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From the Columbia River to the Siskiyou Mountains, Highway 99 traverses 300 miles of western Oregon. Big cities and small towns, the level Willamette Valley and steep hills, rich agricultural lands and tall evergreen forests, and rushing rivers all lie along its path. Arising from an early network of emigrant trails, stagecoach routes, and farm-to-market roads, the highway had developed into Oregon s major transportation corridor by the end of the 19th century. The dawn of the automobile age saw an exponential increase in traffic, creating a greater demand for improved roads; these better roads, in turn, created yet more traffic for both business and recreation. Roadside businesses, such as auto courts, restaurants, and service stations, sprang up along the highway to cater to a new type of motorist the tourist. Today, much of Highway 99 and its predecessor, the Pacific Highway, remain in daily use."

As early as 1615, Frenchmen settled along the St. Clair River in the area now known as Algonac and Clay Township to trade furs with Native Americans. Despite Louis XIV s determination to build a colonial empire in this region, the French fleur-de-lis was replaced by the British Union Jack in 1760 and then by the American Stars and Stripes in 1783, making it one of the few regions in Michigan to have flown the flags of three nations. Following the decline of the fur trade, three major industries lumber, boatbuilding, and salt production provided pioneers with the means to amass fortunes. By the 19th century, Algonac and Clay Township had produced 47 sailboats and 26 steamboats, including the 221-ton steamer Philo Parsons in 1861; this large vessel was captured by Confederates in 1864 during the Civil War. The region is also famous for Gar Wood s Miss America boats and Chris Smith s Chris-Craft boat company."

The Portland Terminal Railroad Company (PTRC), formerly the Northern Pacific Terminal Company (NPTCo.), was created to be the heart of Henry Villards Northwest rail empire. The NPTCo. survived the whims of the financial markets, two world wars, and numerous corporate mergers. It reached its zenith in the 1950s and changed its name to Portland Terminal Railroad Company in 1965. The company continues to operate as a successful business, serving the local freight needs of the parent railroads and Guilds Lake industrial district.

When the first logging railroad was built in Jasper County in the 1870s, the virgin East Texas forest spread across a vast area the size of Indiana. That first eight-mile logging line heralded a boom era of lumbering and railroading that would last well into the 20th century. Before the era was over, thousands of miles of logging railroads would be built, and hundreds of communities would spring up along their routes. As times changed, the mills closed and nearly all of the early rail lines were abandoned, but most of the communities they helped establish survived those changes and thrive into the present day.

On March 14, 1863, the New Jersey Legislature created the township of West Orange by combining all of the land of the existing Fairmount Township, formed only a year earlier, with a section of neighboring Orange. It created West Orange with its present-day boundaries and gave the new town a separate and distinct identity. It became home to the laboratories of world-famous inventor Thomas Edison in 1887, and he lived here until his death in 1931. But there is so much more to the town s history. Four former New Jersey governors also lived here, including Civil War general George McClellan, who, as a town resident, unsuccessfully opposed Abraham Lincoln in the presidential election of 1864. The fertile farmland that attracted the early settlers left behind an enduring legacy of rich history still interwoven into the community of today."

In 1722, Seven Mile Beach, covered in red cedar and holly, bayberry bushes and beach plums, was acquired by the Leaming family, who used it for grazing and whaling. Long undeveloped, the southern portion of the island was sold to the South Jersey Realty Company in 1907. The Risley brothers sold bonds to support their vision of a seaside resort serving the wealthy of Philadelphia. Dunes were leveled, roads laid out, and basins dredged, creating the ideal vacation destination. Grand hotels shared space with workmen s cottages, and businesses sprang up to serve the crowds who flocked to Stone Harbor. The maritime ties of the community are evident in the long history of the Yacht Club of Stone Harbor, which traces its beginnings to as early as 1895. The clubhouse, built in 1909 and standing on its original site, is host to sailing and social activities throughout the year."

The story of Reedville, Virginia, is linked to the commercial fishing industry that developed in the late 19th century. In 1874, Elijah Reed transferred his menhaden fishing operation from Brooklin, Maine, to the Chesapeake Bay. He purchased the land on Cockrell s Creek that is now Reedville. The industry flourished, especially in the early part of the 20th century. Today, Reedville is one of the major ports for the landing of commercial fish in the United States, second only to Kodiak, Alaska. This Northern Neck area of Virginia has a deep history dating back to Jamestown, and this book adds another chapter in retelling its past by providing unique photographs that have never been previously published."

Today s citizens of St. Charles will recognize the names of many early settlers and residents, such as Louis Blanchette, who founded the settlement that would later become St. Charles; St. Rose Philippine Duchesne, who helped found the first school of the Society of the Sacred Heart in America; and Lewis and Clark, who began their expedition here to explore the Louisiana Purchase territory. Later came photographer Rudolph Goebel, who chronicled St. Charles s history for more than 50 years; Jane Crider, advocate for adults with disabilities and cofounder of Boone Center Inc.; and Archie Scott, known as Mr. Main Street for his years of dedication to the preservation of the historic district. Included in Legendary Locals of St. Charles are businesspeople, local personalities, authors, and entertainers, and while some of them may not yet be legendary, all of them are notable for their contributions to the St. Charles community and beyond."

While Jesup W. Scott proclaimed it the Future Great City of the World in 1868, in reality, Toledo saw little development for the first four decades after its founding in 1837. Plagued by swamps, disease, and unwelcoming occupants, few settled here. But slowly, the city attracted people who saw a chance to improve their lives and perhaps their fortunes, including Edward Drummond Libbey. In 1888, Libbey brought with him the glass industry that would dominate the city s economy and earn it the nickname of Glass Capital of the World. Legendary Locals of Toledo describes the impact of people like Scott, Libbey, and others who shaped Toledo from the well known whose names grace street signs, buildings, and monuments, to unsung heroes who few remember. Included are pioneers who were the first in their fields as well as leaders of business and industry, representatives of government and the law, and successful entertainers and sports figures. Some were born here and moved on to make their impact, while others lived here and impacted the city."

Once an almost impenetrable landscape of dunes, marshes, and woodlands hugging the southern shore of Lake Michigan, the land comprising what would become East Chicago was a developer's dream for the emerging steel industry. Considered one of the country's ultimate melting pots, four out of five of its citizens hailed from other countries, each bringing their valued cultures and traditions to this thriving metropolis. The industrial jobs, requiring hard work and much grit, provided a way out of poverty, but the area also offered beautiful parks and mansions along the waterfront, as well as great schools, neighborhoods, and civic organizations. East Chicago had a sense of vitality and the essence that the American dream was available for all.

North Carolina's State Prison was typical of American prisons in the 19th century, but with an important difference. North Carolina put most of its inmates outside prison walls to work on road camps and prison farms for the purpose of getting useful work out of them. Opened in 1870, the prison in Raleigh housed only a fraction of the prisoners. Those inmates were for the most part too old, too sick, or too feeble to handle anything other than light institutional work details. This book explores all three components of North Carolina's early prison system, including its use of prison chain gangs, and clarifies how a penitentiary differs from a reformatory, correctional institution, or community-based facility.

Though not incorporated as a city until 1857, Hamilton can trace its roots back to the founding of Fort Hamilton by Gen. Arthur St. Clair in 1791.Throughout its history, Hamilton has been "The Greatest Little City of its Kind in the World," "The Postmark of Distinctive Trademarks," and "Known in the World's Markets." In the time between the close of the Civil War and the beginning of World War II, the city thrived. Led by steadfast pioneers and industrious immigrants, Hamilton developed into a community where anything seemed possible along the banks of the Great Miami River. The images herein detail Hamilton from 1900 to the 1950s. From a bustling county seat and the hub of Midwestern industry to leisurely endeavors, from distinctive neighborhoods to the people who lived in them, and from local education to individual worship, the life of the city is captured by over 200 postcards of the day, most from the author's private collection.

No other event in American history has so indelibly shaped the country than the American Civil War. Virginia provided the setting for countless bloody clashes and decisive battles. Average Americans from all over the Union and the Confederacy made their way to the Old Dominion, only to give their lives for the causes they held dear. Virginia captures the essence of the American Civil War, as it was the site of the first, and last, major clash. The state held the capital of the Confederacy while simultaneously bordering Washington, DC. Additionally, Virginia was the site of infamous battles, such as Manassas, Fredericksburg, and Chancellorsville. The commonwealth was also the location of Gen. Robert E. Lees dramatic capitulation to Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox. The American Civil War was one of the first armed conflicts to be heavily documented through photographs. In recent years, the Library of Congress has compiled many of these images, helping to make this journey through history possible.

Cedarmere, in the village of Roslyn Harbor, is one of the most picturesque and historic spots on Long Island's North Shore. Its main house was the country home of William Cullen Bryant, the nation's first significant poet and an influential editor of the New York Evening Post. Bryant, who ultimately owned almost 200 acres containing 13 houses, created what may be the first of Long Island's Gold Coast estates. The story of Cedarmere's buildings, grounds, residents, and famous visitors is told here in more than 200 vintage photographs and prints, many of them family images never before published.

When the traveling party with Joseph Goodrich concluded a months-long journey west from Alfred, New York, in the spring of 1838, the strong-willed abolitionist staked out land some 60 miles west of Milwaukee. The area was then a crossroads of militia trails still worn from the Black Hawk War six years prior. Wisconsin's statehood was 10 years away when Goodrich began platting a community. He began with the Milton House, a unique hexagonal structure made of grout and built to serve as a temperance inn. Later, Goodrich used Milton House to aid fugitive slaves fleeing the South, and the inn became the heart of the community. By 1844, Milton had expanded around the town square. That same year, Goodrich founded Milton Academy, which was chartered as a college in 1867. He also facilitated the arrival of railroad lines, which led to the establishment of Milton's twin village, Milton Junction, the rail hub of southern Wisconsin.

The story of whales and the whalers who followed them is inextricably tied with Long Island's rich maritime history. Before the Long Island Expressway, strip malls, golf clubs, and suburban sprawl, calls of "Thar she blows!" rang out from Long Island harbors and ships. This book chronicles the rise and fall of whaling on the island and describes local whaleship fleets that traveled to the far corners of the world, the personalities behind local enterprises, and the villages whose cultures and economies grew from the industry. Be transported to a time when whalers roamed the streets between journeys, shipbuilders worked in the harbors, captains charted their expeditions, and whaleship masts seemed to pierce the clouds in Long Island's pursuit of the largest creatures in the world.

In 1833, when the first 23 students arrived at what is now Haverford College, they found one school building surrounded by nearly 200 acres of farmland, woods, and a small creek. The story of how this landscape evolved into the park-like setting of today's campus is told through images spanning 150 years. Students and neighbors alike now enjoy an outstanding collection of trees, woods, a duck pond, and a nature trail. Reminiscences of retired staff and faculty children who grew up here, coupled with descriptions by the school's early students and professors, reveal a fascinating history. Here are majestic trees: oaks planted in 1834, American elm survivors of a devastating disease, and newly planted giants of tomorrow. Gardens once flourished where buildings now stand, and cows grazed on today's athletic fields. Students organized bobsled races down the lawn in the 1880s, and skaters enjoyed the frozen pond in the 1950s.

The town of Van Buren was first named after the area post office established in 1831 in honor of Martin Van Buren. The town, which grew up on the Arkansas River, officially took its name when the city was incorporated in 1842. Van Buren's "golden age" occurred in the mid-19th century as steamboats brought settlers, migrating Native Americans, slaves, and European immigrants to the frontier. With Indian Territory (Oklahoma) nearby, Van Buren was an entry point to the West, not unlike St. Louis and Kansas City. After the Civil War, railroads replaced the steamboat as the main mode of transportation and resource distribution across the country. Later, Interstate 40 was built, bisecting the town and contributing to the city's heritage as a transportation center.

Washington County's involvement in the Civil War conjures images of the terrible aftermath of the Battle of Antietam. But many other events occurred there during the war. Wedged into a narrow neck between Pennsylvania and West Virginia, the area was the setting for many important events in the conflict. From John Brown launching his raid on nearby Harpers Ferry at the Kennedy Farm in 1859 to the dragnet that ensnared local citizens following President Lincoln's assassination in 1865, the military was a constant presence. Antietam changed the course of the war and provided President Lincoln the military events needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation. Harper's Ferry, the C&O Canal, and several rail lines were of vital importance for projecting Union strength into the Shenandoah Valley. They were regularly attacked and defended, and Hagerstown was nearly burned in 1864. Many from across the nation returned home indelibly affected by their experiences in Washington County; some never made it back at all.

"This book shows many of [The William Penn Highway's] scenic and historic sites"--Back cover.

The MEDEX Northwest Physician Assistant Program was created at the University of Washington in 1968 as one of the nation's first physician assistant (PA) programs. A joint project of the Washington State Medical Association and the University of Washington School of Medicine, MEDEX was designed to meet the needs of overworked physicians in rural communities. As envisioned by MEDEX founder Dr. Richard A. Smith, "Physician Assistants were created by physicians, for physicians." Initially, all MEDEX students were former military corpsmen returning from Vietnam. Based on their extensive clinical experience, they were well accepted by doctors and their patients. Dr. Richard Smith was a former Peace Corps physician and leader of the federal project to desegregate the US hospital "system" as a requirement for Medicare reimbursement. Dr. Smith's founding principles for MEDEX included a collaborative model for community and practitioner involvement--the framework for the MEDEX Program throughout its 45-year history.

The fascinating tale of Hollywood powerhouse Paramount Pictures beginning with its birth in the 1910s through the turbulent decade of the 1930s was told in Early Paramount Studios by Marc Wanamaker, Michael Christaldi, and E.J. Stephens. Now the same authors are back to tell the next 60 years of the studio saga in Paramount Studios: 1940 2000, with a foreword by former Paramount head of production Robert Evans. This book picks up the story during the time of World War II a successful era for the studio which was followed by a decade of decline due to the upstart medium of television. By the 1960s, the studio teetered on the brink of bankruptcy before rebounding, thanks to several 1970s blockbusters, such as Love Story, The Godfather, and Chinatown. The tale continues through the final decades of the 20th century when Paramount showcased some of the greatest hits in its history."

Established in 1872 and designed in collaboration with landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, the Arnold Arboretum is a National Historic Landmark. Founded as a partnership between the City of Boston and Harvard University, the Arnold Arboretum is a unique blend of a respected research institution and beloved public park in Boston's Emerald Necklace. Occupying 281 acres, its living collection of trees, shrubs, and woody vines is recognized as one of the most comprehensive and best documented of its kind in the world. Its lilac collection is a springtime favorite of visitors, along with the magnificent rhododendrons, and in the fall, trees from maples to dawn redwoods provide a wonderful display of color. The living collection is supported by curatorial documentation, a herbarium, library and archival holdings, and a state-of-the-art research center. These facilities and holdings provide the basis for research and education of visitors, students, and scholars from around the world.

In 1952, Jacob Jay Gurley explored a Marshall County, Alabama, curiosity known as Bat Cave. Amazed by its stalagmites and sheer enormity, he purchased the site and began transforming it into Cathedral Caverns, a spectacular tourist attraction that eventually became a national natural landmark in 1973 and a state park in 2000. Had it not been for Gurley s hard work and dedication, this cave, a geological treasure of international renown, might have remained a little-known hole in the ground. His efforts impacted local and state tourism, economics, and politics. This is the story of one man and his vision."

Sacramento has enjoyed baseball since the Gold Rush. As early as 1869, the first professional baseball team in America, the Cincinnati Red Stockings, came to Sacramento and played against a locally organized team. A few years later, the Sacramento team joined the California League to compete against those from San Francisco and Oakland, becoming a charter member of the newly formed Pacific Coast League in 1903. All the while, children and adults alike were picking up the sport in the many parks, sandlots, and schoolyards throughout the city. In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, amateur and sponsored teams competed against each other for trophies and bragging rights. Then, in the 1950s, Little League, Babe Ruth League, and American Legion Baseball flourished.

On September 13, 1876, the bell on Atwood Hall rang, students assembled, and Rio Grande College began its 140-year search for identity and its struggle for existence. Ira Haning, a Freewill Baptist minister, conveyed the idea of a college to a prominent couple, Nehemiah and Permelia Atwood. Nehemiah passed away in 1869, and supposedly, his last words were Permelia, build the college. Permelia deeded 10 acres and financed Atwood Hall and the Boarding Hall, and Rio Grande College became a reality. Upon Permelia s death in 1885, Rio Grande faced the first of many financial pitfalls. Her estate was willed to the college, but the heirs of her second husband contested it in an action that would be resolved by the Ohio Supreme Court in 1896. As a college, junior college, community college, and currently, as a university, Rio Grande continues to seek a definitive identity."