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Bol Majok Adiang is a former South Sudanese localgovernment administrator and an accountant by profession.He worked as a local government administrator in the Sudanesegovernment from 1972, before joining the SPLM/A movementin 1986. After completing SPLA military and political training,he continued his work as administrator in Southern Sudan'sSPLA administration from 1992 until the ComprehensivePeace Agreement (CPA) was signed.During his career as an administrator he was highlysuccessful in both Bahr Ghazal and Upper Nile regions wherehe was rapidly promoted.He holds a bachelor's degree in accounting from theKhartoum University and a post- graduate diploma indevelopment administration (DDA) from Birmingham, UK.He is a loving husband, father and grandfather. He iscurrently living with his family in Kuajok, South Sudan afterhe lost his sight due to injuries infl icted to his eyes during theSudan Civil War.This autobiography is Bol Majok Adiang's fi rst book.

The Sudan state have been in crisis for too long, and rarely did any of the numerous political organizations in the country take the risk and the burden to debate, ∩¼üght and negotiate for the transformationof the country from a decadent military coup prone underdevelopedstate to a viable democratic country; and from a religious fanatic andracist state to a multi-cultural and multi-religious tolerant state. Sinceindependence only the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army(SPLM/A) dared to challenge all the shades of Sudanese political spectrum to transform the country into a viable economic and politicaldemocratic and secular country, where citizenship is the criteria forbelonging to a nation. 

By the mid 1990s, Western media interest in HIV/AIDS activities had waned, because forecasts of a high rise in HIV infections and AIDS deaths in the wealthier parts of the world did not materialise. Prevention programmes were successful while drug treatment was delaying the on-set of AIDS. Africa was different. HIV infections were rising rapidly and evenly among the sexes. AIDS deaths were also increasing while African leadership appeared to be in denial of the disease. Ignorance about the disease prevailed while any government prevention programmes were poorly organised and ∩¼ü nanced. Still the media paid scant attention to what was clearly an epidemic by the turn of the century. UNAIDS planned to hold the 13th International AIDS Conference inDurban, South Africa, in 2000, hoping to attract the attention of the wealthier world. It got more media coverage than it bargained for: An old debate among scientist turned political when the host-country’s president unexpectedly intervened in apparent support of dissident scientists’ views; controversy followed and the media poured in. Controversial issues on HIV/AIDS made headlines and kept African AIDS in the news throughout 2000. How did the media conduct itself in such debates – which at times had racial undertones – and, with the increasing concerns about AIDS deaths on the continent, how is the media to conduct itself responsibly in HIV/AIDS and similar disasters are the concerns of this book..JACOB  J. AKOL was born in South Sudan on an uncertain date in the late 1940s and was educated there up to the intermediate school. He then received scattered formal secondary and college education as a refugee in Congo (DRC), Tanzania, Zambia, Irish Republic and England, where he trained as broadcast journalist and eventually earned an MA degree in Communication Arts and media from the University of Leeds. As an aidworker/journalist in the 1980s and 1990s, he travelled the length and breadth of the African continent from Antananarivo through Cape Town to Cairo and from Mogadishu to Timbuktu and beyond, reporting disasters wrought by chronic wars, disease and famine. Akol is the author of I Will Go the Distance aka Long Way to Tipperary (Paulines Publications Africa 2005) subtitled The Story of a ‘Lost’ South Sudanese Boy of the Sixties; Burden of Nationality, Memoirs of an African Aidworker/Journalist 1970s – 1990s.  His Dinka Folktales is published in both English and Japanese. He is married to Joy and they have two grown-up children, Aker and Atem.

Preface to the Fourth EditionThis is the fourth edition of this book. The previous editions were in2001, 2009 and 2011. The book has been in high demand in Sudan(s)and East Africa but its exposure to readers beyond this geographicalarea was limited due to the scope of publication.This edition is prompted by two considerations. First, there is apressing need to get it to more readers across the globe. Second, thecurrent state of turmoil in the new state, South Sudan, has left manypundits wondering as to what went wrong in a country that was fullof hope and promise when it was declared independent in July 2011.This book does not claim to provide all the answers but it has clearlyshown that the state of political disorganization of the SPLM/A, theruling party, since its inception was a disaster in the waiting. Perhapsthe readers may want to refresh their memories by going through thearguments put forward in that direction more than 16 years ago.As always, I am grateful to all who advised me to republish thebook and also to those who helped me in any way to prepare it forpublication.Dr Lam Akol,Addis AbabaAugust, 2017.

This collection of articles first appeared in The Pioneer weekly newspaper. Its founding editor, Atem Yaak Atem, invited me to contribute a weekly column of historical pieces that we decided to entitle “Past Notes and Records”. Back in the early 1980s when we were colleagues in the Regional Ministry of Culture and Information I had written a series of articles called “The Streets of Juba” for The Southern Sudan Magazine, which Atem had also founded. In those articles I gave brief biographies of some of the famous South Sudanese after whom some of Juba’s main streets had been named, and in many ways “Past Notes and Records” is a continuation and expansion of that earlier series.The pieces are intended to inform and to stimulate discussion and debate. The history of South Sudan has been a neglected subject. Much of the academic history about South Sudan has been written about foreign rulers rather than about South Sudanese communities and individuals. The history of South Sudan and South Sudanese was not included in the Sudan school syllabuses and is usually excluded from the general political histories of Sudan. There is still no reliable textbook on South Sudanese history for use in its schools. South Sudanese may know something about the past of their own communities, but few have had the opportunity to learn much about the broad history of their nation or how it fits into the wider region.The columns in this collection were originally addressed to a South Sudanese readership, and it is primarily for that readership, both at home and abroad, that they are republished here. This book is neither a comprehensive overview of South Sudan’s past, nor a record of the most important events or historic personalities. It is more like a selection of snapshots from a family album. The re-discovery of the past and the writing of history is a never-ending process. This booklet is only a beginning, a small offering to mark South Sudan’s achievement of independence. It is an open invitation to South Sudanese to research and write more about their own past.The authorDr Douglas H. Johnson is a scholar specialising in the history and affairs of Sudan and South Sudan. He is a Fellow of the Rift Valley Institute. Dr Johnson’s contacts with the two countries go back to more than four decades ago, beginning with time as a graduate student of prophecy among the Nuer people in the 19th and 20th centuries. His field work concentrated in central Upper Nile Province. In mid-1970s young Johnson joined the Regional Ministry of Culture and Information in Juba as assistant director for archives, a position in which he collected and classified documentary material from provincial capitals of the Southern Region. The files were later housed in Juba. Over the years, the historian has tirelessly worked with institutions and recently with the Government of South Sudan for the establishment of a national archive in Juba. Dr Douglas Johnson became a member of the Abyei Boundary Commission following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement that ended the Sudan’s armed conflict in 2005. He is an author and editor of several books on Sudan and South Sudan. Among these are The Root Causes of Sudan’s Civil Wars, Nuer Prophets: A History of from the Upper Nile in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, The Upper Nile province Handbook (editor). The last tome has been reissued as a paperback by the African World Books, the publisher of this volume.

AbstractThis little book documents the brief history of contemporarySouth Sudanese politics within the context of the 22 years ofthe second war of liberation. A portion of it explores 17 yearsof the first Sudanese civil war that ended in 1972 through theAddis-Abba Agreement. The book has made the meaningfulanalysis of the governance after the birth of the World'snewest Republic (South Sudan). It is divided into seven majorchapters. Each chapter addresses the unique context of theSouth Sudanese political, civil, religious and military life.Chapter one introduces the book in its etymological contextto the reader and chapter two narrates on ethnic groupingsin South Sudan. Chapter three explores the significant rolesplayed by ethnic groups during the war of liberation in SouthSudan and beyond. This chapter appreciates positive contributionsmade by various ethnic groups in supporting the warefforts.In chapter four, the author teased the negative politicsrendered in ethnic context and explained how that negativityresulted in bloodshed of innocent civilians. In this chapter,some theories that have aided negative ethnic politics in thecountry have been discussed. Chapter five addresses religioussignificance and explores its negative role in fueling conflictsand feuds in South Sudan and elsewhere in the world. A significantpart of this chapter is dedicated to the discussion of SouthSudan as a failed state in chapter six; and as a country born inthe 21st century, many analysts have argued that South Sudanxv

COLONISATION HAS LEFT A COMPLEX LEGACY in South Sudan, which includes the institutionalised demonisation of traditional communal authority and its ideals of social contract, collaborative existence and humane mutuality. Some South Sudanese intellectuals with an acute lack of ideological perception tend to instinctively copy their former colonial masters. They blindly recite colonial prejudices and misconceptions of the traditional communal federal system in South Sudan. This leads to reckless underestimation of the powerful potential this traditional framework presents as the source of unity in our own diverse yet inclusive cultural system.Indeed, President Kiir, in his historic address on the occasion of the Oath of Justice of the Supreme Court on 3 June 2006, acknowledged the value of incorporating our own cultural and human resources when he reminded us that ‘our governance must be well grounded in our traditional laws and customs... It must be borne in mind by all that this has been one of the underlying causes in the quest for freedom and human dignity. Our cultural identi∩¼ü cation and development in all its forms must be unchained and facilitated to reach the same heights as is the case elsewhere in our continent, or the rest of the globe for that matter…’This research study, conducted in 2013/2014 in the Republic of South Sudan, investigated the meaning and purpose of the policy of Taking Towns to Rural Peoples and the indispensible roles that traditional authority leaders (TALs) play in realising it in a timely and sustainable manner. The purpose was to examine the assertion that an organisational culture could be institutionalised to recognise the status and roles of TAL institutions. This would subsequently ful∩¼ü l the legal framework that mandated the incorporation of TAL institutions in the establishment, composition and functions of the executive and legislature at national, state and local government levels in the Republic of South Sudan. Through TALs and traditional communal federal systems, we can harness the diversity of South Sudan to create a uni∩¼ü ed, modern nation-state grounded in our own cultural roots.