Bücher der Reihe Springer Tracts in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

This book is a unique book capturing defects that are frequently encountered during various fabrication phases of electronic packages. These defects have been analyzed to their root cause and mitigation techniques and presented in the book. The book includes 228 cases with more than 480 color and magnified images of the defects. These defects are covered under eight subheads, viz soldering defects, PCB defects, mounting defects, conformal coating and potting defects, EEE component defects, workmanship defects, defects due to usage of non-FFF components, and defects in CAD layout. The possible reasons for the occurrence of the defects and the methods/practices by which they can be eliminated/mitigated have also been discussed. The chapter "e;mounting defects"e; shows the correct approach in the adjacent photograph, so that the users can refer to the right procedures. The book is helpful to those who are involved in the production of electronics packages to familiarize them with the different cases shown carefully and revised frequently. Exposure to the different defects is useful to all who are working in fabrication and quality control to realize a zero-defect product sans much time and investment. The book is valuable for the technical community working for aerospace applications, industry partners in the realization of space programs, aerospace, and high-reliability institutions, various electronic fabrication agencies in the country, engineers and technicians taking up courses in high-reliability soldering and fabrication techniques, and the students.

This book covers two broad domains: state-of-the-art research in GaN HEMT and Ga2O3 HEMT. Each technology covers materials system, band engineering, modeling and simulations, fabrication techniques, and emerging applications. The book presents basic operation principles of HEMT, types of HEMT structures, and semiconductor device physics to understand the device behavior. The book presents numerical modeling of the device and TCAD simulations for high-frequency and high-power applications. The chapters include device characteristics of HEMT including 2DEG density, Id-Vgs, Id-Vds, transconductance, linearity, and C-V. The book emphasizes the state-of-the-art fabrication techniques of HEMT and circuit design for various applications in low noise amplifier, oscillator, power electronics, and biosensor applications. The book focuses on HEMT applications to meet the ever-increasing demands of the industry, innovation in terms of materials, design, modeling, simulation, processes, and circuits. The book will be primarily helpful to undergraduate/postgraduate, researchers, and practitioners in their research.

This book discusses the evolution of multigate transistors, the design challenges of transistors for high-frequency applications, and the design and modeling of multigate transistors for high-frequency applications. The contents particularly focus on the cut-off frequency and maximum oscillation frequency of different multigate structures. RF stability modeling for multigate transistors is presented, which can help to understand the relation between the small-signal parameter and the physical parameter of the device for optimization. This is a useful reference to those in academia and industry.

This book provides comprehensive coverage of different aspects of low-power circuit synthesis for IoT applications at various levels of the design hierarchy, starting from the layout level to the system level. For a seamless understanding of the subject, the basics of MOS circuits have been introduced at the transistor, gate and circuit level, followed by various low-power design methodologies, such as supply voltage scaling, switched capacitance minimization techniques, and leakage power minimization approaches. The contents of this book are useful to students, researchers, as well as practicing engineers. Low-power architectures refer to the latest development in computer microchips which are created by integrating hundreds of thousands of transistors on one chip for different IoT applications. Emerging research in this area has the potential to uncover further applications for IoT in addition to system advancements.

The book consists of the latest research in biomedical and communication integration. It discusses the fabrication and testing outcomes of the Internet of Things-enabled biomedical applications. The book focuses on recent advances in the field of planar antenna design and their applications in space communication, mobile communication, wireless communication, and wearable applications. Planar antennas are also used in medical applications in microwave imaging, medical implants, hyperthermia treatments, and wireless wellness monitoring. This book presents planar antenna design concepts, methods, and techniques to enhance the performance parameters and applications for IoT and device-to-device communication. It provides the latest techniques used for the design of antennas in terms of their structures, defected ground, MIMO, and fractal design. This book also addresses the specific steps to resolve issues in designing antennas and how to design conformal and miniaturized antenna structures for various applications.

This book covers the advanced fabrication techniques, challenges, and applications of photonic crystals for next-generation systems in various applications such as high-speed networks, photonic integrated circuits, health care, sensors, energy, and environmental. This book highlights the literature and works put forward by various scientists, researchers, and academicians in photonic crystals and their real-time applications. The content of the book appeals to readers such as students, researchers, and industrial engineers who are working in the design and development of photonics-based concepts, components, and devices for various applications.

This contributed book provides a thorough understanding of the basics along with detailed state-of-the-art emerging interconnect technologies for integrated circuit design and flexible electronics. It focuses on the investigation of advanced on-chip interconnects which match the current as well as future technology requirements. The contents focus on different aspects of interconnects such as material, physical characteristics, parasitic extraction, design, structure, modeling, machine learning, and neural network-based models for interconnects, signaling schemes, varying signal integrity performance analysis, variability, reliability aspects, associated electronic design automation tools. The book also explores interconnect technologies for flexible electronic systems. It also highlights the integration of sensors with stretchable interconnects to demonstrate the concept of a stretchable sensing network for wearable and flexible applications. This book is a useful guide for those working in academia and industry to understand the fundamentals and application of interconnect technologies.

This book is on the nonlinear random medium analysis that includes subtopics of terahertz imaging, inverse scattering, plasmonics, quantum optics/communication laser modes, and terahertz photonic antennas. Here in this book, a mathematical framework is developed to analyze the impact of dimensions and chemical potential on nano-antenna channels.

This book focuses on the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique covering fibre optic sensor research. It highlights recent advancements in geometric feature-based fibre optic SPR sensors for chemical/biochemical/biosensor applications. The contents also discuss the principle of the SPR sensing technique as well as various designs of fibre optic SPR probes for improving sensor sensitivity. It also includes numerous examples of SPR-based fibre optic sensors with various geometric (such as U-type, taper type, D-type, and interferometric-based) sensors. This volume will be a useful reference to those in academia and industry especially researchers with useful information focusing on fibre optic SPR sensors.

This book deals with the concept of medical ultrasound imaging and discusses array signal processing in ultrasound. Signal processing using different beamforming techniques in order to achieve a desirable reconstructed image and, consequently, obtain useful information about the imaging medium is the main focus of this book. In this regard, the principles of image reconstruction techniques in ultrasound imaging are fully described, and the required processing steps are completely expanded and analyzed in detail. Simulation results to compare the performance of different beamformers are also included in this book to visualize their differences to the reader. Other advanced techniques in the field of medical ultrasound data processing, as well as their corresponding recent achievements, are also presented in this book. Simply put, in this book, processing of medical ultrasound data from different aspects and acquiring information from them in different manners are covered and organized in different chapters. Before going through the detailed explanation in each chapter, it gives the reader an overview of the considered issue and focuses his\her mind on the challenge ahead. The contents of the book are also presented in such a way that they are easy for the reader to understand. This book is recommended for researchers who study medical ultrasound data processing.

This book is focused on the attractive emerging field of micro-/nanorobot swarms (microswarms). It introduces fundamental understandings of various microswarms, including pattern generation, transformation, locomotion, and imaging. This book also demonstrates applications of micro-/nanorobot swarms in different fields, such as biomedical, environmental, and electrical applications. The detailed theoretical analysis and experimental demonstrations in this book provide readers ranging from students to researchers with a realistic picture of progress achieved in the field of micro-/nanorobot swarms. ¿

This book provides a framework suitable for the design and analysis of market mechanisms suitable for reactive power ancillary service. The book focuses on the formulation of market mechanisms capable of handling the localized nature of reactive power. The book presents tools and methodologies to design a suitable market structure capable of handling the technical challenges associated with the reactive power market like localized nature or reactive power, voltage support requirement, reactive power reserve requirement, and coupling between active reactive power markets. The book also presents techniques suitable for analyzing the market efficiency of different market mechanisms for reactive power ancillary service. The key topics discussed in this book include the relevance and challenges of reactive power ancillary service; the design of market mechanisms; network partitioning techniques to handle the localized nature of reactive power; and analysis of market mechanisms for market efficiency. This book is helpful for researchers and graduate students to know about recent advances in this area. Practitioners find the book helpful for understanding how technological advances can be put into practice and learning from case studies that bring out practical challenges.

This book has been written with an aim to enhance the understanding of renewable energy sector policies, finance, and project management. It provides a comprehensive update on renewable energy policies and fiscal instruments, employed globally, with detailed discussions on the Indian policy regime. The book covers various stages of a renewable energy project, from concept to commissioning, and elucidates methodology for computing key financial ratios. A number of case studies, business models, and examples have been presented. Fundamental concepts on technologies, performance, financial tools, and carbon emissions have been explained to enable readers to assimilate the concepts. Data has been presented in easy-to-understand charts, figures, excel spreadsheets, and tables. This book will be useful for the stakeholders associated with the energy sector ¿ corporate professionals, utility personnel, entrepreneurs, investors, bankers, and policymakers. It shall also serve as a textbook for university students as well as research scholars pursuing courses in energy.