Bücher veröffentlicht von BAR Publishing

The primary aim of this monograph is to use one commodity type, the carinated-shoulder amphora, to investigate the level of centralisation and modes of production and distribution in southern Phoenicia (i.e. the city-states of Tyre and Sidon) when the region was under Persian (Achaemenid) imperial hegemony (539-332 BC). The second is to set the research findings into a broader socio-cultural context, viewing the amphorae as containers of wine, and the impact on the production and distribution of these amphorae as Persian imperial attitudes towards, and patterns of consumption of, wine. To determine whether these amphorae may be of southern Phoenician manufacture the author analyses petrographically the fabric of 307 amphorae gathered from 21 sites in thecoastal areas of southern Lebanon and Israel, and assesses to what extent the raw materials in the fabrics may be consistent with the geological formations in this region. She goes on to present a typology of carinated-shoulder amphorae of proposed southern Phoenician manufacture using an innovative technique, the 'envelope' method. This technique produces a typology which is repeatable and verifiable. An intra-regional analysis of the manufacture of these amphorae is conducted, assessing through the application of theoretical models to what extent production was centralised at this period. The study examines data which indicates the presence on a particularly significant amphora manufacturing centre in the region, and then attempts to identify the mechanism whereby amphorae were dispersed throughout the region, whether it was attached, independent, or whether both mechanisms could have existed simultaneously. Again, by applying theoretical models, the author attempts to determine to what degree amphora distribution was regionally integrated, and whether nodes of distribution existed which facilitated their dispersal. Finally, the work investigates from epigraphic and documentary sources, the role of wine in Persian culture, the quantities in which it was consumed and the wine preferences of the Persian elite, exploring what impact these factors may have had on the production and distribution of carinated-shoulder amphorae.

Papers of the 1st International Conference on Soils and Archaeology, Százhalombatta, Hungary, 30 May - 3 June 2001A collection of 13 papers given at the 1st International Conference on Soils and Archaeology, Százhalombatta, Hungary, 30 May - 3 June 2001.

The 'Alpha' Building at Puig Morter in Son Ferragut (Sineu, Mallorca, Spain) is one of the few domestic spaces from Mallorcan prehistory to have been explored in detail. Analysis of material remains from this archaeological site, and from other contemporaneous contexts, have led to the definition of an historical moment named the Son Ferragut Horizon by the authors of this monograph, who examine the social relations that existed at the time. The relationships established within the domestic group are analysed in such a way as to enable the identification of the existence of two differentiated groups and leading to clues as to the division of various social practices engaged in by women and men. The work centres on four main themes: the exploration of the Son Ferragut Horizon in 8th-6th centuries BC Mallorca; The 'Alpha' Building and its context; the social activities and domestic character of the 'Alpha' Building; the reciprocity and exploitation of the domestic group.

Prehistoric Pottery Research Group: Occasional Publication No. 4This volume represents the proceedings of a conference organised by the Prehistoric Ceramics Research Group (PCRG) in conjunction with its sister organisation, the Ceramics Petrology Group. The conference was hosted by the department of archaeological sciences of the University of Bradford in October 2002. In this title, 13 papers from the conference (devoted to the study of prehistoric ceramics from France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Scandinavia, Southeast Asia, Spain as well as the UK) are presented here.The subjects range from technological studies to ethnographies, associations and chronologies, deposition, theory and the scientific analysis of tempers and residues. Devoted to prehistoric pottery, the authors here do indeed look at patterns on the pots as well as in the data. Also reviewed was the purpose of pottery from the point of view of their 'palaeo-contents' and ancient uses. The contributors were ever mindful throughout that archaeology is the study of past human societies through their material remains and therefore never lose sight of the people behind the pots. The papers include: New Dates For Scottish Bronze Age Cinerary Urns: Results From The National Museums Of Scotland Dating Cremated Bones Project; Organic Residues In Storage Vessels From The Toumba Thessalonikis; Patterns Of Spatial Regularity In Late Prehistoric Material Culture Styles Of The NW Iberian Peninsula; New Pots Or New People? - Archaeoceramological Study Of La Tène

This book focuses upon the bio-archaeological study of the human remains recovered in a Prehistoric cave cemetery from Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) dated between 1450/1400 - 800 cal BC. Its research has benefited from methods and techniques developed by several disciplines (including human osteology, biological anthropology, forensics and paleopathology) in order to explore previously formulated hypothesis related to six major aspects: 1.) funerary practice; 2.) demography; 3.) biological variation;4.) diet; 5.) health and morbidity; 6.) main trend activities and 7.) social distance. The integration of independent results into a wider frame has allowed to distinguish several meaningful patterns. Segregation and relocation of skulls was a new feature added to the long-standing tradition of collective inhumation towards the end of the II millenium. The community experimented a limited growth conditioned by a low fertility rate and a high infant mortality. Infectious diseases were a more serious threat to health than the nutritional intake. Diet composition was varied and well-balanced, with enough rich-protein foods accessible to both sexes. Activity patterns also reflect the importance of livestock and gathering. No conclusive evidence of warfare isavailable in the whole series, as well as craft specialization. On the contrary, social relationships seem to have been ruled by cooperation.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 56The need for archaeological research in the Hausa area is very real. What work has been done is often casual and cursory. Considering that the modern Hausa heartland includes up to twenty-five million people and is as large as Britain, this neglect cannot be explained in terms of demographics or of scale. Nor can it be excused on the grounds that there is nothing of interest in the soil of the kasar hausa. This volume (the latest in the series of Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology) focuses on the particular site of Kufan Kanawa, in the Republic of Niger, to illustrate how archaeology can contribute to our knowledge of the past. This site stands out among the many archaeological remains of the Hausa area because of its six-kilometre long stone enclosure and its alleged role as the predecessor site to the widely-known Hausa city of Kano. In this volume archaeological excavation, anthropological interviews, and critique of the historiography of the Hausa area are combined in an attempt to explain why, how and when Kufan Kanawa was settled. At the same time, a study of Kufan Kanawa brings to light a number of general points, applicable to any enquiry into the past. African archaeology is coming to the fore as a rich source of data on the different developmental paths taken by human societies, informing our debates on cultural processes such as the rise of social complexity and of urban settlements, or the role of trade and of migrations. It is hoped that the present study of Kufan Kanawa will contribute to this field. Three main topics run through this volume: the nature of urbanism, the role of trade, and the diffusion of political complexity. A single thread in fact unites them all: the idea that major developments in West Africa could be explained as the result of influences from North Africa.

The Comet Lode Opencast and the surrounding prehistoric-modern archaeological landscape on Copa Hill has been the subject of a major long-term investigation by the Early Mines Research Group. This Early Bronze Age opencast is one of 12 now identified within Central Wales Orefield, but is almost certainly the best preserved, and probably the most fully excavated example of this class of upland primitive trench mines within the British Isles. More than 10 years of excavations here have revealed an intact 5-6 metre deep Early Bronze Age mining stratigraphy preserved under semi-waterlogged conditions within the base of the working, with an abundance of stone, antler, and wooden mining artifacts in situ, including some of the earliest recognized examples of mine drainage equipment (wooden launders) ever found. It appears that the earliest exploitation of the copper-lead ores may have begun sometime before 2000 BC, following prospection activity within the Ystwyth Valley, with activity reaching its maximum almost 150 years later, thereafter continuing intermittently up to the point of its final abandonment around 1600 BC. Of particular interest is evidence which suggests that lead ores were also being systematically removed from the veins, and that in some cases these ores were being crushed and separated, but also apparently discarded. This raises important questions about metallurgical experimentation, and/or the first use of lead, or leaded bronze alloying in Britain. Important palaeo-environmental data has also been obtained from an examination of the sequence of infilling peats and silts which seal these early mining deposits, as well as from cores taken from the blanket peat above the mine. These have provided hitherto unavailable evidence as to the history of local woodland clearance, agriculture, and the record of prehistoric-modern mining and metallurgical activity within an area of the uplands sparse in extant archaeological remains. With contributions by T. Mighall, S. Clark, A. Caseldine, N. Nayling, D.M. Goodburn, B. Craddock, J. Ambers, A.E. Annel and R.A. Ixer

This study examines the lithic assemblage from a cave site, Porc-Epic, located in Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. The assemblage is representative of the Middle Stone Age and documents an increased sophistication in lithic production, with greater technological variability shown in the production of blades, flakes, bladelets, points and so on.

with short English abstract

South Asian Archaeology Series No. 1

With contributions by Patrizia Boccolini, Cristina Chiaramonte Treré, Vincenzo d'Ercole, Luisa Ferrero, Debora Francone, Rossella Mantia, Gianluca Melandri and Cecilia Scotti.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 9Adding to the scarce material available on these remote Mexican sites, this volume (number 9 in the series of Paris Monographs in American Archaeology) is an extensive presentation of the Loma Alta excavations (Zacapu, south-west Mexico) and its rich finds (2nd century B.C - c. 1250 A.D.). The study is divided into two sections. The first concentrates on the Loma Alta site and its funerary remains, while the second analyzes the stylish iconography of the polychrome ceramic finds from the period considered to be the apogee of the region's culture (c. 700 - 1100 A.D).

The potential of the scarab seal is still neglected by many archaeologists. They are primarily considered for chronological purposes, and so their capacity as an historical document is under-rated, as is their value as an archaeological tool. Luckily, more recent studies are beginning to assess the archaeological and historical value of scarabs, and in particular design scarabs, revealing them as potential indicators of cultural interaction, and it is within this genre that the anra (identified always bya sequence of hieroglyphs which includes the letters n and r) scarab is considered in this extensive study. The aim of this work is to try and establish the status, function, meaning, and significance of the anra scarab, and possibly offer something new with regard to the nature of the relationships that existed between the countries of Africa and the Levant during the latter part of the Middle Bronze Age.

This book deals with Research into the history of insect synanthropy in Greece and Egypt', more specifically with insect remains from the Late Bronze Age site of Akrotiri and other evidence from ancient and Roman Egypt.

New: 2020 preface with links to additional, updated material.This NAA study of Syro-Palestinian pottery types found at Tell el-Dab'a/Avaris is important from the perspective it provides on economic and social developments at what has been identified as the capital of the "Hyksos" in the north eastern Nile Delta during the period from the late Middle Kingdom through the Second Intermediate Period. As well as opening up a new sight-line on the pottery industry at Tell el-Dab'a / Avaris, this study is also extremely important in refining hypotheses and conclusions based on pottery analyses, and, indeed, the author presents his case for a radical rethink in the light of these NAA findings. Illustrated throughout.

In the study of Mycenaean archaeology, the major monuments have been intensively and extensively studied, while others less impressive and monumental are often left unpublished, although well over two thousand of them are known. These largely neglected Mycenaean burials are the subject of this volume, where they are referred to as 'simple graves'. The scope of these simple graves is wide and the work extends to a discussion on interments, grave goods, and burial customs. Contains a valuable catalogue of all the graves used for the analysis of burial customs arranged by geographical area.

India encompasses a lot of hidden treasures, such as amulets, pendants, etched and eye beads - distinct beads. Besides being used for decoration distinctive beads also have religious, therapeutic, superstitious reasons behind their use. While often regarded as the smallest object of civilization, beads in general were always an integral part of any culture. They are found in large quantities in archaeological excavations and are studied in detail in this book.

This volume is an accompanying volume to CAA 98 volume (BAR S757). The papers were originally presented at the Festival of Virtual Reality in Archaeology which took place simultaneously to the twenty-sixth annual CAA conference in Barcelona.

This book represents in-depth analysis of a deposit of pottery recovered on the Palatine Hill that is composed of materials used and discarded in the period 290-315 AD. As there are exceedingly few studies concerned with groups of pottery dated to this period, the book represents an important addition to our evidence of the period in question. Unusually large number of complete or nearly complete vessels made experiments with analytical techniques possible. The book includes detailed catalogue and concludes with the remarks on urban economy of the early Dominate.

This book is concerned with the developments that followed on from the introduction of farming into Britain and Southern Scandinavia (Denmark and Southern Sweden), and the idiosyncratic social and cultural patterns that emerged as the revolutionary potential of the Neolithic was gradually realised. Fundamental to the contributors approach is a concern with the ways in which communities inhabit their landscapes. If the Neolithic involved the introduction of new species of plants and animals and new forms of material culture into indigenous contexts, the longer-term consequences of this development should be gauged through changing practices of dwelling: patterns of occupation and mobility, the organisation of space, the location of ritual activities, the dead, and the sacred; and degrees of impact in ecological conditions. The authors examine the implicit knowledge, habitual practice and material culture as forms of cultural inheritance which are passed between generations, and modified by innovation.

Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 84This work presents contributions from South African, European, and North American authors working in academic and governmental institutions. Chapters provide latest regional syntheses and discuss diverse topics, such as Acheulean hominin behaviour, Holocene hunter-gatherer subsistence, settlement patterns and land use patterns, human impact on marine environments and resource intensification, herder/ forager culture contact, physical anthropological studies, the impact of colonialism in developing new social and economic responses, and heritage management. A final chapter by Jon Erlandson discusses these contributions within a wider international context.

Multidisciplinary Old and New World research, using high quality paleoenvironmental and archaeological data, looks for correlations between climatic oscillations and socio-cultural adjustments in nomadic hunter-gatherer, horticultural, sedentary agricultural, and early urbanized societies. The outright collapse of cultural systems, sometimes associated with radical climate change, is not readily demonstrated and some contributions attribute culture change primarily to human agency. Others indicate that different cultures in diverse regions and times employ varying adjustment strategies, including economic and technological innovations (i.e., agriculture, wheels, monumental architecture, metallurgy etc.) and exhibit religious and social upheaval, warfare, genocide, or migration in coping with a changing world.

This study examines developments in British archaeology over the last 30 years or so (between 1975-2010), focusing in particular on transformations in prehistoric research. Ultimately it seeks to foreground the extent to which recent historical developments (at all levels of the discipline and in various working contexts) are implicated in contemporary research practices. Advocating the need for taking a multi-stranded and interdisciplinary approach, the author consulted a range of sources - digital archives, documentary and oral material - and draws on ideas from archaeology, sociology, anthropology and oral history. Through a detailed analysis of a leading disciplinary newsletter, key concerns are highlighted which have shaped archaeological practice over this period, and how particular roles and relationships have been defined and developed. By examining records and primary research outcomes of British prehistoric fieldwork, the writer develops a thorough understanding of how both data production and accounts of British prehistory have transformed. Based on evidence from 'life-history' interviews undertaken with prehistorians across the discipline, themes are explored that connect the diverse experiences of these practitioners: the notions that archaeology has undergone a process of 'professionalisation' over this period, and that it is chronically (and indeed increasingly) 'fragmented' socially. The author considers not only the varied ways in which British prehistorians have understood these issues,but also how such beliefs actually operate to shape research practices.

Chlemoutsi castle is located in the NW Peloponnese (Greece). It was built by the Franks following the Fourth Crusade and the establishment of the Principality of Achaea. At the beginning of the 15th century the castle passed to Charles I Tocco, Count Palatine of Cephalonia and Despot of Epirus. In 1428 it passed to the Palaiologoi and in 1460 it fell to the Ottomans. Following the fate of the Peloponnese, the castle remained in the hands of the Ottomans until the early 19th century, except for approximately three decades in the late 17th and the early 18th century when Venice replaced the Ottomans as overlords of the Peloponnese. The subject of this book is the pottery from Chlemoutsi and its discussion and interpretation. The pottery comes from several small-scale excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service in the 1980s and '90s. The ceramic material under study here covers a long time span and offers important evidence for the pottery used in Greece between the 13th and the 19th centuries. It also provides information on the history of Chlemoutsi, which has been proved particularly important for the periods following the Ottoman conquest (1460), since the history and the role of the castle after the end of its Frankish occupation is hardly known in the bibliography. What characterizes the pottery of Chlemoutsi is the continuous and significant presence of Italian wares, and thus a large section of this present research deals with Italian pottery imports - still a relatively little-explored topic in Greek ceramic studies today.

In this study of prehistoric innovation, the author argues that a range of technologies and practices need to be considered in order to place innovation into the pre-existing social and technological systems in which it functioned and to assess the means by which it was accepted and valued. In particular the study focuses on how archaeological interpretations of stone objects and stone-working can help understand the adoption and continued presence of metal and metallurgy in prehistoric Europe. The author compares traditionally identified stone skeuomorphs - that is, meaningful imitations-of metal with their putative prototypes. Three separate corpora of these stone skeuomorphs have been identified: polished stone shafthole axes from the Netherlands and surrounding areas, identified as copies of perforated, copper axes; flint daggers from Jutland, identified as copies of bronze, metal-hilted daggers; and jet spacer-plate ornaments from the British Isles, Ireland and Brittany, identified as copies of hammered gold lunulae.

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 10The results of archaeological investigations undertaken in advance of quarrying within a 53ha concession at Little Paxton, to the north of St Neots in Cambridgeshire (England) from 1992 to 1998. The archaeological fieldwork involved a total of 10ha of open-area excavation, as well as watching briefs and salvage recording, preceded by air photograph plotting, geophysical survey, fieldwalking and trial-trenching. The fieldwork was undertaken for the predecessor companies of Aggregate Industries by Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit (now Birmingham Archaeology). The investigations recorded flint scatters of Mesolithic-Bronze Age date, pits containing Neolithic-Bronze Age pottery, extensive ditched field boundaries and ditched enclosures of Iron Age and Romano-British date, including livestock enclosures and associated droveways.Principal contributors: Lynne Bevan, Jeremy Evans, Annette Hancocks, Deborah Jaques, Stephen Rowland and Ann Woodward with Marina Ciaraldi, Rowena Gale, James Greig, Rob Ixer, Emily Murray, David Smith, Wendy Smith, Margaret Ward and David Williams. Illustrations by Nigel Dodds, Bryony Ryder, and Mark Breedon.

Excavations at Komini near Pljevlja and at Kolovrat near Prijepolje were conducted from 1964-1967, and again in 1970-1977. Two Roman-city cemeteries were discovered and nearly 700 graves, many of them with inscribed monuments. These excavations represent the significant finds of a Roman municipium at Komini, near present-day Pljevlja, which sprang up in the central Balkan area far from the main Roman communications network. The settlement grew in Roman times in the valley through which the small ¿ehotina river flows, a tributary of the river Lim. The municipium was situated in a plain enclosed by high mountains, not far from another big Roman settlement in present-day Kolovrat near Prijepolje. The Roman city existed, as the findings from the excavated cemeteries prove, for no longer than three and a half centuries, from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD. There is no doubt that the settlement was granted municipal status. Citizens holding municipal offices appear in the inscriptions, but the actual name of the municipium has not yet surfaced - either in inscriptions or in literary evidence. It is believed that the abbreviation 'S' in one inscription refers to the name of the municipium, although this is not proved by any other inscription. The author, in this new study of the site, has adopted the toponym 'Municipium S.', focussing on the collection, commentary, and re-publication of all the inscriptions from this location in the hope of presenting a reconstruction of the life of the city, from the 1st to the 4th centuries AD, basing his research on the literary, archaeological and epigraphical evidence.

The genesis of this volume was a conference co-organized at the University of York, U.K., in 2007 entitled "New Voices on Early Medieval Sculpture". Opinions voiced at this conference demonstrated quite clearly that the study of early medieval sculpture in Britain and Ireland is changing. New technologies and evidence (including that which contextualizes sculptural production and patronage), coupled with increased methodological awareness, is generating compelling new interpretations of the role(s) of public art in memorial contexts.

Nautical Archaeology Society (NAS) Monograph Series No. 3This monograph is the result of four years' work investigating the archaeology of Forton Lake in Gosport, Hampshire, England. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to the Forton Lake Archaeology Project and to the location of the lake. Chapter 2 details the archaeology and history of the area around Forton Lake. Chapter 3 concentrates on the implementation of the project, the archaeological methodologies employed and the ways in which skills training and public engagement opportunities were maximized. Chapter 4 catalogues the results of the surveys and excavations under the headings of transportation, ferries and lifeboats, fishing, military and unclassified remains. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the project in the context of the development of intertidal hulk recording methods and management strategies for intertidal archaeological remains and makes recommendations for further study. The project has demonstrated that the remains of abandoned vessels are a part of our local and national heritage that deserve greater recognition, alongside wrecks in the marine zone and historic vessels whether still floating or in dry dock. There is a large public appetite for maritime heritage, which is witnessed through the numbers of those volunteering to be involved in practical fieldwork and of those who visit historic vessels and by the response to discoveries such as the Newport Ship in 2002. By highlighting how these vessels are part of the maritime heritage continuum, their status is increased and public understanding and appreciation enhanced. Only with broad support will the degrading remains of a vast array of vernacular craft be appreciated for their historic legacy and a record of them developed for present and future generations. The work at Forton Lake has developed such a record for 25 vessels; it is not claimed this work is exhaustive; instead it is hoped this will inspire further research on the collection in the future.With contributions by Paul Donohue, Mary Harvey, Alison James, Colin McKewan, Jane Maddocks, Daniel Pascoe, Philip Simons and Julian Whitewright

Birmingham Archaeology Monograph Series 8Between June 2000 and April 2004 four sites within the City of Worcester were subjected to archaeological investigation by Birmingham Archaeology (formerly Birmingham University Field Archaeology Unit) and Mike Napthan Archaeology. The results from these four sites are documented in this volume. One site is located to the northeast of the historic city core at St Martin's Gate. The three remaining sites are located to the north of the city in an area known as The Butts. Archaeological excavations were undertaken at 8-12 and 14-24 The Butts, and an evaluation at 1 The Butts. At all four sites, the stratigraphy is characterised by Roman and post-medieval deposits, with a distinct lack of intervening material. Ditch features relating to Civil War remodelling of the city's defences were located at St Martin's Gate, 8-12 The Butts, and 14-24 The Butts, and it seems that this and later activity was responsible for the disturbance and removal of earlier material. At 1 The Butts, the creation of the medieval city defences in the 13th century had been responsible for the removal of earlier deposits, but a stone-lined well and other features of Roman date survived on the berm between the medieval city wall and ditch. At all four sites, the Roman deposits yielded a significant array of features and rich assemblages of pottery and other materials, which have added to an understanding of life and industry in the suburbs of Roman Worcester.