes of self-healing, self-protection, self-management, or self-regulation, is currently considered to be one of the most challenging pr- erties of distributed systems that operate in dynamic, unpredictable, and - tentially hostile environments. Engineering for adaptation is particularly c- plicated when the distributed system itself is composed of autonomous entities that, on one hand, may act collaboratively and with benevolence, and, on the other,maybehavesel?shlywhilepursuingtheirowninterests.Still,theseentities have to coordinate themselves in order to adapt appropriately to the prevailing environmental conditions, and furthermore, to deliberate upon their own and the system's con?guration, and to be transparent to their users yet consistent with any human requirements. The question, therefore, of "e;how to organize the envisagedadaptationforsuchautonomousentitiesinasystematicway"e;becomes of paramount importance. The ?rst international workshop on "e;Organized Adaptation in Multi-Agent Systems"e; (OAMAS) was a one-day event held as part of the workshop p- gram arranged by the international conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (AAMAS). It was hosted in Estoril during May, 2008, and was attended by more than 30 researchers. OAMAS was the steady convergence of a number of lines of research which suggested that such a workshop would be timely and opportune. This includes the areas of autonomic computing, swarm intelligence, agent societies, self-organizing complex systems, and 'emergence' in general.

As computers and communications technology advance, greater opportunities arise for intelligent mathematical computation. While computer algebra, au- mated deduction and mathematical publishing each have long and successful histories, we are now seeing increasing opportunities for synergy among them. The Conferences on Intelligent Computer Mathematics (cicm 2009) is a c- lection of co-located meetings, allowing researchers and practitioners active in these related areas to share recent results and identify the next challenges. The speci?c areas of the cicm conferences and workshops are described below, but the unifying theme is the computerized handling of mathematical knowledge. The successful formalization of much of mathematics, as well as a better - derstanding of its internal structure, makes mathematical knowledge in many waysmore tractable than generalknowledge,as traditionally treatedin arti?cial intelligence. Similarly, we can also expect the problem of e?ectively using ma- ematical knowledge in automated ways to be much more tractable. This is the goal of the work in the cicm conferences and workshops. In the long view, so- ing the problems addressed by cicm is an important milestone in formulating the next generation of mathematical software.

This volume contains the research papers presented at the International C- ference on Automated Reasoning with Analytic Tableaux and Related Methods (TABLEAUX 2009) held July 6-10, 2009 in Oslo, Norway. This conference was the 18th in a series of international meetings since 1992 (listed on page IX). It was collocated with FTP 2009, the Workshop on First-Order Theorem Proving. The Program Committee of TABLEAUX 2009 received 44 submissions from 24 countries. Each paper was reviewed by at least three referees, after which the reviews were sent to the authors for comment in a rebuttal phase. After a ?nal intensive discussion on the borderline papers during the online meeting of the Program Committee, 21 research papers and 1 system description were accepted based on originality, technical soundness, presentation, and relevance. Additionally,three positionpaperswereaccepted,whicharepublished asate- nical report of the University of Oslo. We wish to sincerely thank all the authors who submitted their work for consideration. And we would like to thank the Program Committee members and other referees for their great e?ort and p- fessional work in the review and selection process. Their names are listed on the following pages.

It is a great pleasure to share with you the Springer LNCS proceedings of the Second World Summit on the Knowledge Society, WSKS 2009, organized by the Open - search Society, Ngo, http://www.open-knowledge-society.org, and held in Samaria Hotel, in the beautiful city of Chania in Crete, Greece, September 16-18, 2009. The 2nd World Summit on the Knowledge Society (WSKS 2009) was an inter- tional scientific event devoted to promoting dialogue on the main aspects of the knowledge society towards a better world for all. The multidimensional economic and social crisis of the last couple of years has brought to the fore the need to discuss in depth new policies and strategies for a human centric developmental processes in the global context. This annual summit brings together key stakeholders involved in the worldwide development of the knowledge society, from academia, industry, and government, including policy makers and active citizens, to look at the impact and prospects of - formation technology, and the knowledge-based era it is creating, on key facets of l- ing, working, learning, innovating, and collaborating in today's hyper-complex world. The summit provides a distinct, unique forum for cross-disciplinary fertilization of research, favoring the dissemination of research on new scientific ideas relevant to - ternational research agendas such as the EU (FP7), OECD, or UNESCO. We focus on the key aspects of a new sustainable deal for a bold response to the multidimensional crisis of our times.

The 2009 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computational Int- ligence (AICI 2009) was held during November 7-8, 2009 in Shanghai, China. The technical program of the conference reflects the tremendous growth in the fields of artificial intelligence and computational intelligence with contributions from a large number of participants around the world. AICI 2009 received 1,203 submissions from 20 countries and regions. After rig- ous reviews, 79 high-quality papers were selected for this volume, representing an acceptance rate of 6.6%. These selected papers cover many new developments and their applications in the fields of artificial intelligence and computational intelligence. Their publications reflect a sustainable interest from the wide academic community worldwide in tirelessly pursuing new solutions through effective utilizations of arti- cial intelligence and computational intelligence to real-world problems. We would like to specially thank all the committee members and reviewers, without whose timely help it would have been impossible to review all the submitted papers to assemble this program. We also would like take this opportunity to express our heartfelt appreciation for all those who worked together in organizing this conference, establi- ing the technical programs and running the conference meetings. We greatly appreciate the authors, speakers, invited session organizers, session Chairs, and others who made this conference possible. Lastly, we would like to express our gratitude to the Shanghai University of Electric Power for the sponsorship and support of the conference.

Following two successful events in Guilin, People's Republic of China (KSEM 2006) and in Melbourne, Australia (KSEM 2007) the third event in this conference series was held for the first time in Europe, namely, in Vienna, Austria. KSEM 2009 aimed to be a communication platform and meeting ground for research on knowledge science, engineering and management, attracting high-quality, state-of-the-art publications from all over the world. It offers an exceptional opportunity for presenting original work, technological advances, practical problems and concerns of the research community. The importance of studying "e;knowledge"e; from different viewpoints such as science, engineering and management has been widely acknowledged. The accelerating pace of the "e;Internet age"e; challenges organizations to compress communication and innovation cycles to achieve a faster return on investment for knowledge. Thus, next-generation business solutions must be focused on supporting the creation of value by adding knowledge-rich components as an integral part to the work process. Therefore, an integrated approach is needed, which combines issues from a large array of knowledge fields such as science, engineering and management. Based on the reviews by the members of the Program Committee and the additional reviewers, 42 papers were selected for this year's conference. Additionally, two discussion panels dealing with "e;Knowware: The Third Star after Hardware and Software"e; and "e;Required Knowledge for Delivering Services"e; took place under the auspices of the conference. The papers and the discussions covered a great variety of approaches of knowledge science, management and engineering, thus making KSEM a unique conference.

ThisbookpresentsselectedandrevisedpapersoftheSecondWorkshoponAd- tive and Learning Agents 2009 (ALA-09), held at the AAMAS 2009 conference in Budapest, Hungary, May 12. The goalof ALA is to provide an interdisciplinaryforum for scientists from a variety of ?elds such as computer science, biology, game theory and economics. This year's edition of ALA was the second after the merger of the former wo- shops ALAMAS and ALAg. In 2008 this joint workshop was organized for the ?rst time under the ?ag of both events. ALAMAS was a yearly returning Eu- pean workshop on adaptive and learning agents and multi-agent systems (held eight times). ALAg was the international workshop on adaptive and learning agents, which was usually held at AAMAS. To increase the strength, visibility and quality of the workshop it was decided to merge both workshops under the ?ag of ALA and to set up a Steering Committee as an organizational backbone. This book contains six papers presented during the workshop, which were carefully selected after an additional review round in the summer of 2009. We therefore wish to explicitly thank the members of the Program Committee for the quality and sincerity of their e?orts and service. Furthermore we would like to thank all the members of the senior Steering Committee for making this workshop possible and supporting it with sound advice. We also thank the AAMAS conference for providing us a platform for holding this event. Finally we also wish to thank all authors who responded to our call-for-papers with interesting contributions.