Ökonomi & Finanzen

This book brings together leading scholars in the field to provide insights on economics of education.The book begins with an overview of education and human capacity development and looks at the production of education through individuals' learning, education financing, and the role of individual circumstances. It also analyses the complex relationship between education and mobility and highlights what key challenges for education systems in a global world are. Each chapter provides detailed analysis of interesting and policy-relevant topics in the fields of education economics and human capacity development.This book is a useful reference for those who wish to understand the changing landscape and models of higher education in the context of digital advances and innovation. It will also be of interest to those in the areas of education and training.

Once treated as the absence of knowledge, ignorance has now become a highly influential and rapidly growing topic in its own right. This new edition of the seminal text in the field is fully revised and includes new and expanded chapters on a wide range of topics.

Focusing on the issue of power as the main building block of relationships between business buyers and sellers, this book explains the complex nature of power with its multidimensional and multi-directional character.

Written in honour of the leading historian of war and state formation in the early modern Low Countries Marjolein 't Hart, the chapters gathered in this volume examine the main drivers, beneficiaries and discontents of state formation across and beyond Europe in the early modern period.

This work details the theological sources and moral significance of the life and work of the Scottish moral philosopher Adam Smith (1723¿1790).

As cannabis legalization reforms are underway, there is some concern that non-profit, 'middle ground' options may remain under-researched and thus less visible. This book offers an in-depth account of one of the possible 'middle ground' models for the supply of cannabis: the Cannabis Social Club. Cannabis Social Clubs (CSCs) are typically formal, non-profit associations of adult cannabis users who produce and distribute that substance close to or at cost price among themselves. They constitute an user-driven model for the supply of cannabis. In most jurisdictions, CSCs remain a grass roots, unregulated initiative of groups of users, but the model has been legalized in Uruguay and Malta, and it has featured recent debates and legislative proposals in other countries. This book brings together contributions from internationally respected scholars, drawing on case studies, empirical findings and policy reflections, from a range of countries (such as Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, Spain, Uruguay, USA), and a consideration of the CSC model from different disciplinary backgrounds. Part one provides detailed analysis of where and how CSCs have been operating, and a critical analysis of their key features and relationship with institutional actors. Part two discusses several policy outcomes and proposes a design of a regulatory market, as well as considering whether the CSC model might be suited for adaptation to the supply of other substances. The Cannabis Social Club is important reading for academics in the fields of drug policy analysis, criminology, economics, policy studies and anthropology. It will also be of interest to policy makers, journalists, law-enforcement personnel.

The Marketization of Religion provides a novel theoretical understanding of the relationship between religion and economy of today's world. A major feature of today's capitalism is 'marketization'. While the importance that economics and economics-related phenomena have acquired in modern societies has increased since the consumer and neoliberal revolutions and their shock waves worldwide, social sciences of religion are still lagging behind acknowledging the consequences of these changes and incorporating them in their analysis of contemporary religion.Religion, as many other social realities, has been traditionally understood as being of a completely different nature than the market. Like oil and water, religion and the market have been mainly cast as indissoluble into one another. Even if notions such as the marketization, commoditization or branding of religion and images such as the religious and spiritual marketplace have become popular, some of the contributions aligned in this volume show how this usage is mostly metaphorical, and at the very least problematic. What does the marketization of religion mean?The chapters provide both theoretical and empirical discussion of the changing dynamics of economy and religion in today's world. Through the lenses of marketization, the volume discusses the multiple, at times surprising, connections of a global religious reformation. Furthermore, in its use of empirical examples, it shows how different religions in various social contexts are reformed due to growing importance of a neoliberal and consumerist logic.This book was originally published as a special issue of the journal Religion.

This book offers a systematic study of social innovation in the financial services. It provides a new framework for understanding financial social innovations (FINSIs), and applies the framework to seven examples: microfinance, P2P lending, crowdfunding, mobile banking, impact investing, digital cryptocurrencies, and social impact bonds.

Examines in depth how AI innovation is creating knowledge, improving efficiency, and elevating quality of life for millions of people and how it applies to the service industry. It addresses advances, issues, and challenges of diverse service areas, including healthcare, mental health, management, learning and education, and others.

China and America's Tech War from AI to 5G examines how Sino-U.S. geopolitical competition has increasingly centered on the performances of the two countries' technology sectors and their ability to dominate development of critical next generation technologies. It analyzes and compares the strengths of China and the U.S., ranging from the ability to produce and attract talent, to the degree of government support and the scale and funding for technological research. Abrams reviews and weighs important technology areas such as green energy, artificial intelligence, Quantum Computing, and 5G will likely have, the means both parties have exercised to gain advantages, and the consequences of leadership for the county who attains it.

This book argues that employers' organizations are resilient organizations that adapt to changing circumstances by developing new practices. Adaptation has been prompted by changing economic and social contexts, including state interventions and union activities. Contexts vary over time, across countries and world regions. The purpose of the book is to explore these variations and their impacts on employer organization.The book covers the following themes across four book sections: theoretical perspectives on employer collective action; employers' organizations in different types of capitalism; different types of employers' organizations; and international and comparative employer interest representation. Theoretical explorations examining employer power, political preferences, meta-organizing, and ideological foundations are complemented by studies of employers' organization in China, Denmark, Australia, Germany, Turkey, Canada, and the UK. Different types such as regional and international employers' organizations are also examined. The book is one of the few edited volumes to examine employer collective action within work and employment, and is the first since 1984 to consider western and non-western contexts. The book will be of interest to employment relations and sociology of work researchers, scholars, advanced students, and practitioners as it brings new perspectives to an understudied actor in employment relations: employers' organizations.

Inverse problems of identifying parameters and initial/boundary conditions in deterministic and stochastic partial differential equations constitute a vibrant and emerging research area that has found numerous applications. A related problem of paramount importance is the optimal control problem for stochastic differential equations. This edited volume comprises invited contributions from world-renowned researchers in the subject of control and inverse problems. There are several contributions on optimal control and inverse problems covering different aspects of the theory, numerical methods, and applications. Besides a unified presentation of the most recent and relevant developments, this volume also presents some survey articles to make the material self-contained. To maintain the highest level of scientific quality, all manuscripts have been thoroughly reviewed.

This book sets up a much-needed dialogue between a rethought Marxian praxis of the political and a rethought experience of spirituality. The chapters in this book were originally published in, Rethinking Marxism ¿ A Journal of Economics, Culture and Society.

A dinâmica organizacional constitui um conceito que integra a construção da organização; sua constituição estrutural legal, social, mercadológica; seu funcionamento, desempenho, crescimento ou decrescimento, bem como aceleração, velocidade e inércia deste crescimento/decrescimento; sua estagnação, falência e/ou morte. Cada um destes aspectos organizacionais é produzido por colectivos de variáveis, indicadores, propriedades, parâmetros que, dependendo de perspectiva (parcial ou global), sector ou variável da organização em consideração, urge possível construir listas ordenadas de valores de indicadores/parâmetros (vectores organizacionais) da situação actual da organização, as quais permitem o estudo da evolução temporal e/ou configuracional parcial ou global da organização. Destarte, o estudo qualitativo e/ou quantitativo de vectores organizacionais através de configurações homométricas, suas variáveis, leis e propriedades constitui um campo de estudo aqui denominado Dinâmica Organizacional (DO).

Il Camerun, come qualsiasi altra nazione in via di sviluppo, è alle prese con una crescita economica instabile e insostenibile, che non riesce a sostenere adeguatamente la sua rete di finanze pubbliche per soddisfare le crescenti esigenze della sua popolazione in aumento. Questa instabilità, derivante dal deterioramento degli indicatori macro e microeconomici, è la conseguenza di varie sfide contemporanee (sia maggiori che minori) che abbracciano i settori socio-economico, ambientale e politico. Queste sfide sono analizzate in modo esaustivo attraverso quattro fattori determinanti: Problemi contemporanei di economia reale o naturale, Problemi contemporanei di finanza, Problemi contemporanei sociali, ambientali, di proprietà fondiaria, di sviluppo delle infrastrutture, di beni pubblici e di sicurezza, e Problemi contemporanei di governance e corruzione. Nell'affrontare questi problemi contemporanei, questo lavoro utilizza teorie neoclassiche e concetti di efficienza. L'operatività di queste teorie e concetti, nel contesto dei quattro problemi contemporanei identificati, è affrontata in modo olistico. Tuttavia, viene prestata particolare attenzione alla promozione del buon governo e a una solida lotta alla corruzione come componenti integrali delle soluzioni proposte.

Le Cameroun, comme tout autre pays en développement, est confronté à une croissance économique instable et non durable, ne parvenant pas à soutenir adéquatement son réseau de finances publiques pour répondre aux besoins croissants d'une population de plus en plus nombreuse. Cette instabilité, qui découle de la détérioration des indicateurs macro et microéconomiques, est la conséquence de divers défis contemporains (à la fois majeurs et mineurs) qui couvrent les domaines socio-économiques, environnementaux et politiques. Ces défis sont analysés en détail à travers quatre déterminants clés : Problèmes contemporains de l'économie réelle ou naturelle, problèmes contemporains financiers, problèmes contemporains sociaux, environnementaux, fonciers, développement des infrastructures, biens publics et sécurité, et problèmes contemporains de gouvernance et de corruption. Pour traiter ces questions contemporaines, ce travail utilise des théories néoclassiques et des concepts d'efficacité. L'opérationnalisation de ces théories et concepts, dans le contexte des quatre problèmes contemporains identifiés, est abordée de manière holistique. Toutefois, une attention particulière est accordée à la promotion de la bonne gouvernance et à une lutte énergique contre la corruption, qui font partie intégrante des solutions proposées.

Kamerun hat wie jedes andere Entwicklungsland mit einem instabilen und nicht nachhaltigen Wirtschaftswachstum zu kämpfen, da es nicht in der Lage ist, sein öffentliches Finanznetz angemessen zu stützen, um den steigenden Bedarf seiner wachsenden Bevölkerung zu decken. Diese Instabilität, die sich aus der Verschlechterung der makro- und mikroökonomischen Indikatoren ergibt, ist eine Folge verschiedener (größerer und kleinerer) aktueller Herausforderungen, die den sozioökonomischen, ökologischen und politischen Bereich betreffen. Diese Herausforderungen werden anhand von vier Schlüsseldeterminanten umfassend analysiert: Aktuelle Probleme der Real- oder Naturwirtschaft, aktuelle finanzielle Probleme, aktuelle Probleme in den Bereichen Soziales, Umwelt, Landbesitz, Infrastrukturentwicklung, öffentliches Vermögen und Sicherheit sowie aktuelle Probleme in den Bereichen Governance und Korruption. Bei der Behandlung dieser zeitgenössischen Probleme werden in dieser Arbeit neoklassische Theorien und Effizienzkonzepte angewandt. Die Operationalisierung dieser Theorien und Konzepte im Zusammenhang mit den vier identifizierten aktuellen Problemen wird ganzheitlich angegangen. Besonderes Augenmerk wird jedoch auf die Förderung einer guten Regierungsführung und eine solide Korruptionsbekämpfung als integrale Bestandteile der vorgeschlagenen Lösungen gelegt.

Kamerun, kak i lüboe drugoe razwiwaüscheesq gosudarstwo, stalkiwaetsq s problemoj nestabil'nogo i neustojchiwogo äkonomicheskogo rosta, nesposobnogo obespechit' adekwatnuü podderzhku gosudarstwennoj finansowoj seti dlq udowletworeniq rastuschih potrebnostej naseleniq. Jeta nestabil'nost', obuslowlennaq uhudsheniem makro- i mikroäkonomicheskih pokazatelej, qwlqetsq sledstwiem razlichnyh sowremennyh problem (kak krupnyh, tak i melkih), kotorye ohwatywaüt social'no-äkonomicheskuü, äkologicheskuü i politicheskuü sfery. Jeti wyzowy wsestoronne analiziruütsq s pomosch'ü chetyreh klüchewyh determinant: Sowremennye problemy real'noj ili natural'noj äkonomiki, Sowremennye problemy finansowoj sfery, Sowremennye problemy social'noj sfery, äkologii, zemlewladeniq, razwitiq infrastruktury, obschestwennyh aktiwow i bezopasnosti, Sowremennye problemy uprawleniq i korrupcii. Pri rassmotrenii ätih sowremennyh problem w dannoj rabote ispol'zuütsq neoklassicheskie teorii i koncepcii äffektiwnosti. K prakticheskomu primeneniü ätih teorij i koncepcij w kontexte chetyreh wydelennyh sowremennyh problem primenqetsq celostnyj podhod. Odnako osoboe wnimanie udelqetsq prodwizheniü äffektiwnogo uprawleniq i aktiwnoj bor'be s korrupciej kak neot#emlemym komponentam predlagaemyh reshenij.

Os Camarões, como qualquer outra nação em desenvolvimento, debatem-se com um crescimento económico instável e insustentável, não conseguindo apoiar adequadamente a sua rede de finanças públicas para satisfazer as necessidades crescentes da sua população em crescimento. Esta instabilidade, resultante da deterioração dos indicadores macro e microeconómicos, é uma consequência de vários desafios contemporâneos (maiores e menores) que abrangem os domínios socioeconómico, ambiental e político. Estes desafios são analisados de forma exaustiva através de quatro factores determinantes: Problemas Contemporâneos da Economia Real ou Natural, Problemas Contemporâneos Financeiros, Problemas Contemporâneos Sociais, Ambientais, de Posse de Terra, de Desenvolvimento de Infra-estruturas, de Bens Públicos e de Segurança, e Problemas Contemporâneos de Governação e Corrupção. Na abordagem destes problemas contemporâneos, este trabalho recorre a teorias neoclássicas e a conceitos de eficiência. A operacionalização destas teorias e conceitos, no contexto dos quatro problemas contemporâneos identificados, é abordada de forma holística. No entanto, é dada especial atenção à promoção da boa governação e a um forte combate à corrupção como componentes integrantes das soluções propostas.

Camerún, como cualquier otra nación en desarrollo, se enfrenta a un crecimiento económico inestable e insostenible, que no consigue sostener adecuadamente su red de finanzas públicas para satisfacer las crecientes necesidades de su población, cada vez más numerosa. Esta inestabilidad, derivada del deterioro de los indicadores macro y microeconómicos, es consecuencia de diversos retos contemporáneos (tanto mayores como menores) que abarcan los ámbitos socioeconómico, medioambiental y político. Estos retos se analizan exhaustivamente a través de cuatro determinantes clave: Problemas Contemporáneos de la Economía Real o Natural, Problemas Contemporáneos Financieros, Problemas Contemporáneos Sociales, Medioambientales, de Tenencia de la Tierra, de Desarrollo de Infraestructuras, de Bienes Públicos y de Seguridad, y Problemas Contemporáneos de Gobernanza y Corrupción. Al abordar estos problemas contemporáneos, esta obra emplea teorías neoclásicas y conceptos de eficiencia. La operacionalización de estas teorías y conceptos, en el contexto de los cuatro problemas contemporáneos identificados, se aborda de forma holística. Sin embargo, se presta especial atención a la promoción de la buena gobernanza y a una lucha enérgica contra la corrupción como componentes integrales de las soluciones propuestas.