Next Generation Sequencing: Chemistry, Technology and Applications, by P. Wong Clinical Applications of the Latest Molecular Diagnostics in Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis, by K.C.A. Borchers Advances in MALDI Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Diagnostic Applications, by E.W.Y.
This series presents critical reviews of the present position and future trends in modern chemical research.
The Role of Metals and Ligands in Organic Hydroformylation, by Luca Gonsalvi, Antonella Guerriero, Eric Monflier, Frédéric Hapiot, Maurizio Peruzzini.Hydroformylation in Aqueous Biphasic Media Assisted by Molecular Receptors, by Frédéric Hapiot, Hervé Bricout, Sébastien Tilloy, Eric Monflier.Asymmetric Hydroformylation, by Bernabé F. Perandones, Cyril Godard, Carmen Claver.Domino Reactions Triggered by Hydroformylation, by Elena Petricci, Elena Cini.Rhodium-Catalyzed Hydroformylation in Fused Azapolycycles Synthesis, by Roberta Settambolo.Hydroformylation in Natural Product Synthesis, by Roderick W. Bates, Sivarajan Kasinathan.
Donaldson, Thorsten Bartels-Rausch, Markus Ammann - Emerging Areas in Atmospheric Photochemistry. Lisa Whalley, Daniel Stone, Dwayne Heard - New Insights into the Tropospheric Oxidation of Isoprene: Combining Field Measurements, Laboratory Studies, Chemical Modelling and Quantum Theory.
Donaldson, Thorsten Bartels-Rausch, Markus Ammann - Emerging Areas in Atmospheric Photochemistry. Lisa Whalley, Daniel Stone, Dwayne Heard - New Insights into the Tropospheric Oxidation of Isoprene: Combining Field Measurements, Laboratory Studies, Chemical Modelling and Quantum Theory.
T. Douki, J; L. Ravanat, D. Angelov, J.R. Wagner, J. Cadet: Effects of Duplex Stability on Charge-Transfer Efficiency within DNA; B. Giese: Hole Injection and Hole Transfer Through DNA. The Hopping Mechanism; F.D. Lewis, M.R. Wasielewski: Dynamics and Equilibrium for Single Step Hole Transport Processes in Duplex DNA; M.A.
Carbon Rich Compounds are defined here as carbon skeletons with a carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:(=
Extracellular MRI and X-ray contrast agents are characterized by their phar- cokinetic behaviour.After intravascular injection their plasma-level time curve is characeterized by two phases. 1) are used as non-ionic (neutral) X-ray contrast agents in most cases [1].
This series presents critical reviews of the contemporary position and future trends in modern chemical research.
bacterial carbohydrate recognition are conveyed, covering Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria, in Chapter 4 Streptococci and Staphylococci, and in Chapter 5, carbohydrate binding specificities of Helicobacter pylori. In Chapter 6, ¿Bitter sweetness of complexity,¿ the collected reflections on mic- bial adhesion are expanded by a perspective on a broader impact of glycosylation on cellular adhesion, motility and regulatory processes, paralleling the complexity of N-glycan structures on cell surfaces. It highlights particularly how structural details of N-glycans have been causally related to pathological scenarios, with a focus on ?(1,6)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase. In the final chapter, biofilm formation is reviewed, covering knowledge about structure and biosynthesis of polysaccharide intercellular adhesins (PIAs) which are central to biofilm formation. This comprehensive chapter explains all PIA-related principles of medical device-associated infections. It is our hope, that this collection of expert articles, ranging from structural ch- istry and structural biology to biochemistry and medicine, will be a stimulation and motivation for our colleagues in the life sciences. At the same time, we hope that these reflections on microbial adhesion will awake interest in and promote und- standing of the complex processes associated with the glycocalyx and the multif- eted interactions between the host cell and its ¿guest,¿ as well as the biological consequences resulting from this mutual interplay.
With contributions by numerous experts
R. Steudel, B. Eckert: Solid Sulfur Allotropes.- R. Steudel: Liquid Sulfur.- R. Steudel, Y. Steudel, M.W. Wong: Speciation and Thermodynamics of Sulfur Vapor.- I. Krossing: Homoatomic Sulfur Cations.- R. Steudel: Aqueous Sulfur Sols.- W.E. Kleinjan, A. de Keizer, A. J. H. Janssen: Biologically Produced Sulfur.
With contributions by numerous experts
Despite more than 200 years of sulfur research the chemistry of elemental sulfur and sulfur-rich compounds is still full of "white spots" which have to be filled in with solid knowledge and reliable data.
C.N.R. Rao, M.M. Seikh, C. Narayana: Spin-State Transition in LaCoO3 and Related Materials .-H.A. Goodwin: Spin Crossover in Cobalt(II) Systems .-Y. Garcia, P.Gütlich: Thermal Spin Crossover in Mn(II), Mn(III) Cr(II) and Co(III) Coordination Compounds .-D.N. Hendrickson, C.G. Pierpont: Valence Tautomeric Transition Metal Complexes .-P. Guionneau, M. Marchivie, G.Bravic, J.-F. Letard, D. Chasseau: Structural Aspects of Spin Crossover. Example of the [Fe(II)Ln(NCS)2] Complexes .-J. Kusz, P. Gütlich, H. Spiering: Structural Investigations of Tetrazole Complexes of Iron(II) .-A. Hauser: Light-Induced Spin Crossover and the High-Spin Low-Spin Relaxation .-F. Varret, K. Boukheddaden, E. Codjovi, C. Enachescu, J. Linarès: On the Competition Between Relaxation and Photoexcitations in Spin Crossover Solids under Continuous Irradiation .-P. Gütlich: Nuclear Decay Induced Excited Spin State Trapping (NIESST) .-M.-L. Boillot, J. Zarembowitch, A. Sour: Ligand-Driven Light-Induced Spin Change (LD-LISC): A Promising Photomagnetic Effect
Mass spectrometers are used by almost all chemists and many researchers from neighboring disciplines such as physics,medicine,or biology as a powerful a- lytical tool. Its advantages are high sensitivity,speed,and almost no sample c- sumption. During the last two decades,mass spectrometry experienced a boom of new developments pushing its limits further and further at an increasing speed ¿ just similar to the progress in NMR spectroscopy in the 1970s. However,a mass spectrometer does not only serve as a machine for solving complicated analytical problems,it evolved meanwhile to a complete laboratory for the investigation of molecules,clusters,and other species under the envir- ment-free conditions of the highly diluted gas phase. These special conditions existing only in high vacuum change the properties of the particles under study significantly with respect to their energetics and reaction pathways. For ex- ple,temperature is a macroscopic property of a large ensemble of particles in thermal equilibrium and is thus not defined for a single ion. This fact has severe implications for the measurement of kinetic and thermodynamic data of g- phase species. On the other hand,the examination of gas-phase properties has the advantage that systems reduced to minimum complexity can be studied more easily without the complicated influences of solvents or counterions. In parti- lar, the combination of isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry allows for a detailed analysis of reaction mechanisms or conformational analysis through H/D exchange experiments not only on biomolecules.
Considering the high level of our knowledge concerning covalent bond formation in the organic chemistry of molecules, our understanding of the principles involved in organic solid design is almost in its infancy.
With contribution by numerous experts
Orbital mixing rules were developed by Libit and Hoffmann and by Inagaki and Fukui in 1974 and Hirano and Imamura in 1975 to predict magnitudes of orbital amplitudes (Scheme 2) for understanding and designing stereoselective reactions.
As nucleophiles, simple alkenes are typically so unreactive that only highly active electrophiles, such as carbocations, peroxides, and halogens will react with them. For the generation of carbon-carbon bonds, milder methods will often be required. Fortunately, it is possible to increase the reactivity of alkene-type p-nucleophiles by introducing electron-donating substituents. Substitution of one H with an OH or OR gives an enol or a vinyl ether, which are already much better nucleophiles. Using nitrogen instead of oxygen, one obtains even better nucleophiles, enamines. Enamines are among the most reactive neutral carbon nucleophiles, exhibiting rates that are even comparable to some charged nucleophiles, such as enolates [1, 2]. Most enamines, unfortunately, are sensitive to hydrolysis. The parent enamine, N,N-dimethylvinylamine, has in fact been prepared [3], but appears to be uns- ble. Enamines of cyclic ketones and many aldehydes can readily be isolated, however [4¿7]. The instability of enamines might at first appear to diminish the utility of enamines as nucleophiles, but actually this property can be viewed as an added benefit: enamines can be readily and rapidly generated catalytically by using a suitable amine and a carbonyl compound. The condensation of aldehydes or ketones with amines initially affords an imine or iminium ion, which then rapidly loses a proton to afford the corresponding enamine (Scheme 1).
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