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Pre-Columbian pottery figurines from Peru occur in astonishingly large numbers in museum and private collections. However in the published literature they generally occupy a place of 'also ran'. The reason for this may be that -because of their scarcity in controlled excavations -their potential importance has been undervalued. The main purpose of this work therefore has been to fill this gap in the archaeological record by presenting a Corpus of Peruvian pottery figurines. This volume analyses material from the north coast of Peru and two subsequent volumes are planned to cover the central coast and the southern coast. For each geographic area the figurine groups are presented in chronological order. The periods covered are: The Preceramic Period; The Formative Period (subdivided into: The Lower or Early Formative, also known as Initial Period, The Middle Formative, incorporating the Early Horizon, The Epiformative, straddling Lumbreras's Upper Formative and the beginning of the Early Intermediate Period); The Early Intermediate Period; The Middle Horizon; The Late Intermediate Period; The Late Horizon or Inca Period. Each figurine is listed on a Table, containing all the relevant data (collection, site provenance, sex, measurements, surface colour, manufacturing technique, special features and reference to publications) and illustrated on a Plate. The analytical part lists the group characteristics and discusses special features, links with other groups, context, geographic distribution and chronology of each group or sub-group. Additional data are presented in four Appendices: Appendix 1: Gives details about specific museum collections (acquisition of figurines, reliability of given provenances, etc.). Appendix 2: Describes some of the sites, with the location of successive excavations, dating of features etc. Appendix 3: Lists and briefly describes all the recorded gravelots containing figurines. Appendix 4: Quotes references to idols found in the chroniclers.

Edited by Pierre Allard, Françoise Bostyn, François Giligny and Jacek LechThis book includes papers from the Flint Mining in Prehistoric Europe session held at European Association of Archaeologists 12th Annual Meeting Cracow, Poland, 19th-24th September 2006.

This book explores the origins and development of museums and heritage sites in Bulgaria (1856-2006) in relation to societal change and major historic events. It seeks to determine the key factors that promoted museum building, and pinpoint the key individuals who were involved. Original and archival sources, interviews, observations and field visits have provided a rich dataset which has been analysed to reveal how systems of power, politics and social control affected how museums were created and subsequently managed. Furthermore the Bulgarian case is situated within a broader European context and comparisons are made with the museum institutions in different countries in order to determine any specifics and particularities of Bulgarian museum building and operation. The book demonstrates how different administrations have used museums to promote their own political views of the nation's cultural identity, and in particular how the strategies employed by the Communist regime continue to influence the museum sector today. The major contribution of this book lies in its use of archival documents. This has resulted in a different account of the formation of Bulgarian museums, on some occasions contradicting accepted histories. It also introduces the little known Bulgarian museology to a wider audience, which is seen to be important at a point in time when Bulgaria has become part of the European Union.

The stratigraphic surveys periodically done since the 1980s within the Neolithic settlement of Montedoro (Grottaglie, Taranto, southern Italy), the north-eastern slope of the basin of the 'Small Sea' of Taranto, have highlighted aspects and problems about the process of neolithization in an area insufficiently studied. In this work the author has made a detailed analysis of the archaeological and topographic stratigraphy, including the recovery of the geo-paleoenvironmental data and of the archaeozoological data for historic and cultural reconstructions. The documentation includes ceramic and lithic objects, as well as faunal and palinological finds. The contextualized data provide a significant contribution to an area little known from the preclassical viewpoint.

This study is concerned with how the Postclassic Mexica people developed their unique perspective of history and environment in a dynamic cultural context. By focusing on the process of conceptualization of the Nahuatl word 'xihuitl', the author analyzes the way the Mexica expressed their cognition. Xihuitl covers a range of meanings: 'turquoise', 'grass', 'solar year', 'comet', 'preciousness', 'blue-green' and 'fire'. The correlations of the meanings of xihuitl can be explained from a structural point of view. However, structural analysis does not reveal the dynamic experiential processes that produced such correlations in the minds of the Mexica. In order to account for this dynamic aspect of the concept, the author employs a theory drawn from cognitive science. This theory argues that the meanings and representations of a concept are metaphoric extensions that derive from the central sense of the concept. Applying this theory, the author examines the metaphoric extension of each xihuitl representation from the central sense. The author also analyzes the four media of expression-linguistic, iconographic, material and ritual-in which representations of xihuitl occur. The representations of xihuitl in each medium embody a particular aspect of the concept. At the same time, the concept as a whole was affected by the Mexica conceptual system-the way the Mexica saw their world-rooted in the connections they believed existed between themselves and those who established earlier Central Mexican civilizations.

This work analyses prehistoric stone production in the key area of South Bulgaria and Northwest Turkey for the period 7th-5th millenia BC. It presents a technological and typological analysis of chipped stone assemblages and considers raw material procurement and supply systems.

The beginning of the Late Bronze Age on Cyprus saw a range of dramatic changes occurring in the settlement patterns and material culture of the island, accompanied by evidence for increased interaction with the surrounding region. These include population movements from small inland to larger, nucleated coastal settlements, an increase in social stratification and copper production, the first evidence for literacy, and Cyprus becoming increasingly involved in the complex exchange networks of the eastern Mediterranean. Central to any study of the island's prehistory is the coastal settlement of Enkomi, often considered to be the first state-like entity on the island and identified with the Alashiya of contemporary textual. The author's main goal in this volume is to examine the archaeological evidence for the beginnings of the transformation of Cypriot society as it stands, to seek to understand the individual aspects of the process and to separate this from the later LCIIC outcomes. The author utilises the Enkomi pottery assemblage to examine the introduction of wheelmade pottery and thereby investigate the processes through which Cypriot society became highly complex, including whether the evidence points to early centralized control or independent regional developments. However, in order to understand the pottery, it was necessary to investigate all types of archaeological evidence pertaining to the early history of the site and this volume also includes discussion of architecture, tombs and other aspects of material culture. Part 1 provides the theoretical background to investigations of social complexity and discusses the applications. Part 2 addresses the evidence for both settlement and ceramics during the Cypriot Bronze Age. Part 3 is devoted to the analysis of the Enkomi data. Part 4 presents the author's conclusions.

This volume reports on excavations conducted in advance of the construction of a campus of Cornwall University. In addition to the expected linear field systems and Romano-British settlement activity, Early and Later Neolithic pits were uncovered as well as 5 circular post-ring structures and other features dating to Early to Middle Bronze Age.With contributions by Paul Bidwell, Wendy Carruthers, Rowena Gale, Anna Lawson-Jones, Joanna Mattingly, Henrietta Quinnell, Roger Taylor, Carl Thorpe and Rachel Tyson

Burial is a particularly visible witness of the funerary practices within a group, but does not necessarily make up the most representative vestige of these practices. Over the last thirty years, the multiplication of human remains discovered out of sepulchral context leads the author of this study to consider different methods of funerary practices for the period between the 6th and 3rd millennia BC in temperate Europe. What part do the remains play? Is their presence on the final burial site the result of deliberate handling, or, on the contrary, from accidental circumstances independent of human control? On the other hand, does the phenomenon of human remains out of sepulchral context mean going back to a unique reality in time? Or, could it have a different significance according to the period in question? The author's approach takes into account techniques developed by anthropological fieldwork to question these contexts. It calls on the elaboration of a solid analysis grid aimed at examining the sites systematically with the same approach. Through the results obtained he defines the criterion of inspection destined to determine the conditions of the human remains on arrival at the final burial site. In conclusion, the study aims to reveal the eventual evolution of these customs in terms of time and space.

Reading Medieval Studies Volume 32This volume comprises the publication of a one-day conference held at the University of London (School of Oriental and African Studies) on 19th November 2005. The title of this volume is borrowed from Jan Aarte Scholte, who uses 'incipient globalization' to describe what he sees as the second historic stage of globalization: the period between the 1850s and 1950s, when means and modes of communication such as the telegraph, radio, television, aeroplanes and cars were developed.

This work sets out to examine four taxa of birds from the Quaternary of Europe that exhibit interesting morphological anomalies - cranes (Grus), grouse/ptarmigans (Lagopus), ravens (Corvus corax) and starlings (Sturnus) - to address whether these were the result of inter- or intraspecific processes. Modern skeletal material of these taxa from a wide geographical area was examined so as to make a more realistic assessment of the fossils than had previously been achieved. Similarly, fossils were studied from a wider geographical and temporal range than before. The study of the four chosen taxa was carried out with an acknowledgement of a variety of theoretical issues in biology, which affect the interpretation of such fossils.

Proceedings of a conference held at the University of York 20-21st May 2005This book includes papers from a conference on interpretations of the treatment of the past, held at the University of York in May 2005.

This study investigates the symbolic role of the domestic dog in Iron Age and Roman Britain through contextual analysis of their faunal remains and interpretation of their representations in iconography. Previous studies have highlighted linkages between the species and ideas about death, healing and regeneration. Although these connections clearly did exist in the cosmologies of Britain and the Western provinces of Rome, this detailed examination of the evidence seeks to identify reasons why this might have been so. The work also highlights previously unnoticed patterns in the dataset that might add a further dimension to our understanding of how the domestic dog was perceived at a symbolic level. It has been established for some time that dogs appear instatistically significant numbers, compared to other species, in the special animal deposits that are a feature of certain Iron Age pits. Dramatic evidence for ritual practice involving animals found at a Romano-British temple complex in Springhead, Kent, and comparable finds from both sacred and secular sites, suggest that domestic dogs were also a favoured sacrifice during this period. As well as analysing such archaeological evidence, this study draws on anthropological, psychological and historical writings about human relationships with the domestic dog in an attempt to forward our understanding of religious expression during antiquity.

Acts of the XIVth UISPP Congress, University of Liège, Belgium, 2-8 September 2001Colloque / Symposium 15.1, Commission XXVThis book includes 9 papers from session 15.1 of the UISPP Congress held in Liège in 2001: Hunters vs. Pastoralists in the Sahara: Material Culture and Symbolic Aspects.

This study relates the significant bronze coinage of the usurper Carausius, 286-93, to the archaeological and historical evidence from the period. Since the publication of Roman Imperial Coinage. Volume V(ii) in 1933, many new and significant coin types have appeared. Several important hoards have been published in the intervening years which throw a new light on discussions of the chronology of the coinage, enabling a modified sequence of issues to be postulated. Part of an important hoard discovered inthe 1980's has been reconstituted. Much information regarding the archaeology of Roman Britain in the latter half of the third century has been published during the last three decades, and this is discussed in conjunction with the coin evidence of site finds. Consideration is made of the probable methods employed in the striking of the coinage, and a new mathematical method is invoked to yield a more accurate picture of the supply of coinage under the Carausian administration. A study of the metrology ofthe bronze coinage is made and this includes the illustration of the metrology with a three-dimensional surface using computer graphics. Consideration of the geographical distribution of the index-marked coinage has enabled a new interpretation of the location of the minting centres to be forwarded. The older historical sources have been reconsidered and importantnew interpretations have been made. Certain aspects of the coinage which relate to the history have been examined in the light of newly discovered coin types. The study involved the examination of approximately seven thousand specimens of the coinage from both public and private collections and excavations.

Many scholars have examined the building of Hadrian's Wall from the viewpoints of the order of construction and the responsibility of each legion for particular structures and lengths of curtain wall. Others have examined the design of the Wall and its structural elements. This book is concerned largely with the practical aspects of the physical construction of the Wall. Its purpose is to examine all of the processes necessary to build the Wall, rather than simply the work of putting one stone on another. The line had to be surveyed and the infrastructure and support services had to be set up; the principal relevant operations included quarrying, stone dressing, and lime burning, with the subsidiary operations of sand and water supply, scaffolding, and transport. Each is treated separately before consideration of the techniques of actually building the Wall. The digging of the Vallum and the ditch is discussed, and the addition of the forts and other changes to the programme are included. Organisational aspects arising from the study, such as the hours of work, the potential labour force, and a theoretical rate of working are grouped together in a later chapter. The study is confined to the curtain wall and turrets, and the defences of the milecastles and forts, on Hadrian's Stone Wall, and so far as possible all examples of Roman techniques are taken from the Wall and its immediate locality.

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of Postgraduate Researchers. University of Glasgow, Department of Archaeology, 15-17 February, 2002Edited by Ann Brysbaert, Natasja de Bruijn, Erin Gibson, Angela Michael and Mark MonaghanThe Symposium of Mediterranean Archaeology took place in February 2002 at the University of Glasgow. The conference was organised around a variety of themes with the primary goal of attracting a diverse group of postgraduate researchers and facilitating discussion through the establishment of workshops on specific themes. The primary aim was to give SOMA as wide a scope as possible within the context of Mediterranean archaeology. This was reflected in the wide range of the 20 papers presented both at the conference and included within this volume. Some of the broad themes running through the papers include landscape method and its application, religion and transitions, nationalism and identity, and craft and craftspeople. Papers presented within these themes covered geographical areas ranging from Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Greece, Egypt, and Malta and time periods from the Paleolithic onwards to the modern period. The conference successfully attracted individuals with interests in theory, reports on recent fieldwork, integrating historical and survey data, geoarchaeology, ethnographic studies, experimental archaeology and computer applications, and recent developments and possible future directions of archaeology in Mediterranean archaeology.

Between 1993 and 1997 excavations were carried out on the south side of Bonners Lane, Leicester. The excavation preceded construction on the site of a new De Montfort University building. This report presents a detailed account of the findings of the excavation and attempts to integrate this information with the results of four other excavations undertaken in the same general area. The excavation site (National Grid Reference: SK 5852 0395) encompassed an area of c. 0.16 hectares on the south side of Bonners Lane, at its junction with Oxford Street (the medieval Southgates), approximately 250m south of the Roman and medieval walled town.The excavation area was dictated by the footprint of the planned new building and excluded an area in the south of the site and the eastern part of the Oxford Street frontage.This eastern area was subsequently excavated, in order to fully investigate the remains of an Anglo-Saxon building discovered in this part of the site. The total area excavated archaeologically amounted to c. 0.1 hectare. The range of finds included Prehistoric (of particular note was a Neolithic polished stone axe), Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Medieval, Post-Medieval, Post-Civil War, and Modern material.With contributions by Ian L. Baxter, Paul Blinkhorn, Peter Boyer, Lynden Cooper, Siân Davies, Brenda M. Dickinson, Kay Hartley, Dawn Harvey, Mark Hassall, D. A. Higgins, Patrick Marsden, Angela Monckton, Graham Morgan, Rebecca A. Nicholson, Richard Pollard, R. A. Rutland, Deborah Sawday and Irene Schrüfer-Kolb

The author has undertaken a study of the construction of the Saxon Shore Forts, a series of late Roman coastal installations built on the south and east coasts of Britain during the 3rd century AD. It takes the reader through the generating process involved in the creation of these monuments, from design, through the extraction and transport of the raw materials, to the actual building of the fort defences. Geoarchaeology plays a major part in the study. The 11 forts considered were but a small part of a much larger phenomenon of building in Britain and the Continent during the late Roman period, both of a military and civilian nature, but they constituted a crucial part of the coastal infrastructure, and the imposing ruins of some of their ancient defences still persist in the present landscape - from Brancaster to Portchester.

The Poseidonian chora encompasses the plain South of the Sele River, which formed the ancient boundary between the Greek lands and the Etruscan territory to the North, East to the Alburnus Mountains and South to the Punta Licosa. The aim of this study is to understand the nature of the relationship between the Greek settlers of Poseidonia, founded at the turn of the sixth century BC in the Sele Plain (in modern Campania), and the Italic peoples indigenous in the plain. The Greek city flourished from its foundation until about 400 BC when it came under the control of Lucanians from the nearby Apennines. Recent attention has focused on its three well-preserved temples, the rich cemeteries, and the sanctuaries outside the walls. This present study examines the hypothesis that not only was the relationship cordial during the 200-year tenure of the Greeks, but that the indigenous groups actually collaborated in the founding of the city.

Analysis of the morphology, manufacture and use of selected categories of domestic wooden artefacts with particular reference to the material from Roman Britain.

The three counties of mainland northern Scotland (Ross-shire, Sutherland, and Caithness) have some of the most dramatic, varied and isolated landscapes in Britain. And these remarkable settings are matched by their Neolithic and Bronze Age remains.This extensive study contains sections on the monuments and their methods of construction, the research history, the landscape, field methodology, and settlements. As well as its importance to academics, this book will interest all those fascinated by the Scottish past and landscape.

This book examines the evidence for the land use, settlement, economy and ritual activities of the Black Mountains area during prehistory and identifies both the density and chronological depth of prehistoric human activity. It also attempts to identify distinct Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze and Iron Age territories.

Focusing on evidence from northern England, this book addresses the idea of gradual population increase and related concepts of Mesolithic settlements. Critically assessed are both the nature of the archaeological and environmental evidence for Mesolithic adaptations. A possible different approach is suggested, which acknowledges the importance of ecological changes in a large scale model of changing vegetation, but attempting to avoid static and deterministic interpretations.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is evidence to suggest that males and females in medieval England experienced differences in health and mortality which could be objectively demonstrated from their skeletal remains. Palaeopathological data pertaining to a total sample of 1,056 adult males and 674 adult females (c.1066-1540 AD) were compared statistically. A method for sexing subadults using tooth measurements was also developed, enabling the comparative analysis to be extended experimentally to a further 83 (47 'male', 36 'female') individuals aged c.5-18 years. The collective analysis of four stress indicators (stature, enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, non-specific infection) suggested males experienced poorer general health. Males displayed a higher prevalence of fractures, violent injuries, osteoarthritis and Schmorl's nodes. Females exhibited a proclivity toward knee osteoarthritis and inferior dental health. A statistically significant sex difference in age at death was not demonstrated. Interpretations for the observed patterns are discussed and limitations of the method are evaluated.

The study presented here therefore represents an analysis of just one aspect of observed cultural change, that of settlement patterns, and comprises in the main part of a geo-referenced Site Gazetteer, compiled to study changes in settlement patterns. The data is provided in the main as a platform for further research and analysis, and in the first instance this book thus provides a compilation of primary data with comprehensive bibliographies for further research for those with an interest in the pre-Roman and Roman settlement of the Central Balkans. In the chapters that precede the Gazetteer an analysis of the settlement patterns is presented and discussed, contextualizing the results and providing interpretation. For the reader not familiar with the historical geography of the region the opening sections provide a necessary background with references for further reading.

Papers from a seminar held at the University of Copenhagen in September 2006. Contents: A New Look at the Conception of the Human Being in Ancient Egypt (John Gee); 2) Between Identity and Agency in Ancient Egyptian Ritual (Harold M. Hays); 3) Material Agency, Attribution and Experience of Agency in Ancient Egypt: The case of New Kingdom private temple statues (Annette Kjby); 4) Self-perception and Self-assertion in the Portrait of Senwosret III: New methods for reading a face ((Maya Mueller); 5) Taking Phenomenology to Heart: Some heuristic remarks on studying ancient Egyptian embodied experience (Rune Nyord); 6) Anger and Agency: The role of the emotions in Demotic and earlier narratives (John Tait); 7) Time and Space in Ancient Egypt: The importance of the creation of abstraction (David A. Warburton); Index of Egyptian and Greek words and expressions.

This ambitious volume presents an archaeological history of the city in Greece, and its colonial world from the first Neolithic urbanisation to the present day. The chapters are arranged chronologically, each author concentrating on a particular period, or phase or process of urban transformation.

This volume of papers is offered to Martin Welch on the occasion of his retirement from UCL in 2010. It is a celebration of his long career of teaching and research in early medieval archaeology, particularly Anglo-Saxon England and its neighbours in the fifth to seventh centuries.