Bücher der Reihe Studies in Systems, Decision and Control

The book aims to deal with the main advances in the study of artificial intelligence, the digital and circular economy, and innovation from a multidisciplinary perspective.Whoever governs the artificial intelligence will hold the keys to the world and the future. This book explains the growing role of artificial intelligence in our lives and the need to understand its mechanisms.The book presents original research articles addressing various aspects of artificial intelligence applied to economics, law, management, and optimization. The topics discussed include economics, territorial policies, law, resource allocation strategies, information technology, and learning for inclusion.Combining the input of contributing professors and researchers from Italian and other foreign universities, the book is of interest to students, researchers, and practitioners, as well as members of the public in general, interested in the world of the artificial intelligence and economics.

Advanced manufacturing via computer numerical machining is the art of producing mechanical components employed in aerospace, automobile, and industrial applications where a high level of accuracy is needed. This book focuses on the nano-machining of aluminum alloy and its optimization. The application of aluminum alloy in the manufacturing industry has increased tremendously due to its lightweight to high strength ratio and high-level resistance to corrosion. However, aluminum alloy has some challenges during the machining and manufacturing stage in order to solve real-life manufacturing challenges in advanced machining operation for sustainable production processes. Therefore, it is a need for the implementation of a general algebraic modeling system (GAMS) and other metaheuristic techniques for problem solving and to effectively develop mathematical models for high accuracy prediction and optimization under nano-lubrication machining conditions. This book discusses majorly on themajor three responses in machining such as surface roughness, cutting force, and material removal rate, which will give an excellent guide to undergraduate and postgraduate students, senior research fellows in academia, operational, and strategic staff in manufacturing industries.

This book is devoted to the study of engineering and control technologies for the cyber-physical systems development. This book defines the approaches in the engineering leverage the exploitation of artificial intelligence and most urgent computing methods. The authors study the activities allows for the developing new and perspective concepts of robotics systems combining various machine learning methods, uncertainty explanation approaches, computer vision and unmanned aerial systems control technologies including artificial neural networks and simulation modeling by addressing a large scale of applications. The book also describes new materials engineering as well as implementation of these technologies in the different domains such as polymeric film production, polymer composition, and roller squeezing of leather, in order to realize the novel cyber-physical systems, their functionalities, and features. The authors describe the development of method for increasing the software efficiency, considering the increasing complexity of the computing systems and the importance of ensuring accuracy and velocity of modelling. The book also analyses algorithms for fuzzy models and systems, including the cyber-physical real-time systems, and non-stationary object with discrete time. The authors highlight the problem of ensuring the quality on engineering technologies for cyber-physical systems as the most important and consider different approaches to its solution.

This book aims at bringing together global researchers to generate thought on how this transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 could make a difference to the globe for larger good. The collaboration and interaction between man and machine has given rise to Industry 5.0. With the prime objective of Industry 5.0 to create a benefit for the human beings while tapping on to the advantage of Industry 4.0, in no case, does it replace what has already been achieved. In fact, it brings to light what can be done in order to make life better. While Industry 4.0 offered extraordinary technological advancement, Industry 5.0 reasons out that technology alone is not sufficient to answer everything or provide a solution, but it is an amalgamation of both machine and human interaction to create that difference. In fact, with the impact of widespread digitalization that has led to dehumanization of the industrial makeup, the interest of global researchers has increased toward mapping how the humancreativity and brainpower can be reconciled with the intelligent systems that can enhance process efficiency.Industry 5.0 has touched upon some of those key domains which are of much concern and debate globally including resilience (both business and cyber), environment and sustainability, diversity and inclusion, values and ethics, vision and purpose, circular economy, understanding the human¿machine collaboration and the ¿human-touch¿ in the production process.This transition that has taken place in moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 has essentially created a need to pay cognizance to the role of ¿human¿ in the process which creates an enhanced focus toward the right kind of skills and competencies, identification of training and developmental needs, talent acquisition and management, safety and wellbeing, future of work as well as hybrid working models.Undeniably, the pace with which Industry 4.0 has been accelerating has bypassed the first three industrial revolutions, which is definitely a consequence of the fast introduction of new and cutting-edge technologies. While organizations are already in analyzing the context, mapping this transition and the flow of activities from Industry 4.0 to 5.0 is gaining attention as Industry 4.0 lacked personalization and customization. This co-existence of man and machine creates a pathway for newer prospects and opportunities to emerge and expand possibilities of personalization with the empowerment of ¿human¿ in the production process.This lays the foundation for this book. This book adopts a forward-looking approach by bringing in research and contributions that facilitate in mapping the consereasons, consequences and solutions for ¿man+machine¿ across industries. This book serves as a guide not just to academia but also to the industry to adopt suitable strategies that offer insights into global best practices as well as the innovations in the domain.

This book aims to familiarize with the basics of the SEMS theory, including logical-probabilistic and logical-linguistic methods for their design and modeling, taking into account the incomplete certainty of the operating environment and the mental characteristics of the members of the human¿machine systems collective. Smart electromechanical systems (SEMS) are used in cyber-physical systems (CPS). The main tasks in the field of theory and practice of CPS are to ensure the efficiency, reliability and safety of operation in real time.SEMS have been widely used since 2000 in parallel robots or so-called parallel kinematic machines. They offer good opportunities in terms of precision, rigidity and the ability to handle heavy loads. SEMS are used in unmanned vehicles, astronomy, machine tools, medicine and other fields.Currently, much attention is paid to the methods of designing and modeling SEMS based on the principles of adaptability, intelligence, biomorphism of parallel kinematics and parallelism in information processing and control calculations. The book consists of four parts:- Mechanisms and control systems;- The central nervous system;- Group control;- Examples of using SEMS modules.The book is recommended for specialists in the field of control, as well as a textbook for masters of universities specializing in the field of smart electromechanical systems and robotics and includes many scientific fields such as kinematics, dynamics and control theory.

The book consists of 8 parts: Energy Informatics, Electric Power Engineering, Heat Power Engineering, Nuclear Power Engineering, Renewable Power Engineering, Fuels, Transport, and Environmental Safety. The results presented in this book are aimed at solving some of the technical issues proposed by the Ukraine Recovery Plan and other important scientific and applied problems in the field of energy. Scientists from leading Ukrainian academic institutions and universities are working on this book.This book is for scientists, researchers, engineers, as well as lecturers and postgraduates of higher education institutions dealing with energy sector, power systems, ecological safety, etc.

In this book, we study decision trees for fault diagnosis in circuits and switching networks, which are among the most fundamental models for computing Boolean functions. We consider two main cases: when the scheme (circuit or switching network) has the same mode of operation for both calculation and diagnostics, and when the scheme has two modes of operation¿normal for calculation and special for diagnostics. In the former case, we get mostly negative results, including superpolynomial lower bounds on the minimum depth of diagnostic decision trees depending on scheme complexity and the NP-hardness of construction diagnostic decision trees. In the latter case, we describe classes of schemes and types of faults for which decision trees can be effectively used to diagnose schemes, when they are transformed into so-called iteration-free schemes.The tools and results discussed in this book help to understand both the possibilities and challenges of using decision trees to diagnosefaults in various schemes. The book is useful to specialists both in the field of theoretical and technical diagnostics.It can also be used for the creation of courses for graduate students.

The book presents recent applications and developments in the field of control of industrial systems, covering a wide range of modeling and feedback control using various robust approaches such as fuzzy systems, sliding mode control, and H-infinity. This book provides insights into theory, applications, and perspectives relevant to the field of robotic systems, exoskeletons, power systems, photovoltaic systems, etc., as well as general methodologies and paradigms around them. Each chapter provides an enriched understanding of a research topic along with a balanced treatment of the relevant theories, methods, or applications. It reports on the latest advances in the field. This book is a good reference for graduate students, researchers, educators, engineers, and scientists and contains a total of 15 chapters divided into five parts as follows. The first part of this book focuses on the application of fuzzy control to robotic systems and consists of threechapters. The second part of this book proposes the control of lower and upper limb exoskeletons and includes two chapters. The third part is dedicated to the control of power systems and comprises three chapters. The fourth part deals with various approaches to the modeling and control of industrial processes and comprises four chapters. The fifth and final part describes observers and fault-tolerant control systems and comprises five chapters.

This book focuses on open issues of Society 5.0, a new paradigm of a society, that balances a human-centred approach and technologies based on cyber-physical systems and artificial intelligence. The book contains results of how intelligent or cyber-solutions help to improve the quality of life in society despite new challenges. This book includes five sections. Section Society 5.0: Biomedicine and Healthcare present how cyber-physical systems help in healthcare, e.g. analysis of clinical data in pregnant women with hypertension, breast cancer diagnostics, healthy diet design and others. In the chapter, the problem of data analysis and optimization is considered. The second Section, Society 5.0: Human-centric Cyber-Solutions highlight new findings on constructing virtual reality simulators, training of workers on the basis of equipment's digital twins, development of human capital. Society 5.0: Socio-Economic Systems Modelling includes chapters concerning the application of quantum-like mathematical models for the analysis of socio-economic systems, indicative planning models for agriculture, approaches of assessing and monitoring competitiveness risks of regions. A section, Society 5.0: Industrial Cyber-Solutions provides new results on cyber-physical systems of Russian oil market, railway joint diagnostics, and information support for maintenance and repair of a machine-building cyber-physical system. The last section, Society 5.0: Cyber-Solutions Security consider interoperability issues of security, the video conferencing, and scaling networks.This book is directed to researchers, practitioners, engineers, software developers, professors and students. We do hope the book will be useful for them.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to significantly improve efficiency, reduce costs, and increase the speed and accuracy of financial decision-making, making it an increasingly important tool for financial professionals. One way that AI can improve efficiency in finance is by automating tasks and processes that are time-consuming and repetitive for humans. For example, AI algorithms can be used to analyze and process large amounts of data, such as financial statements and market data, in a fraction of the time that it would take a human to do so. This can allow financial professionals to focus on higher-value tasks, such as interpreting data and making strategic decisions, rather than being bogged down by mundane tasks. AI can also reduce costs in finance by increasing automation and eliminating the need for certain tasks to be performed manually. This can result in cost savings for financial institutions, which can then be passed on to customers in the form of lower fees or better services. AI can be used to identify unusual patterns of activity that may indicate fraudulent behavior. This can help financial institutions reduce losses from fraud and improve customer security. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants can help financial institutions provide faster, more efficient customer service, particularly when it comes to answering common questions and handling routine tasks. Some financial institutions are using AI to analyze market data and make trades in real-time. AI-powered trading algorithms can potentially make faster and more accurate trading decisions than humans. In terms of speed and accuracy, AI algorithms can analyze data and make decisions much faster than humans, and can do so with a high degree of accuracy. This can be particularly useful in fast-moving financial markets, where quick and accurate decision-making can be the difference between success and failure.This book highlights how AI in finance can improve efficiency,reduce costs, and increase the speed and accuracy of financial decision-making. Moreover, the book also focuses on how to ensure the responsible and ethical use of AI in finance.This book is a valuable resource for students, scholars, academicians, researchers, professionals, executives, government agencies, and policymakers interested in exploring the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in finance. Its goal is to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest research and knowledge in this area, and to stimulate further inquiry and exploration.

This book offers insight into the current issues of the merger between reliability engineering and computational intelligence. The intense development of information technology allows for designing more complex systems as well as creating more detailed models of real-world systems which forces traditional reliability engineering approaches based on Boolean algebra, probability theory, and statistics to embrace the world of data science. The works deal with methodological developments as well as applications in the development of safe and reliable systems in various kinds of distribution networks, in the development of highly reliable healthcare systems, in finding weaknesses in systems with the human factor, or in reliability analysis of large information systems and other software solutions. In this book, experts from various fields of reliability engineering and computational intelligence present their view on the risks, the opportunities and the synergy between reliability engineering and computational intelligence that have been developed separately but in recent years have found a way to each other. The topics addressed include the latest advances in computing technology to improve the real lives of millions of people by increasing safety and reliability of various types of real-life systems by increasing the availability of software services, reducing the accident rate of means of transport, developing high reliable patient-specific health care, or generally, save cost and increase efficiency in the work and living environment. Though this book, the reader has access to professionals and researchers in the fields of reliability engineering and computational intelligence that share their experience in merging the two as well as an insight into the latest methods, concerns and application domains.

The book addresses a relevant field of digital processing and measurement of signals in distribution networks. The importance of the covered topic is evidenced by extensive foreign and domestic professional literature, in the form of publications in leading international journals, and numerous professional and scientific books. For the past two decades, the author has published a number of papers both in international journals and at leading world conferences, further verifying the results he has achieved in this field. It should be noted that he is also the holder of several national patents, which were created precisely as a result of working on the problems of processing complex signals of voltage and current. Readers of this book will be the students of master and doctoral studies both in the country and abroad and experts in the field of signal processing. It is a valuable source for future authors of professional and scientific papers, as a basis on which to start when developing completely new techniques for processing complex signals not only in the power system, but also in other fields of engineering and everyday life.

This book explores how AI is transforming digital marketing and what it means for businesses of all sizes and looks at how AI is being used to personalize content, improve targeting, and optimize campaigns. This book also examines some of the ethical considerations that come with using AI in marketing.

The book is devoted to the solution of the problem of determining the presence of corona discharge on electrical equipment with acoustic radiation. It is shown that corona discharge leads not only to irreversible losses of electrical energy, but also interferes with the transmission of high-frequency signals, deteriorates insulating elements, can become a source of conditions for the occurrence of a destructive arc discharge and is one of the factors of changing the continuity of the electrical system as a whole. The book describes the processes in a corona discharge that lead to the occurrence of acoustic waves. The authors analyzed acoustic radiation from a corona discharge reproduced in laboratory conditions. The received acoustic signals were processed by Fourier transform. Thus, the features of the spectral function, which belong specifically to the corona discharge in electrical networks with industrial frequency current, were determined. Based on the inverse Fourier transform, a simplified model of the acoustic radiation of the corona discharge was constructed. The authors proposed a method for detecting the presence of a corona discharge based on the spectral characteristics of acoustic radiation. Techniques were developed to determine the presence of a corona discharge for the creation of stationary and mobile devices. The advantages of the method of detecting the presence of corona discharge by the acoustic spectrum are shown. The method makes it possible to determine the presence of a corona discharge remotely, even out of direct sight, regardless of the time of day and regardless of the season. The book states that determining the presence of a corona discharge is not enough, it is still necessary to determine its location. The method of finding the coordinates of the corona discharge as a source of sound was described. Methods of searching for corona discharge coordinates with a fixed scanning device and a moving scanning device are proposed. A UAV is proposed as a mobile platform for the scanning system. The influence of the Doppler effect on acoustic measurements when the UAV speed changes was taken into account. The authors have shown that the use of coronal discharge detection with UAVs will not only enable the prevention of coronal discharge, but also increase the frequency of surface inspections. This will allow timely measures to be taken to improve the reliability of the power system operation. The book is intended for the researchers, postgraduate students and students specialized in theory and calculations of electrical systems.

This book presents the separation principle which is also known as the principle of separation of estimation and control and states that, under certain assumptions, the problem of designing an optimal feedback controller for a stochastic system can be solved by designing an optimal observer for the system's state, which feeds into an optimal deterministic controller for the system. Thus, the problem may be divided into two halves, which simplifies its design. In the context of deterministic linear systems, the first instance of this principle is that if a stable observer and stable state feedback are built for a linear time-invariant system (LTI system hereafter), then the combined observer and feedback are stable. The separation principle does not true for nonlinear systems in general. Another instance of the separation principle occurs in the context of linear stochastic systems, namely that an optimum state feedback controller intended to minimize a quadratic cost is optimal forthe stochastic control problem with output measurements. The ideal solution consists of a Kalman filter and a linear-quadratic regulator when both process and observation noise are Gaussian. The term for this is linear-quadratic-Gaussian control. More generally, given acceptable conditions and when the noise is a martingale (with potential leaps), a separation principle, also known as the separation principle in stochastic control, applies when the noise is a martingale (with possible jumps).

This book proposes analysis and design techniques for Markov jump systems (MJSs) using Lyapunov function and sliding mode control techniques. It covers a range of topics including stochastic stability, finite-time boundedness, actuator-fault problem, bumpless transfer scheme, and adaptive sliding mode fault-tolerant control for uncertain MJSs. Notably, the book presents a new model for deception attacks (DAs), establishing the correlation between attacks and time delays, which should be of particular interest due to the recent increase in such attacks. The book's content is presented in a comprehensive, progressive manner, with fundamental principles introduced first before addressing more advanced techniques. The book features illustrations and tables, providing readers with a practical and intuitive approach to applying these methods in their own research. This book will prove invaluable to researchers and graduate students in control engineering and applied mathematics with an interest in the latest developments in MJSs.

This book proposes a solution to the problem of incorrect use of automation tools to perform complex design work.Currently, a large number of start-up projects are non-professional design bureaus that show a huge amount of their achievements. In reality, most of these achievements burst like soap bubbles. This is due to the low-quality and inefficient use of information technology in this industry.The book highlights advanced information technologies in the fields of design, machine learning, and computer vision.

This book covers vibroacoustic monitoring, inertial attitude systems, and control system for device processing in complex objects. Modern approaches to the synthesis of algorithmic support for a strapdown inertial attitude system are considered. The general characteristics of navigation systems and the composition of their inertial measurement unit are given. The methods of initial alignment of the system on a stationary base are described. Particular attention is paid to the attitude kinematic parameters of the body frame and methods of their numerical integration. Picard's methods for integrating the Bortz and Poisson kinematic equations are shown. An algorithm for a strapdown inertial attitude system based on using real signals of high-precision laser gyroscopes is proposed. System simulation was carried out using the proposed algorithmic methods.The relevance of the control system created for the processing device parts in the conditions of automated manufacturing is substantiated. Theoretical studies are presented, and the relation between electrical signals, the level of tool wear, and the main reasons for generating electrical signals are identified. A mathematical model of cutting tool wear control was developed based on measuring the variable component of cutting electromotive force. A control system for processing device parts on computer numerical control machines in automated production conditions has been developed. It allows for recording critical wear and breakage of the cutting tool, performing its dimensional adjustment directly on the device, and carrying out its industrial approval in flexible production systems.

This book covers new technologies and methods related to models for short-term forecasting of electricity imbalances in the IPS of Ukraine, taking into account the impact of forecasts of energy production from renewable sources on the accuracy of the imbalance forecast. The book proposed architecture and mathematical model of an artificial neural network for deep learning forecasting of short-term electricity imbalances using hourly data. Using a model to aggregate data with an hourly resolution followed by forecasting to reduce forecast error, the quasi-dynamic modeling method was used to analyze the impact of periodic generation on the network. The application of quasi-dynamic modeling also allows taking into account the system load curve, generation profile, storage system, as well as renewable energy sources (RES) operation in this area. The use of models makes it possible to achieve realistic estimates of generation for the required period. The book considers a local hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) based on different types of RES, which is more efficient than a system with one type of source.

This monograph studies the synchronization control of Markovian complex neural networks with time-varying delays, and the structure of the book is summarized as follows. Chapter 1 introduces the system description and some background knowledges, and also addresses the motivations of this monograph. In Chapter 2, the stochastic synchronization issue of Markovian coupled neural networks with partially unknown transition rates and random coupling strengths is investigated. In Chapter 3, the local synchronization issue of Markovian neutral complex networks with partially information of transition rates is investigated. The new delay-dependent synchronization criteria in terms of LMIs are derived, which depends on the upper and lower bounds of the delays. In Chapter 4, the local synchronization issue of Markovian nonlinear coupled neural networks with uncertain and partially unknown transition rates is investigated. The less conservative local synchronization criteria containing the bounds of delay and delay derivative are obtained based on the novel augmented Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional and a new integral inequality. In Chapter 5, the sampled-data synchronization issue of delayed complex networks with aperiodic sampling interval is investigated based on enhanced input delay approach, which makes full use of the upper bound of the variable sampling interval and the sawtooth structure information of varying input delay. In Chapter 6, the sampled-data synchronization issue of Markovian coupled neural networks with mode-dependent interval time-varying delays and aperiodic sampling intervals is investigated based on an enhanced input delay approach. Furthermore, the mode-dependent sampled-data controllers are proposed based on the delay dependent synchronization criteria. In Chapter 7, the synchronization issue of inertial neural networks with time-varying delays and generally Markovian jumping is investigated. In Chapter 8, we conclude the monograph by briefly summarizing the main theoretical findings.

The book is composed of 15 chapters in total. All chapters presented by the authors (co-authors) are published in the author¿s edition and aim to present an issue on how to achieve more sustainable and more environmentally safe development of modern transport and energy sector. The chapters are grouped into 3 parts. The first part ¿Decisions for alternative energy sources use in modern transport¿ represents novel solutions in alternative energy sources development and implementation in different spheres of the modern transport sector. The second part ¿Solutions for reducing negative impact of energy and transport on environment¿ is devoted to advances in technologies aimed on reducing impact of energy and transport sectors on environment and utilization of waste. The third part of the book ¿Advance in alternative motor fuels technology¿ represents recent developments in chemical technology of alternative fuels production and aspects of modern fuels quality control.

This book considers a class of ergodic finite controllable Markov's chains. The main idea behind the method, described in this book, is to develop the original discrete optimization problems (or game models) in the space of randomized formulations, where the variables stand in for the distributions (mixed strategies or preferences) of the original discrete (pure) strategies in the use. The following suppositions are made: a finite state space, a limited action space, continuity of the probabilities and rewards associated with the actions, and a necessity for accessibility. These hypotheses lead to the existence of an optimal policy. The best course of action is always stationary. It is either simple (i.e., nonrandomized stationary) or composed of two nonrandomized policies, which is equivalent to randomly selecting one of two simple policies throughout each epoch by tossing a biased coin. As a bonus, the optimization procedure just has to repeatedly solve the time-average dynamic programming equation, making it theoretically feasible to choose the optimum course of action under the global restriction. In the ergodic cases the state distributions, generated by the corresponding transition equations, exponentially quickly converge to their stationary (final) values. This makes it possible to employ all widely used optimization methods (such as Gradient-like procedures, Extra-proximal method, Lagrange's multipliers, Tikhonov's regularization), including the related numerical techniques. In the book we tackle different problems and theoretical Markov models like controllable and ergodic Markov chains, multi-objective Pareto front solutions, partially observable Markov chains, continuous-time Markov chains, Nash equilibrium and Stackelberg equilibrium, Lyapunov-like function in Markov chains, Best-reply strategy, Bayesian incentive-compatible mechanisms, Bayesian Partially Observable Markov Games, bargaining solutions for Nash and Kalai-Smorodinsky formulations, multi-traffic signal-control synchronization problem, Rubinstein's non-cooperative bargaining solutions, the transfer pricing problem as bargaining.

This book keeps an eye in the direction of applications of advanced and high performance scientific computing in describing the behavior of natural and constructed systems, e.g. chaos, bifurcation, fractal, Lyapunov exponent, period doubling, Poincaré map, strange attractor etc. With the aid of powerful computers the modem theory of chaos and its geometry, the fractals, and attractors are developed. The concepts of object oriented computing are introduced early in the text and steadily expanded as one progresses through the chapters. The beginning of each chapter is of an introductory nature, followed by practical applications, the discussion of numerical results, theoretical investigations on nonlinear stability and convergence.This is the first complete introduction to process modelling and computing that fully integrates software tools ¿ enabling professionals and students to master critical techniques hands on through computer simulations based on the popular MATLAB environment. The book offers a simple tool for all those oscillations that are travelling through the world, helping them discover its hidden beauty.Many applications as well as results of computer simulations are presented. The center of concern is set on existing as well as emerging continuous methods of investigations useful for researchers, engineers and practitioners active in many and often interdisciplinary fields, where physics, electrochemistry, biology and medicine play a key role. Coverage includes:¿ Dynamic behavior of nonlinear systems,¿ Fundamental descriptions of processes exhibiting nonlinear oscillations,¿ Mechanism and function of structures of nonlinear oscillations¿ patterns,¿ Analysis of dynamical oscillations in electric circuits and systems,¿ Artificial intelligence models of natural systems,¿ Nonlinear oscillations in chemistry, biologyand medicine,¿ Oscillations in mechanics and transport systems,¿ Oscillations in fractional-order systems,¿ Energy harvesting systems from the surrounding environment.With an insatiable appetite for exploring the surrounding world and doing research, this book can help readers quickly find ways to use new computers and facilitate the quest for greater knowledge and understanding of reality. The reach of novelty of the book ranges from new mathematical ideas to motivating questions and science issues in many subject areas.

This book chooses the topic which is due to the editors' experience in modeling projects in healthcare systems. Also, the transfer of experiences is the reason why mathematical modeling and decision making in the field of health are not given much attention. To this end, the new aspect of this book is the lack of reference needed to carry out projects in the field of health for researchers whose main expertise is not modeling. Students of health, mathematics, management, and industrial engineering fields are in the direct readership with this book. Different projects in the field of healthcare systems can use the topics presented in different chapters mentioned in this book.