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This study highlights and debates the evidence for the king's personal authority and power within three major spheres of influence: 1) the appointment of officials, 2) the making of commands; and 3) military leadership. The extent to which this evidence can be used to create a historically accurate picture of government practice is a major issue throughout this study. The evidence collected dates to the 18th Dynasty from the reign of Ahmose to the end of the reign of Amenhotep III. Chapter one deals with evidence for the appointment of officials by the king as evidenced by the words dhn, rdi m/r, and sxnt. Chapter two analyses this data. Chapter three presents all evidence of the king making commands, as evidenced by the word wD. Chapter four is an analysis of this evidence. Chapter five presents evidence for the king making military decisions and fighting alongside his army. This evidence is analysed in Chapter six. The final chapter puts into context the difficulties of drawing clear boundaries between the ideological and the real in such material.

This work is a case study focusing on the long-term unique evolutionary trajectory of the prehistoric Liaoxi area, Northeast China. The emergence and dramatic decline of the Hongshan complex societies forms the core of this interpretation. Research on household and community levels are based previously excavated typical sites. The basic data for the spatial study at the regional level comes from the author's survey in the Lower Bang River and Upper Laohushan River valleys, Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia. The structure of the work follows the chronology of the prehistoric cultures in Liaoxi.

A study of bucket-shaped pots from 986 Norwegian graves. These graves include altogether 1179 bucket-shaped pots or fragments of pots. Bucket-shaped pots represent a ceramic category that is special to Norway. Other than in Norway, only a few pots have been recorded in Sweden, and only a single find comes from Denmark. The premise of this study is the consideration that a thorough and careful analysis of bucket-shaped pots will provide information about manufacture, specialization and workshops, and indentify regional groups and regional identity in the Late Roman and Migration periods, aspects that so far have received little attention. It also helps better clarify the chronology of some of the important artefact categories in Norway in this period.

This monograph focuses on the Aceramic Neolithic of Cyprus, and addresses three key theoretical topics; memory, death and landscape. Sites dating from the initial colonisation of the island (the Akrotiri phase) through to Khirokitia and its contemporaries, are contextualised within their spatial and temporal settings, and are presented here taking into consideration recent theoretical developments in archaeology and anthropology. This monograph covers what have traditionally been seen as three distinctive periods: the Akrotiri phase, the Early Aceramic Neolithic and the Late Aceramic Neolithic (sometimes referred to as the Khirokitian).

When first studying Ancient Egyptian History, the author, a dental surgeon, was struck by the fact that, with the exception of a blind harpist or an occasional adipose figure, the Ancient Egyptian, was portrayed as healthy and fit with a superb physique. However, the reality was somewhat different. It has been discovered in previous studies of the mummies and the profusion of skeletal material which are available in many collections that their lives were far from ideal and many died in pain with diseases found in modern man. Then there are the many medical papyri which give prescriptions for treatments. Some were magical and were, in reality, spells to rid the sick individual of possession by a malign spirit. However some were rational and were passed on from doctor to doctor. This research was undertaken to investigate whether changes in the diet over a period of 4000 years had a direct effect on the dentition of the ancient Egyptian. The abundance of specimens in various collections made it possible to examine complete skulls to detect dental and bone pathology which may have been influenced by disease and the environment in which they lived. Analysis of the literature of past surveys carried out in tombs has revealed much information. Tomb paintings symbolised an ideal presentation of food for the afterlife. There are scenes illustrating agriculture and irrigation of the land. In museum collections there are papyri listing rations allotted to workmen and soldiers. Of particular importance are the burial goods. There are flagons containing dried remnants of wine and beer. There are mummified joints of beef. Offerings of fruit and grain are identifiable and have been analysed. Bread offerings, found in abundance, have been investigated to differentiate organic and inorganic components. From archaeological excavations, butchered bones from a variety of animals have been identified and the burial sites give clues as to the extent of the fertile area of the Nile Valley at different periods during the millennia. This historical evidence has been examined to evaluate the extent of medical knowledge at various periods and this has been related to the pathology found.

Archaeological sites in a well-defined area on the northwestern shore of the North Euboean Gulf, an area which roughly corresponds to the southeastern part of East Lokris (Central Greece) and which served as a corridor between northern and southern Greece over land as well as over sea. The first chapter defines the chronological and spatial framework. The following three chapters give factual information and deal respectively with the natural environment, the Mycenaean sites known in the area, and selected significant finds from the area. Part II analyzes these findings against the background of the area's location in Central Greece, north of the palace of Orchomenos and on the North Euboean Gulf, the northern part of the strait between the Greek mainland and the island of Euboea. Chapters 5 through 7 are interpretative and combine information from the previous chapters in order to, respectively, examine the influence of the landscape on site distribution, write a settlement history of the region, and examine what the finds tell us about the actual people and the society of our area in the Late Bronze Age. The conclusions of the study are briefly summarized in a final chapter.

This work investigates the craft production system in the Western Zhou (China), through a case study of a 'jue'-earrings workshop at Qijia in the predynastic capital site of Zhouyuan, excavated in 2002-2003. Conclusions are drawn from several lines of evidence, including spatial relationships of material remains in archaeological context, various stages of 'jue' production wasters, the author's experimental replication of 'jue' manufacture, and written texts and bronze inscriptions.

In this second volume dedicated to the study of African edged weapons (see BAR 1098, 2003 for volume 1), the author focuses on short-knives, cutlasses, chopping-knives,machetes, and sabres. These weapons are characterized by a blade with a convex or eventually a straight single edge and sometimes a limited false edge. Also included in this study are weapons with a curved double cutting edge. The typology presents five main categories, the distinctions between them being established according to morphological and metrical evidence based on the observation of 275 weapons. These weapons, collected during the colonial era (mainly at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century), are held by various European museums and private collections. Several areas in Africa are represented in this study: Northern Africa (from Morocco to Tunisia), Western Africa (countries from the Gulf of Guinea and Sahara), Central Africa (mainly the Democratic Republic of Congo and neighbouring countries), Eastern Africa (the Great Lakes area up to Djibouti, Sudan as a northern limit and Kenya as a southern limit). The categories studied are: short knives, cutlasses, chopping knives, 'machetes', and sabers. The work is illustrated with the author's own highly-detailed drawings.

COLLOQUE INTERNATIONAL Toulouse 7-9 avril 2005Edited by Marie-Hélène Dias-Meirinho ,Vanessa Léa, Karim Gernigon, Pierrick Fouéré, François Briois and Maxence Bailly

A fresh look at the inscriptions, backed up by architectural developments and the geographical distribution of finds, to try and clear up some of the knotty problems which crop up in regard to the Third Dynasty. There is currently no agreement as to the sequence of third dynasty pharaohs, the number of pharaohs, or indeed their names.

Proceedings of the International Conference October 2000, Taman, Russia.28 papers from an international conference held in Taman, Russia, in 2000.

13 papers presented at the Eighth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, held at the University of Birmingham in September 2006.

This study gathers together the results of archaeological work on the South African Namaqualand region, focusing on human adaptation to the desert environment in the late Stone Age. Settlement patterns are a major concern, with a preponderance of short-stay sites. Faunal remains are also analysed for evidence of diet.

Edited by Marie-Hélène Moncel, Anne-Marie Moigne, Marta Arzarello and Carlo PerettoProceedings of the XV World Congress UISPP (Lisbon, 4-9 September 2006). Volume 5. Session WS23.20 papers from the session on 'Raw Material Supply Areas and Food Supply Areas' held at the 15th UISPP Congress in Lisbon in September 2006.

This collection of essays brings together some of the biggest names in British archaeology to pay tribute to Sonia Chadwick Hawkes.

At the present time, one of the most urgent tasks in Armenian archaeology is the organization of the existing information, so as to enable a critical analysis of the results obtained during 150 years of excavation in Armenia to formulate the main directions for future research in the future. The establishment of a corpus of archaeological sites is one of the most efficient forms of such organisation. The present work is the first attempt in this direction, produced by the authors within the framework of an European INTAS program: 'Geographic Information System for Armenian archaeological sites from the Palaeolithic to the 4th century A.D.'. This work pursues some fundamental objectives. The first is to attempt to fill the gap which exists in the information. Second, the authors attempt to present the data in the framework of a single division into periods and a single chronology. Finally, the table of geographic coordinates (catalogue) can serve as a base for the future cartography of Bronze Age and Iron Age sites in Armenia. The present work groups together the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age vestiges in the following regions: the volcanic massif of Aragats, the depression of Shirak, the ridge of Pambak, the valley of the Kasakh river and the northern part of the plain of Ararat. Future volumes in this series will report on other regions.

This study is an archaeological analysis of the relationship between religious communities in Byzantine Palestina (AD 400-700), based on a catalogue of excavated Byzantine sites in the region (forming an appendix to the work). After outlining the historical, archaeological and environmental contexts of the study, the identification and dating of excavated synagogues and churches are re-evaluated. This shows that, although there are clear-cut examples of Jewish and Samaritan synagogues and Christian churches, these buildings are often so similar that it is difficult to differentiate between them. It is also shown that Jewish and Christian burial practices were so similar that, unless accompanied inscriptions or symbols, the religious identity of burials is often difficult to recognize. This suggests that different communities shared similar material cultures of religious practice, probably resulting from peaceful inter-communal interaction, and highlights chronological problems in the archaeology of Byzantine Palestina. Spatial analysis of reliably identified religious buildings is then used to show that different religious communities frequently occupied the same landscapes, and even the same settlements. The credibility of using symbols on portable artefacts to indicate religious identity is assessed, and supported, by examining their association with other religious indicators. Spatial analysis of these artefacts supports the patterns already established, strengthening the interpretation that differentreligious communities lived in close proximity. This evidence is used to argue for closer and more peaceful co-existence between religious communities in Byzantine Palestina than is usually supposed. It is suggested that this relative religious harmony contributed to the economic prosperity of the region in the Byzantine period. This apparently came to an end in the late sixth or seventh century, when most excavated Byzantine sites in the region were probably disused. Although other explanations (such as plague) are possible, this widespread abandonment may be a consequence of the Persian and/or Muslim invasions. The work concludes with three extensive Appendices of sites, burials, and religious structures.

This study examines the mortuary practices of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic (10,000-7,000 BC) and the early Pottery Neolithic (7,000-6,000) BC. This period saw the transformation of the economy and start of agriculture, and a corresponding explosion of symbolic development of mortuary practices.

Papers in honour of Martin Henig, presented on the occasion of his 65th birthdayFor weeks after his Christian baptism and confirmation into the Church of England Martin presented a vivid sight as he walked briskly along the Oxford streets. Dressed in white trousers and white open neck shirt (no jersey or jacket in even the coldest weather) and long white hair, it was a striking statement of a new life that would easily have been recognised by those early Christians who were clothed in white robes after their baptism in font or river...Martin is especially well placed, by virtue of his long-standing academic interests and his personal convictions, to build a picture of Christianity in Roman Britain. He has, after all, written about many of the crucial pieces of evidence. He can give us a clear and comprehensive survey of art in the age of Constantine. He can also identify and trace the difference that Christianity made to that art. Religion in the Roman world was highly diverse, but there were elements within it which lent themselves to a later, Christian interpretation, such as the myth of Bellerophon and the Chimera. There was also an implicit longing as expressed in Sol Invictus, which found its fulfillment in Christ the unconquered victor over sin and death, the sun which will never set. The classical heritage of myth and story was part of the education of a Roman gentlemen, the paidea, even when the empire became Christian, but a Christian could see in at least some of it a pointer and foreshadowing of Christ. Martin is able to see it in this way too. There are some in the modern world who like to stress the great gulf, the sharp difference between Christianity and other faiths. Martin shows that for the church in the fourth century the continuities and fulfillments were just as important. The 44-page bibliography of his writings is substantial evidence to the range and depth of Martin's work: a scholar's scholar indeed. So I feel specially honoured to have been invited to write this short preface to these essays honouring him.' (Richard Harries, former Bishop of Oxford).

Proceedings of the 6th Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, University of BristolThis volume presents 10 papers from the 6th Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, held at the University of Bristol in September 2004.

This study examines the relationship between technology and social organisation in a range of Early and Middle Bronze Age cultural groups and proposes that in the process of material culture production, technological choices not only deliver an end product but are also an essential part of complex, dynamic social strategies.

The Archaeology of the Clay Tobacco Pipe XIXThe collection of almost 1,000 clay pipes from the quarantine port of Pomègues provides a unique insight into pipe production and use throughout the Mediterranean and further afield. The author's exhaustive study makes a significant contribution to knowledge both of pipe production and circulation in a number of different ways. Although these have already been recognised and published from a range of sites throughout the Mediterranean basin, the Pomègues collection, arriving off Marseilles on ships from many ports of origin, is by far the most extensive and varied yet collected. This study establishes a logical nomenclature for the formal and technical variables that can be observed on these pipes. The Pomègues assemblage demonstrates clearly that a wide range of stylistic and constructional forms, many previously though to be late, coexisted over a wide geographical area. All existing dating typologies for Ottoman-style pipes will now have to be revised. Using existing published groups from specific sites and areas the author has attempted to identify the origins of the pipes within the Empire - whether from north Africa, the Near East, Asia Minor or Greece. Quite apart from the Ottoman-style pipes, the author provides an interesting study of the extensive Dutch element in the Pomègues collection. The pipes derive from a large number of makers and a number of probable centres and include a range of qualities, including possible copies. An attempt to combine stem-bore analysis, bowl form and maker information in a single dating statement for each pipe provides an original contribution to the study of Dutch pipes from this kind of context. The English pipes are fewer in number and more difficult to source with few distinctive regional forms or makers'marks. This study describes and identifies for the first time a major pipe production centre in Venice, producing thrown pipes in a specific technology, contrasting with the well-known moulded types from Chioggia. Finally, the author has defined, albeit tentatively, a range of 18th-century products from France and provides some indication of how such pipes can be identified in the future. This is important as very little research has been carried out on the products of an industry which, from the documentary sources, was a significant one.

The Ruthwell Cross is near the village of Ruthwell, Dumfriesshire, in south-west Scotland. It is inside the Ruthwell parish church, in a purpose-built semi-circular apse with a sunken floor. It is a sculptured stone monument in the shape of a freestanding cross about 5.3m tall. This book aims towards a comprehensive explanation of the Ruthwell Cross. It seeks to define the form of the early medieval monument or monuments incorporated in the reconstruction. It considers the issues relating to workmanship and likeness to other sculpture. Conclusions are drawn as to the likely background of the artists, and probable sources for their models. The book also examines the questions of meaning, message and audience. Suggestions are made about the nature of the religious community for whom the monument was made. This book addresses a wide range of questions about the Ruthwell Cross and suggests why, how and for whom it was made. This discussion aims to present a more considered and detailed assessment of the monument's original form, creating a new basis for future consideration of the monument. The wide-ranging discussion of the people involved in its creation and their aims and methods will present a unified approach to these questions, linking historical figures with material evidence to postulate a context for the original Ruthwell monument.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 32Western values imposed on pre-Columbian practices are obstacles in the understanding of the relationship between the 'skull-rack' (tzompantli) and the 'ball-court'. The impact of a long-held interpretation which stems from the belief that in the ball-game the loser was beheaded is probed, once the activities related to both sacred spaces are surveyed, to examine the genesis of an unfounded proposal. The research shows it is the product of the reminiscence, particular to each epoch, that views the pre-Columbian world from its own conception of rituals and images, those related to games and sports; cannibalism and punishment.

Paris Monographs in American Archaeology 31The Bajío (West-Central Mexico) has been considered by various authors to be a key region for understanding the processes of interaction and migration among Central, West, and Northern Mesoamerica. Since the late 1990s, our knowledge of the prehispanic societies of the Bajío has benefitted from the development of several new archaeological projects carried out by various Mexican and French institutions. The principal contribution of this research has been an emphasis on extensive excavations, which were previously quite limited in the region. The numerous stratified contexts studied have revealed new data that permit a better definition of ceramic complexes in the Bajío during the Epiclassic, the period of the zone's greatest demographic growth. This volume offers a new overview of the ceramic traditions of this region and their links with those of the neighbouring areas.

Archaeological excavations were carried out at al-Qisha, located on the Wadi Masila in the Mahra region of the Republic of Yemen. Situated along the Northern Indian Ocean coast, the Wadi Masila is an integral part of the Hadramaut drainage system located within the geological Hadramaut Arch. Regional surveys were carried out between 1997-2000, defining Bronze and Iron Age and Islamic period sites. Al-Qisha is an Islamic period settlement site that spans over 1 km and includes an extensive village (part of which is still inhabited), a cemetery, and a mosque. Al-Qisha as an archaeological site is enmeshed in an historical and ethnographic landscape of trade and mediation. This volume has three goals. The main objective is to present the data collected from excavations at al-Qisha, the first excavated Islamic period settlement site in the Mahra region of Yemen to date. The second goal is to examine this site in its greater cultural and physical landscape. And third, getting to the "route" of the matter, al-Qisha serves as a gateway community linked with the Ba'Abbad of Qabr Hud, the tomb of the pre-Islamic prophet Hud. This study is unique in that it presents a first attempt to integrate archaeology with the scant history and sparse ethnography of the Mahraand Hadramaut regions.

The Late Chalcolithic is a period of far-reaching changes in many aspects of life in Mesopotamia. On the southern alluvial plain (present day Iraq) the first city states appear, among them the city of Uruk, which grows to become the largest of the citiesin the south. The growth of cities coincides with evidence for elaborate ritual building complexes, an increasingly class-stratified society, industrial specialisation, and multi-tiered administration, which includes the invention of writing. The present volume focuses on the agricultural developments in Late Chalcolithic northern Mesopotamia from the perspective of a major settlement in the region, Tell Brak in modern northeast Syria. Agriculture formed the basis of the economy of ancient Near Eastern communities; a study of the crop husbandry practices of Tell Brak can potentially identify the plant economy of the site, including the crops present in the settlement, and methods of crop processsing and use. Any agricultural responses to changes in the socio-political system, known from the archaeological evidence to have taken place during the Late Chalcolithic, can also be assessed. These responses may be able to give us an indication of the wider economic responses to societal change during the Late Chalcolithic.

The strategies of production and consumption of lithic artifacts implemented by the hunter-gatherer societies who participated in the first peopling (final Pleistocene - 13,000/10,000 BP - and early Holocene - 10,000/7500 BP) of the southern end of the American continent are investigated in this book. The analyzed materials were recovered from rock shelters in the Central Plateau of Santa Cruz, Patagonia Argentina. The lithic materials are approached from a dynamic concept of technology. This research extends the knowledge of the dynamics of tool production and resource exploitation, rather than just analyzing the procurement and manufacturing practices. The differences in and continuities of the technological preferences of the early hunter-gatherer societies are recorded, especially regarding the use and design of edges. This study presents a model of how to analyze the variability in use of artifacts from a perspective which goes beyond the idea of tools having a univocal nature.

This monograph focuses on Greek architectural terracottas coming from recent excavations at the urban sanctuary of Kaulonia, a polis on the eastern coast of Calabria. The work outlines the phenomenon of architectural terracottas in their diachronic development, clarifying the manner in which their production first arose, reconstructing the range of distribution of the products of Kaulonia (among the most important in Magna Graecia), and highlighting their links with other materials of the same class in Greece and Southern Italy. It also examines significant aspects of production and attempts to investigate the ideological elements implicit in 'horn' roofs (a peculiar group of Southern Italy terracottas). The monograph further presents results that are of interest to wider architectural studies and Greek archaeology, including a reappraisal of 'horn' roofs class and a new identification of roofs found at Olympia.

Reports of the open area excavation at the York Minster Library conducted in 1997 and associated research are presented in this book. The excavation was complemented by geophysical survey and detailed documentary research in advance of an extension to the Minster Library, a converted medieval archbishop's chapel. The research unearthed archaeological strata up to two metres deep which have been attributed to eight distinct periods of activity. The periods of activity include evidence for Roman legionary barracks, an 11th-century boundary ditch, a 13th-century solar block of the archbishop's palace, 17th-century pleasure gardens, and, finally, the conversion of the archbishop's chapel into the Minster Library.With contributions by Craig Barclay, Paul Bidwell, Martin Carver, Jonathan Clark, Hilary Cool, Brenda Dickinson, Sandra Garside-Neville, Kate Giles, Kay Hartley, Deborah Jaques, Patrick Ottaway, Barbara Precious, Nicky Rogers, Jennie Stopford, Alan Vince and Felicity Ward.