Bücher der Reihe Progress in Mathematics

This book presents the most up-to-date and sophisticated account of the theory of Euclidean lattices and sequences of Euclidean lattices, in the framework of Arakelov geometry, where Euclidean lattices are considered as vector bundles over arithmetic curves.

* Contains research and survey articles by well known and respected mathematicians on recent developments and research trends in differential geometry and topology* Dedicated in honor of Lieven Vanhecke, as a tribute to his many fruitful and inspiring contributions to these fields* Papers include all necessary introductory and contextual material to appeal to non-specialists, as well as researchers and differential geometers

Dedicated to Anthony Joseph, this volume contains surveys and invited articles by leading specialists in representation theory. The focus here is on semisimple Lie algebras and quantum groups, where the impact of Joseph's work has been seminal and has changed the face of the subject.Two introductory biographical overviews of Joseph's contributions in classical representation theory (the theory of primitive ideals in semisimple Lie algebras) and quantized representation theory (the study of the quantized enveloping algebra) are followed by 16 research articles covering a number of varied and interesting topics in representation theory.Contributors: J. Alev; A. Beilinson; A. Braverman; I. Cherednik; J. Dixmier; F. Dumas; P. Etingof; D. Farkas; D. Gaitsgory; F. Ivorra; A. Joseph; D. Joseph; M. Kashiwara; D. Kazhdan; A.A. Kirillov; B. Kostant; S. Kumar; G. Letzter; T. Levasseur; G. Lusztig; L. Makar-Limanov; W. McGovern; M. Nazarov; K-H. Neeb; L.G. Rybnikov; P. Schapira; V. Schechtman; A. Sergeev; J.T. Stafford; Ya. Varshavsky; N. Wallach; and I. Waschkies.

Hideki Omori is widely recognized as one of the world's most creative and original mathematicians. This volume is dedicated to Hideki Omori on the occasion of his retirement from Tokyo University of Science. His retirement was also celebrated in April 2004 with an in?uential conference at the Morito Hall of Tokyo University of Science. Hideki Omori was born in Nishionmiya, Hyogo prefecture, in 1938 and was an undergraduate and graduate student at Tokyo University, where he was awarded his Ph.D degree in 1966 on the study of transformation groups on manifolds [3], which became one of his major research interests. He started his ?rst research position at Tokyo Metropolitan University. In 1980, he moved to Okayama University, and then became a professor of Tokyo University of Science in 1982, where he continues to work today. Hideki Omori was invited to many of the top international research institutions, including the Institute for Advanced Studies at Princeton in 1967, the Mathematics Institute at the University of Warwick in 1970, and Bonn University in 1972. Omori received the Geometry Prize of the Mathematical Society of Japan in 1996 for his outstanding contributions to the theory of in?nite-dimensional Lie groups.

Riemannian Topology and Geometric Structures on Manifolds results from a similarly entitled conference held at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. The various contributions to this volume discuss recent advances in the areas of positive sectional curvature, Kahler and Sasaki geometry, and their interrelation to mathematical physics, notably M and superstring theory. Focusing on these fundamental ideas, this collection presents articles with original results, and plausible problems of interest for future research.Contributors: C.P. Boyer, J. Cheeger, X. Dai, K. Galicki, P. Gauduchon, N. Hitchin, L. Katzarkov, J. Kollr, C. LeBrun, P. Rukimbira, S.R. Simanca, J. Sparks, C. van Coevering, and W. Ziller.

* Introduces the fundamental theory of vertex operator algebras and its basic techniques and examples.* Begins with a detailed presentation of the theoretical foundations and proceeds to a range of applications.* Includes a number of new, original results and brings fresh perspective to important works of many other researchers in algebra, lie theory, representation theory, string theory, quantum field theory, and other areas of math and physics.

Kac-Moody Lie algebras 9 were introduced in the mid-1960s independently by V. Kac and R. Moody, generalizing the finite-dimensional semisimple Lie alge- bras which we refer to as the finite case. The theory has undergone tremendous developments in various directions and connections with diverse areas abound, including mathematical physics, so much so that this theory has become a stan- dard tool in mathematics. A detailed treatment of the Lie algebra aspect of the theory can be found in V. Kac's book [Kac-90l This self-contained work treats the algebro-geometric and the topological aspects of Kac-Moody theory from scratch. The emphasis is on the study of the Kac-Moody groups 9 and their flag varieties XY, including their detailed construction, and their applications to the representation theory of g. In the finite case, 9 is nothing but a semisimple Y simply-connected algebraic group and X is the flag variety 9 /Py for a parabolic subgroup p y C g.

This volume Studies in Memory of Issai Schur was conceived as a tribute to Schur's of his tragic end. His impact on great contributions to mathematics and in remembrance of mathematicians Representation Theory alone was so great that a significant number of Researchers (TMR) Network, in the European Community Training and Mobility Orbits, Crystals and Representation Theory, in operation during the period (1997-2002) have been occupied with what has been called Schur theory. Consequently, this volume has the additional purpose of recording some of the significant results of the network. It was furthermore appropriate that invited contributors should be amongst the speakers at the Paris Midterm Workshop of the network held at Chevaleret during 21-25 May, 2000 as well as those of the Schur Memoriam Workshop held at the Weizmann Institute, Rehovot, during 27-31 December 2000. The latter marked the sixtieth anniversary of Schur's passing and took place in the 125th year of his birth.

Rigid (analytic) spaces were invented to describe degenerations, reductions, and moduli of algebraic curves and abelian varieties. This work, a revised and greatly expanded new English edition of an earlier French text by the same authors, presents important new developments and applications of the theory of rigid analytic spaces to abelian varieties, "e;points of rigid spaces,"e; etale cohomology, Drinfeld modular curves, and Monsky-Washnitzer cohomology. The exposition is concise, self-contained, rich in examples and exercises, and will serve as an excellent graduate-level text for the classroom or for self-study.

This volume, dedicated to Bertram Kostant on the occasion of his 65th birthday, is a collection of 22 invited papers by leading mathematicians working in Lie theory, geometry, algebra, and mathematical physics. Kostant's fundamental work in all these areas has provided deep new insights and connections, and has created new fields of research. The papers gathered here present original research articles as well as expository papers, broadly reflecting the range of Kostant's work.

In the past few years, vertex operator algebra theory has been growing both in intrinsic interest and in the scope of its interconnections with areas of mathematics and physics. The structure and representation theory of vertex operator algebras is deeply related to such subjects as monstrous moonshine, conformal field theory and braid group theory. Vertex operator algebras are the mathematical counterpart of chiral algebras in conformal field theory. In the Introduction which follows, we sketch some of the main themes in the historical development and mathematical and physical motivations of these ideas, and some of the current issues. Given a vertex operator algebra, it is important to consider not only its modules (representations) but also intertwining operators among the mod- ules. Matrix coefficients of compositions of these operators, corresponding to certain kinds of correlation functions in conformal field theory, lead natu- rally to braid group representations. In the special but important case when these braid group representations are one-dimensional, one can combine the modules and intertwining operators with the algebra to form a structure satisfying axioms fairly close to those for a vertex operator algebra. These are the structures which form the main theme of this monograph. Another treatment of similar structures has been given by Feingold, Frenkel and Ries (see the reference [FFR] in the Bibliography), and in fact the material de- veloped in the present work has close connections with much work of other people, as we explain in the Introduction and throughout the text.

The action of a compact Lie group, G, on a compact sympletic manifold gives rise to some remarkable combinatorial invariants. The simplest and most interesting of these is the moment polytope, a convex polyhedron which sits inside the dual of the Lie algebra of G. One of the main goals of this monograph is to describe what kinds of geometric information are encoded in this polytope. For instance, the first chapter is largely devoted to the Delzant theorem, which says that there is a one-one correspondence between certain types of moment polytopes and certain types of symplectic G-spaces. (One of the most challenging unsolved problems in symplectic geometry is to determine to what extent Delzant's theorem is true of every compact symplectic G-Space.)The moment polytope also encodes quantum information about the actions of G. Using the methods of geometric quantization, one can frequently convert this action into a representations, p , of G on a Hilbert space, and in some sense the moment polytope is a diagrammatic picture of the irreducible representations of G which occur as subrepresentations of p. Precise versions of this item of folklore are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Also, midway through Chapter 2 a more complicated object is discussed: the Duistermaat-Heckman measure, and the author explains in Chapter 4 how one can read off from this measure the approximate multiplicities with which the irreducible representations of G occur in p. This gives an excuse to touch on some results which are in themselves of great current interest: the Duistermaat-Heckman theorem, the localization theorems in equivariant cohomology of Atiyah-Bott and Berline-Vergne and the recent extremely exciting generalizations of these results by Witten, Jeffrey-Kirwan, Lalkman, and others.The last two chapters of this book are a self-contained and somewhat unorthodox treatment of the theory of toric varieties in which the usual hierarchal relation of complex to symplectic is reversed. This book is addressed to researchers

Pseudodifferential methods are central to the study of partial differential equations, because they permit an "e;algebraization."e; A replacement of compositions of operators in n-space by simpler product rules for thier symbols. The main purpose of this book is to set up an operational calculus for operators defined from differential and pseudodifferential boundary values problems via a resolvent construction. A secondary purposed is to give a complete treatment of the properties of the calculus of pseudodifferential boundary problems with transmission, both the first version by Boutet de Monvel (brought completely up to date in this edition) and in version containing a parameter running in an unbounded set. And finally, the book presents some applications to evolution problems, index theory, fractional powers, spectral theory and singular perturbation theory.In this second edition the author has extended the scope and applicability of the calculus wit original contributions and perspectives developed in the years since the first edition. A main improvement is the inclusion of globally estimated symbols, allowing a treatment of operators on noncompact manifolds. Many proofs have been replaced by new and simpler arguments, giving better results and clearer insights. The applications to specific problems have been adapted to use these improved and more concrete techniques. Interest continues to increase among geometers and operator theory specialists in the Boutet de Movel calculus and its various generalizations. Thus the book's improved proofs and modern points of view will be useful to research mathematicians and to graduate students studying partial differential equations and pseudodifferential operators.

This volume consists of articles contributed by participants at the fourth Ja- pan-U.S. Joint Seminar on Operator Algebras. The seminar took place at the University of Pennsylvania from May 23 through May 27, 1988 under the auspices of the Mathematics Department. It was sponsored and supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and the National Science Foundation (USA). This sponsorship and support is acknowledged with gratitude. The seminar was devoted to discussions and lectures on results and prob- lems concerning mappings of operator algebras (C*-and von Neumann alge- bras). Among the articles contained in these proceedings, there are papers dealing with actions of groups on C* algebras, completely bounded mappings, index and subfactor theory, and derivations of operator algebras. The seminar was held in honor of the sixtieth birthday of Sh6ichir6 Sakai, one of the great leaders of Functional Analysis for many decades. This vol- ume is dedicated to Professor Sakai, on the occasion of that birthday, with the respect and admiration of all the contributors and the participants at the seminar. H. Araki Kyoto, Japan R. Kadison Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Contents Preface.... ..... ....... ........... ...... ......... ................ ...... ............... ... vii On Convex Combinations of Unitary Operators in C*-Algebras UFFE HAAGERUP ......................................................................... .

This book is an outgrowth of the Workshop on "e;Regulators in Analysis, Geom- etry and Number Theory"e; held at the Edmund Landau Center for Research in Mathematical Analysis of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1996. During the preparation and the holding of the workshop we were greatly helped by the director of the Landau Center: Lior Tsafriri during the time of the planning of the conference, and Hershel Farkas during the meeting itself. Organizing and running this workshop was a true pleasure, thanks to the expert technical help provided by the Landau Center in general, and by its secretary Simcha Kojman in particular. We would like to express our hearty thanks to all of them. However, the articles assembled in the present volume do not represent the proceedings of this workshop; neither could all contributors to the book make it to the meeting, nor do the contributions herein necessarily reflect talks given in Jerusalem. In the introduction, we outline our view of the theory to which this volume intends to contribute. The crucial objective of the present volume is to bring together concepts, methods, and results from analysis, differential as well as algebraic geometry, and number theory in order to work towards a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of regulators and secondary invariants. Our thanks go to all the participants of the workshop and authors of this volume. May the readers of this book enjoy and profit from the combination of mathematical ideas here documented.

"e;Singular Loci of Schubert Varieties"e; is a unique work at the crossroads of representation theory, algebraic geometry, and combinatorics. Over the past 20 years, many research articles have been written on the subject in notable journals. In this work, Billey and Lakshmibai have recreated and restructured the various theories and approaches of those articles and present a clearer understanding of this important subdiscipline of Schubert varieties - namely singular loci. The main focus, therefore, is on the computations for the singular loci of Schubert varieties and corresponding tangent spaces. The methods used include standard monomial theory, the nil Hecke ring, and Kazhdan-Lusztig theory. New results are presented with sufficient examples to emphasize key points. A comprehensive bibliography, index, and tables - the latter not to be found elsewhere in the mathematics literature - round out this concise work. After a good introduction giving background material, the topics are presented in a systematic fashion to engage a wide readership of researchers and graduate students.

In the fall of 1992 I was invited by Professor Changho Keem to visit Seoul National University and give a series of talks. I was asked to write a monograph based on my talks, and the result was published by the Global Analysis Research Center of that University in 1994. The monograph treated deficiency modules and liaison theory for complete intersections. Over the next several years I continually thought of improvements and additions that I would like to make to the manuscript, and at the same time my research led me in directions that gave me a fresh perspective on much of the material, especially in the direction of liaison theory. This re- sulted in a dramatic change in the focus of this manuscript, from complete intersections to Gorenstein ideals, and a substantial amount of additions and revisions. It is my hope that this book now serves not only as an introduction to a beautiful subject, but also gives the reader a glimpse at very recent developments and an idea of the direction in which liaison theory is going, at least from my perspective. One theme which I have tried to stress is the tremendous amount of geometry which lies at the heart of the subject, and the beautiful interplay between algebra and geometry. Whenever possible I have given remarks and examples to illustrate this interplay, and I have tried to phrase the results in as geometric a way as possible.

Real analytic sets in Euclidean space (Le. , sets defined locally at each point of Euclidean space by the vanishing of an analytic function) were first investigated in the 1950's by H. Cartan [Car], H. Whitney [WI-3], F. Bruhat [W-B] and others. Their approach was to derive information about real analytic sets from properties of their complexifications. After some basic geometrical and topological facts were established, however, the study of real analytic sets stagnated. This contrasted the rapid develop- ment of complex analytic geometry which followed the groundbreaking work of the early 1950's. Certain pathologies in the real case contributed to this failure to progress. For example, the closure of -or the connected components of-a constructible set (Le. , a locally finite union of differ- ences of real analytic sets) need not be constructible (e. g. , R - {O} and 3 2 2 { (x, y, z) E R : x = zy2, x + y2 -=I- O}, respectively). Responding to this in the 1960's, R. Thorn [Thl], S. Lojasiewicz [LI,2] and others undertook the study of a larger class of sets, the semianalytic sets, which are the sets defined locally at each point of Euclidean space by a finite number of ana- lytic function equalities and inequalities. They established that semianalytic sets admit Whitney stratifications and triangulations, and using these tools they clarified the local topological structure of these sets. For example, they showed that the closure and the connected components of a semianalytic set are semianalytic.

Analysis on Lie Groups with Polynomial Growth is the first book to present a method for examining the surprising connection between invariant differential operators and almost periodic operators on a suitable nilpotent Lie group. It deals with the theory of second-order, right invariant, elliptic operators on a large class of manifolds: Lie groups with polynomial growth. In systematically developing the analytic and algebraic background on Lie groups with polynomial growth, it is possible to describe the large time behavior for the semigroup generated by a complex second-order operator with the aid of homogenization theory and to present an asymptotic expansion. Further, the text goes beyond the classical homogenization theory by converting an analytical problem into an algebraic one.This work is aimed at graduate students as well as researchers in the above areas. Prerequisites include knowledge of basic results from semigroup theory and Lie group theory.

A four-day conference, "e;Functional Analysis on the Eve of the Twenty- First Century,"e; was held at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, from October 24 to 27, 1993, in honor of the eightieth birthday of Professor Israel Moiseyevich Gelfand. He was born in Krasnye Okna, near Odessa, on September 2, 1913. Israel Gelfand has played a crucial role in the development of functional analysis during the last half-century. His work and his philosophy have in fact helped to shape our understanding of the term "e;functional analysis"e; itself, as has the celebrated journal Functional Analysis and Its Applications, which he edited for many years. Functional analysis appeared at the beginning of the century in the classic papers of Hilbert on integral operators. Its crucial aspect was the geometric interpretation of families of functions as infinite-dimensional spaces, and of op- erators (particularly differential and integral operators) as infinite-dimensional analogues of matrices, directly leading to the geometrization of spectral theory. This view of functional analysis as infinite-dimensional geometry organically included many facets of nineteenth-century classical analysis, such as power series, Fourier series and integrals, and other integral transforms.

This is the first of two volumes representing the current state of knowledge about Enriques surfaces which occupy one of the classes in the classification of algebraic surfaces. Recent improvements in our understanding of algebraic surfaces over fields of positive characteristic allowed us to approach the subject from a completely geometric point of view although heavily relying on algebraic methods. Some of the techniques presented in this book can be applied to the study of algebraic surfaces of other types. We hope that it will make this book of particular interest to a wider range of research mathematicians and graduate students. Acknowledgements. The undertaking of this project was made possible by the support of several institutions. Our mutual cooperation began at the University of Warwick and the Max Planck Institute of Mathematics in 1982/83. Most of the work in this volume was done during the visit of the first author at the University of Michigan in 1984-1986. The second author was supported during all these years by grants from the National Science Foundation.

On April 25-27, 1989, over a hundred mathematicians, including eleven from abroad, gathered at the University of Illinois Conference Center at Allerton Park for a major conference on analytic number theory. The occa- sion marked the seventieth birthday and impending (official) retirement of Paul T. Bateman, a prominent number theorist and member of the mathe- matics faculty at the University of Illinois for almost forty years. For fifteen of these years, he served as head of the mathematics department. The conference featured a total of fifty-four talks, including ten in- vited lectures by H. Delange, P. Erdos, H. Iwaniec, M. Knopp, M. Mendes France, H. L. Montgomery, C. Pomerance, W. Schmidt, H. Stark, and R. C. Vaughan. This volume represents the contents of thirty of these talks as well as two further contributions. The papers span a wide range of topics in number theory, with a majority in analytic number theory.

This book developed from a series of lectures I gave at the Symposium on Nonlinear Microlocal Analysis held at Nanjing University in October. 1988. Its purpose is to give an overview of the use of microlocal analysis and commutators in the study of solutions to nonlinear wave equations. The weak singularities in the solutions to such equations behave up to a certain extent like those present in the linear case: they propagate along the null bicharacteristics of the operator. On the other hand. examples exhibiting singularities not present in the linear case can also be constructed. I have tried to present a crossection of both the regularity results and the singular examples. for problems on the interior of a domain and on domains with boundary. The main emphasis is on the case of more than one space dimen- sion. since that case is treated in great detail in the paper of Rauch-Reed 159]. The results presented here have for the most part appeared elsewhere. and are the work of many authors. but a few new examples and proofs are given. I have attempted to indicate the essential ideas behind the arguments. so that only some of the results are proved in full detail. It is hoped that the central notions of the more technical proofs appearing in research papers will be illuminated by these simpler cases.

A mathematically precise definition of the intuitive notion of "e;algorithm"e; was implicit in Kurt Godel's [1931] paper on formally undecidable propo- sitions of arithmetic. During the 1930s, in the work of such mathemati- cians as Alonzo Church, Stephen Kleene, Barkley Rosser and Alfred Tarski, Godel's idea evolved into the concept of a recursive function. Church pro- posed the thesis, generally accepted today, that an effective algorithm is the same thing as a procedure whose output is a recursive function of the input (suitably coded as an integer). With these concepts, it became possible to prove that many familiar theories are undecidable (or non-recursive)-i. e. , that there does not exist an effective algorithm (recursive function) which would allow one to determine which sentences belong to the theory. It was clear from the beginning that any theory with a rich enough mathematical content must be undecidable. On the other hand, some theories with a substantial content are decidable. Examples of such decidabLe theories are the theory of Boolean algebras (Tarski [1949]), the theory of Abelian groups (Szmiele~ [1955]), and the theories of elementary arithmetic and geometry (Tarski [1951]' but Tarski discovered these results around 1930). The de- termination of precise lines of division between the classes of decidable and undecidable theories became an important goal of research in this area. algebra we mean simply any structure (A, h(i E I)} consisting of By an a nonvoid set A and a system of finitary operations Ii over A.

These notes are an expanded and updated version of a course of lectures which I gave at King's College London during the summer term 1979. The main topic is the Hermitian classgroup of orders, and in particular of group rings. Most of this work is published here for the first time. The primary motivation came from the connection with the Galois module structure of rings of algebraic integers. The principal aim was to lay the theoretical basis for attacking what may be called the "e;converse problem"e; of Galois module structure theory: to express the symplectic local and global root numbers and conductors as algebraic invariants. A previous edition of these notes was circulated privately among a few collaborators. Based on this, and following a partial solution of the problem by the author, Ph. Cassou-Nogues and M. Taylor succeeded in obtaining a complete solution. In a different direction J. Ritter published a paper, answering certain character theoretic questions raised in the earlier version. I myself disapprove of "e;secret circulation"e;, but the pressure of other work led to a delay in publication; I hope this volume will make amends. One advantage of the delay is that the relevant recent work can be included. In a sense this is a companion volume to my recent Springer-Ergebnisse-Bericht, where the Hermitian theory was not dealt with. Our approach is via "e;Hom-groups"e;, analogous to that followed in recent work on locally free classgroups.

This volume presents a complete and self-contained description of new results in the theory of manifolds of nonpositive curvature. It is based on lectures delivered by M. Gromov at the College de France in Paris. Therefore this book may also serve as an introduction to the subject of nonpositively curved manifolds. The latest progress in this area is reflected in the article of W. Ballmann describing the structure of manifolds of higher rank.

This volume contains the original lecture notes presented by A. Weil in which the concept of adeles was first introduced, in conjunction with various aspects of C.L. Siegel's work on quadratic forms. Serving as an introduction to the subject, these notes may also provide stimulation for further research.