Bücher veröffentlicht von BAR Publishing

The present collection refers not only to the remains of the pagan religion of Greeks and Romans, but also to those of Edomites, Nabataeans and Itureans in the Hellenistic and Roman period. Furthermore, it also includes motifs which are found in Jewish archaeological contexts with a pagan content or a mythological origin (such as the Beth She'arim sarcophagi and the synagogue lintels and mosaics), as well as motifs of an obviously mythological origin (such as the widespread use of the vine and the wine motifs) which appear in the mosaic floors of Jewish synagogues and Christian churches. Each subject is dealt with on the basis of archaeological evidence provided by scientific and reliable publications and photographs. This work, therefore, documents the archaeological evidence of the pagan legacy in the Land of Israel and surrounding countries (parts of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the Golan Heights, North Sinai). The first part follows a geographical sequence in alphabetical order. Explanations of motifs and mythological subjects are systematically offered in the second in the form of an index. This index includes not only the names of gods and goddesses, beliefs and superstitions, but also such non-archaeological subjects as conversion and syncretism, as well as a record of cultic objects and structures, with appropriate references to the places and the illustrations recorded in the first part.

This book includes papers presented at the conference on the age of the eastern Roman emperor Theodosius (Segovia 2009).

This monograph examines the religious and mythological concepts of Zeus from prehistoric times until the Early Archaic period. The research was performed as an interdisciplinary study involving the evidence of the Homeric poems, archaeology, linguistics,as well as comparative Indo-European material. It is argued that Greek Zeus, as a god with certainly established Indo-European origins, was essentially a god of the open sky and the supposed progenitor of everything, a supreme, but not ruling deity; initially, he must have been distinct from the god of storms, who, for unknown reasons, completely disappeared from Greek religion and mythology by as early as the Late Bronze Age. From the time of Homer, Zeus-Father appeared as a storm-god, the autocratic ruler of the universe, and an offspring of elder deities, on the level of mythology. Such a concept does not correspond to the traditional Indo-European patterns and seems to have been formed under the influence of Near-Eastern concepts of the supreme almighty god, on the one hand, and the Cretan-Minoan concept of a young god/divine child, on the other. However, the Homeric concept of Zeus was adopted by his practising cults much later, only from the Late Archaic period.

The extensive archaeological excavations of multicultural sites in western Slovakia offer a remarkable amount of material that mostly consists of entirely new and unpublished finds. This monograph presents a multilateral synthesis of the information obtained and processed over the last two decades, presenting a fascinating picture of evolution of the western inner Carpathian world and its neighbourhood in prehistoric times and beyond.

An extensive archaeological study based on analyses of over 20,000 marine shells from Roman Gaul (2nd century BC - 6th century AD).

Proceedings of the Graduate Archaeology at Oxford conferences in 2010 and 2011This volume contains the combined proceedings of two consecutive conferences (2010 and 2011) organised by Graduate Archaeology at Oxford (GAO) to promote communication between graduate students in all disciplines related to archaeology. Reflecting the current difficult economic climate and austerity measures, both conferences explored challenging times and adaptive strategies in the past.

Young Lukanian Archaeologists: YLA 1The first volume of Young Lukanian Archaeologists (YLA) sub-series examines monumental votive offerings (tripods or pedestals which supported statues, or fragments of statuary groups more complex) by Western Greeks of Magna Graecia and Sicily (also Massaliotes and Etruscans) in the Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi between 6th and 4th centuries BC. The presence of Italian and Sicilian cities, from the lists of teorodochi and prosseni in the sanctuary, coincides with the most prosperous period of their history. Some of these dedications are known only through literary sources, while others are still detectable in the themenos. These are fragments with inscriptions that refer to imposing and prestigious offerings. The data collected show that the most important dedications are related to the 6th-4th centuries BC.

At present scantily populated, Suakin was the most prominent port on the Red Sea coast from the fifteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. It was an archetype of an Islamic urban built town which remained continuously occupied by the same multi-generational families. During the period of British rule in Sudan they replaced the ancient port by the establishment of Port Sudan. Using this ancient site as an illustration, the main goal of the research is to gain an insight into the relationships between people and heritage sites: how and why people feel attachments to them and what affects people's sense of attachment to heritage.

Between 2004 and 2008 the Centre for Maritime Archaeology (CMA), University of Southampton and the Department of Underwater Antiquities of the Egyptian Supreme Council for Antiquities (SCA), in conjunction with the Centre for Maritime Archaeology and Underwater Cultural Heritage (CMAUCH), University of Alexandria, conducted five seasons of survey along the shores of the western arm of Lake Mareotis, Alexandria, Egypt. This was to be the first systematic, comprehensive survey of the region, the aim being to more fully appreciate the nature of Lake Mareotis and the role it played in the economy of ancient Alexandria. An initial visit to the region in 2002 alerted the co-directors of the subsequent project, Lucy Blue (CMA) and Sameh Ramses (SCA), to the huge potential of the area, as well as the immediate threats that the archaeology of the region faced. In collaboration with Emad Khalil (CMAUCH), it was decided that funding to support a project should be sought. During a pilot season in 2004 over 60 sites were identified along the shores of the western arm of the lake, the majority of which were new discoveries. This volume is divided into seven chapters. The first three chapters outline the context of the research and the methodology adopted by the LMRP. Chapter 4 comments on the results of the ceramic survey and presents an appendix to this chapter. The ceramic assemblage is critical for understanding both the chronological scope of the material recovered that broadly equates to the mid 4th century BC to the 7th century AD, and the nature of activities at the sites. Chapter 5 sets the physical context and is the partial product of doctoral research undertaken. The geomorphological survey has provided invaluable new insight into the environmental context in which the archaeological sites should be viewed. Chapter 6 is essentially the 'meat' of the volume. Extending to 177 pages in length, it outlines a catalogue of all the 73 sites recorded as part of the LMRP. Chapter 7 presents some concluding remarks and an attempt is made to reflect on and make sense of the mass of information collated.

The hunting of horses by Magdalenians and Early Aziliens in the Paris Basin has never before been the object of a detailed study. This work thus brings to light the interactions between these human societies and the populations of horses within the palaeo-environmental framework of the Late Glacial. The original approach developed here is based on the elaboration of palaeo-ecological models concerning hunting practices in terms of tactics and strategies of hunting. Analysis of the exploitation of horses allows the author to highlight socio-economic patterns of Magdalenian and Early Azilian groups, and their integration within the Late Glacial regional landscape of the Paris Basin.

Mosaic surfaces (floor and/or wall) comprise one of the most accomplished art forms to develop in the Mediterranean region in antiquity. Each country surrounding the Mediterranean Basin added to the development of the techniques and repertoire, reflecting cultural development and diffusion. This work focuses on all aspects of ship iconography as represented on known mosaics from major and minor sites. Contents: Introduction; Mosaic Production and its Application to Ship Depictions; 'Catalogue of Ships' (including mosaics from Berenike (Egypt), Lod (Israel), Antioch (Turkey), Kelenderis/Aydincik (Turkey), Kenchreai (Greece), The Palestrina Nile Mosaic (Italy), Ostia/Piazzale Delle Corporazioni (Italy), Piazza Armerina (Sicily); Ship Archaeology; Ship Interpretation in Mosaics; Conclusions; Glossary.

The articles in this volume cover aspects relating to archaeometallurgy, functional analyses, experimental work and archaeology and focus on multidisciplinary approaches for studying archaeological artefacts.

Sometime in the late 16th to early 17th century an armed merchantman foundered in the Thames Estuary. Forgotten for over four centuries, it was rediscovered in 2003 as the Port of London Authority began clearing navigational hazards from the Princes Channel. Wessex Archaeology were alerted and recovered five sections of the ship's hull and four guns, as well as numerous artefacts.The first report in this two-volume set presented studies of the hull compiled by the University of Southern Denmark. The second volume describes the research undertaken at University College London on the wider maritime context, the conservation process and the analysis of the contents recovered from the wreck site. Prominent in the cargo were 42 iron bars thought to be of a type - so-called 'voyage iron' - sometimes traded to West Africa as the first stage of the transatlantic slave trade. With a tonnage of some 150 tons, the Gresham Ship emerges from this research as an all too rare example of typical armed merchantman of theage, capable of ocean passages, operating as a privateer or even serving with the Queen's Navy against the Armada.With contributions by Mark Beattie-Edwards, Lynn Biggs, Thomas Birch, Michael F. Charlton, Kelly Domoney, Clare Hunt, Phil Magrath, Marcos Martinón-Torres and Zofia Stos-Gale

Report from a Marie Curie Project 2009-2012 with Concluding Conference at Aarhus University, Moesgaard 2012: Volume 2.With a strong emphasis on data, the two volumes of this book demonstrate that mobility was essential to the European Bronze Age by exploring the shared cultural expression of Bronze Age societies in contrast to their simultaneous development of new local and regional characteristics. During this seminal époque, cultural and social formations of an entirely new kind and magnitude came to characterize Europe. The intense and dynamic relations between local and large-scale change processes coincided with increased mobility in different domains and forms, forging new identities and shaping the emergence of Europe as a distinct cultural zone. Through over fifty essays by leading Bronze Age scholars, the reader engages with cultural mobility and connectivity and the ways in which these forces affected and transformed human behaviour. The two volume set includes four parts; this volume contains parts 3 (Modes and Channels of Movement and Transmission) and 4 (Geo-political Configurations, Boundaries and Transformations).

Jerusalem has always been a unique city. Hundreds of millions of people, believers of the three main monotheistic religions Christianity, Islam and Judaism, have always looked forward to visiting, living, dying or even being buried in the Holy City. Throughout its long history, this city was subject to different kings, sultans and leaders that ruled the city and its inhabitants. Simultaneously, the population of the city changed in origin, habitat, language, culture, and in other aspects of life such as quality of the medical system, physicians and remedies that were used. This book is a reflection of the growing academic interest in the history of this fascinating city in general and of medicine in Jerusalem in particular. The interest that the academic community has had in the subject of medicine in the holy city can be measured by the number of articles and books that have been published, academic courses and seminars that have been taught and conventions that have been held in various academic institutes in Israel. The book deals with natural curative substances and healing materials used by the residents of Jerusalem throughout the ages, but its scope takes in the use of materia medica in the Land of Israel and throughout the Levant in this timespan. The study represents an intensive and systematic historical study of the medicinal substances that were used by the inhabitants and the visitors of the City of Jerusalem. It deals with the description of the various substances and their uses. It also deals with comparisons of such uses in traditional and folk medicine of several ethnic groups of present day in the region and in other parts of the world. Part A covers the information gathered from different historical sources of the medieval and early Ottoman periods (10th-18th centuries. Part B refers to specific subject matters including institutes and historical periods that deserve special attention concerning the uses of medicinal substances in the city of Jerusalem (including chapters on traditional and folk medicine substances still used in Jerusalem as well a modern overview. Three appendices provide information concerning the historical periods dealt with in the book, the sources, which are mentioned and quoted in Part A, and a list of medicinal substances used in Jerusalem from the 10th to the 18th century. A bibliography, list of abbreviations, and indices conclude the study.Translated by Rebecca Toueg

Death and the life-giving waters of the Nile were intimately interwoven in ancient Egyptian religion. The principal objective of this study is to develop a synthetic perspective for enhancing the understanding of the religious roles water had in the rise and constitution of the Egyptian civilisation during the Early Dynastic Period and the Old Kingdom. The author employs an archaeological, inter-disciplinary and comparative 'water perspective' in which water not only forms the analytical framework, but also provides empirical data that allow for new questions to be addressed. Thus, the Nile itself is used as the primary point of departure to analyse how, why and when religious changes took place, with a particular emphasis on the development of the Osiris cult. Use is made of contemporary written sources, in particular the Pyramid Texts, but also other mortuary texts as well as flood records. The evolution of the Osiris cult is then analysed in relation to the development of the mortuary monuments; the mastabas in the First and the Second Dynasties and the emergence of the pyramids from the Third Dynasty. Hence, by comparing the different funerary monuments and practices with the emergence of the Osiris cult in relation to climatic changes and fluctuations in the Nile's yearly inundation, Ancient Egyptian religion and the rise of the civilisation is analyzed according to a water perspective. It is noted that the Blue Nile was not blue, but red-brownish during the flood. When the flood started, the White Nile was not white, but green. The author argues that these fundamental characteristics of the Nile water formed the basis for the Osiris mythology. The red floodwaters in particular represented the blood of the slain Osiris.

Sri Lanka is a tropical island that lies approximately halfway between Africa and Australia along the northern rim of the Indian Ocean, and has one of the best recorded prehistoric sequences in South Asia. A review of its prehistory is a vast subject. The present study investigates the island's hunter-gatherer archaeology between the Late Pleistocene and the middle Holocene, with lowland Wet Zone rockshelters as the principle topic of study. This work synthesises past and current archaeological research in the island as well as presenting new findings from excavations in the Batadomba-lena rockshelter and the open-air site of Bellan-bandi Palassa. The excavation of Batadomba-lena has provided fresh data for understanding human adaptations to the changing environment between approximately 36,000 and 12,000 years ago. A rainforest environment evidently persisted throughout this period in the environs of the site, but the climate was cooler at around the Last Glacial Maximum. Intensive occupation, succeeded by increased attention to the management of plant resources, followed the Last Glacial Maximum. Microliths, small tools defined by the presence of blunting retouch, as well as the bifacially trimmed Balangoda Point and polished bone points, were evident from the earliest occupation. The symbolic capacities of the inhabitants were also revealed through the recovery of ornaments and ochre fragments throughout the sequence. The Batadomba-lena sequence has important implications for the Out-of-Africa theory on modern human origins, as well as Sri Lanka's recognition of its cultural heritage.

The papers in this volume were originally collected for a symposium entitled Recent Developments in Bone Tool Studies, organized for the 69th annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology held in Montreal (Canada) on April 2nd, 2004.

Proceedings of a conference at Coalbrookdale, 4-7th May 2006 hosted by the Ironbridge InstituteThis book includes papers presented at a conference on World Heritage management held at Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England in May 2006. hosted by the Ironbridge Institute.

Between the 5th and 12th centuries Ireland was responsible for some of the most beautiful decorative work in bronze, silver and gold in Europe. This study focuses on the archaeological and industrial context of these objects, an area, Michelle Comber argues, that has been largely overshadowed in favour of aesthetic appreciatopn.

Proceedings of the IFA Wales/Cymru Conference, Aberystwyth 2001The aim of the conference hosted by IFA Wales/Cymru Group was to stimulate debate on a national research strategy for Welsh archaeology. The result was two intensive days of discussion by archaeologists representing all aspects of Welsh archaeology on themes ranging from the need for research frameworks and the organization of Welsh archaeology to initial thoughts regarding what the priorities might be. The 26 papers published here from the conference cover all topical buzzwords in research agenda development - 'sustainability', 'social inclusion', 'joined up thinking', and 'sense of place'. As a result, the volume informs and stimulates constructive debates at all levels - from grass-roots to national.

Medieval castles are, as Professor Liddiard states in his Foreword to this volume, 'evocative monuments and perhaps more than any other building capture the ideals of the Middle Ages.' This idealization and romanticism of castles, however, can often obscure their histories as functioning dwellings, fortresses, and political and social centres. Wallingford Castle in Oxfordshire is a prime example of a structure with a rich history. Its importance lies in its strategic position on the Thames, allowing it to serve as a vital stronghold during conflicts and a royal residence in more peaceful times. This volume is a product of the Wallingford Burh to Borough Research Project (2008-2010), a collaborative project between the Universities of Leicester, Exeter and Oxford. It contains reports of excavations undertaken at the castle and its town, excavated between the 1960s and today. The results of the archaeological investigations are contextualized using contemporary documents and accounts of the castle, such as surveys and rent agreements. Combining the text and material evidence, the contributions to this volume provide a detailed narrative of the history of the site from its construction to its destruction, as well as helpful contextual sections on English history and medieval castles. Also included are sections on excavations at the castle at the nearby town of Oxford and the priory at Wallingford. The text is accompanied by colour photographs, drawings, plans, maps, and transcripts of the Medieval and Tudor documents. This volume accompanies 'The Origins of the Borough of Wallingford: Archaeological and historical perspectives', edited by K. S. B. Keats-Rohan and D. R. Roffe in 2009, (BAR 494), and 'Transforming Townscapes: From burh to borough: the archaeology of Wallingford, AD 800-1400' edited by N. Christie and O. H. Creighton in 2013 published by the Society for Medieval Archaeology.

HYPOGEAN ARCHAEOLOGY: Research and Documentation of Underground StructuresEdited under the Aegis of the Federazione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali (F.N.C.A.): No 6Atti III Congresso Nazionale di Archeologia del Sottosuolo: Massa 5-7 Ottobre 2007The study and registration of artificial cavities means the documentation of underground structures. Just as Man started creating buildings on the surface of the Earth, over the course of time, he also perforated the surface thus creating new spaces and handing down structures which are essentially intact, which can be studied, restored and even utilised. In fact there exists an underground heritage, consisting of structures both built and buried underground over the passing of time. The interpretation and understanding of such structures is a source of interesting information on our past, in favour of the present. This series was created under the aegis of the Federazione Nazionale Cavità Artificiali (F.N.C.A.). The aim is to create a base for the disclosure of relevant, scientific research studies, whether monographs, the works of various authors or documentation from conferences and conventions and a series of easily consultable tools for the development of artificial cavity research.Translations by Federica Barna and Sara Bianchi

Starting as an examination of space in Roman Pompeii, the author soon found the sheer architectural fabric of the city at odds with the rather simplistic explanations for it offered in the academic literature. This prompted a more rigorous exploration of the definition of 'built space' and an ultimate goal of highlighting the diversity of housing in Pompeii and offering a new interpretation of its meaning. In an attempt to broach the archaeological question of how we can come to understand human social action from a contemplation of built space, the author turned equally to the disciplines of architecture and anthropology, before realizing the need to develop his own interpretative framework. What follows is a study which takes as its point of departure the fabric of Pompeian housing, with a theoretical understanding of the relationship between construction and human society, and, as such, reaches out beyond Roman Archaeology to touch anyone interested in the analysis and interpretation of built space. Contains 99 pages of ground plans, access maps, and tables of spatial analyses.

Edited by Jessica Cox, Caleb R. Hamilton, Katharine R. L. McLardy, Amy J. Pettman and David StewartProceedings of a Conference held between 18-20 October 2013 on Approaches to Studying the Ancient PastThis volume presents 12 of the papers from the Ancient Cultures at Monash University post-graduate conference (2013) at Monash University, Australia, in the disciplines of archaeology, history, Classics and indigenous studies. The papers showcase research by post-graduates at Monash across a range of ancient disciplines, and as such contains a lot of innovative study. It is an interesting and varied collection of articles on a range of topics from the Classical world and the ancient Near East.

The seventh 'Notebook on Military Archaeology and Architecture' presents the reports of the Congress '1744. La campagna gallispana in Piemonte', which took place in Turin in November 2005. Contributors outlined the main topics relating to the history and archaeology of a military campaign in Piedmont during the War of the Austrian Succession, when Spanish and French forces fought against the army of the king of Piedmont-Sardinia. Several papers describe the military and strategic proceeding of campaign, others examine the field-fortifications of the Varaita valley, the fortress of Demonte and the fortress and siege of Cuneo, the military actions and battlefields of Pietralunga, in the Varaita valley, and Madonna dell'Olmo near Cuneo, ending with the military organisations of the opposing armies. The aim of the Congress, and this collection of papers, is to create both a general and exact picture of a singular military event so as to present it from all possible points of view: historical, archaeological, historico-architectural and historico-territorial.

Early Polynesian social development, and its dispersal through migration, are hotly debated topics, though this development is thought to have been centred on Tonga. This thesis uses material from Tongan archaeological sites to attempt to form more definite conclusions about ancestral Polynesian society, and to attempt to trace its development. It also provides a ceramic chronology for Tonga, which was previously lacking. Using Tongan evidence, along with comparative material from elsewhere in western Polynesia, it provides new insights into this ongoing debate. It is therefore an important contribution to the study of early Polynesian society.

Foreword by Garry Momber.Contributions by Nigel Nayling, Peter Northover, Shirley Northover, Nick Cokes, Philippa Naylor, Florencis Malamud, Joe Kelleher, Jon James and Paul Simpson.In 1991, sports divers discovered a previously unknown section of wooden shipwreck, subsequently named Alum Bay 1, lying in the sheltered waters of Alum Bay on the north-west coast of the Isle of Wight. The identity of the vessel was initially unknown but it was strongly linked to the loss of the 38-gun frigate HMS Pomone on the nearby Needles in 1811, an identification formally confirmed by the research detailed in this monograph. Archaeological work on the site since 1993 has comprised a seabed survey of the site, targeted excavation of specific areas and sampling of structural remains for dendrochronological and metallurgical analysis. In 2001, a second shipwreck was discovered a short distance away and the focus of archaeological work shifted to this new set of remains, named Alum Bay 2. This vessel proved to be a much smaller vessel that was upturned on the seabed and covered by a thin layer of sediment. This vessel was also subject to archaeological survey and investigation, including dendrochronological analysis. On the basis of the ship structure surviving on the seabed, Alum Bay 2 has been classified as a relatively small vessel that was likely to have been involved in local transport or coastal trade in the very late 18th century and early decades of the 19th century. The role of public engagement in the management of such archaeological sites was developed further in the mid-2000s when a dive trail was established around the two Alum Bay shipwrecks. The dive trail in Alum Bay provides an interesting case study in this form of archaeological interaction with the diving public. In concert with such outreach work, further archaeological survey has been undertaken across Alum Bay in the light of a number of isolated finds being reported by sports divers including parts of cannon carriages and hull elements. Investigative work in Alum Bay has also encompassed the broken remains of the Victorian Pier that was constructed in 1887 to serve the growing boom in seaside tourism. The two shipwrecks of Alum Bay 1 and 2 provide a snapshot of two different aspects of English shipbuilding, naval and merchant, in the very late 18th and early 19th century. The archaeological work conducted in their investigation forms the core of this monograph, with further chapters that discuss the wider searches of Alum Bay and also the installation and use of the public Alum Bay Dive Trail. Such an account represents the results of twenty years of archaeological investigation within Alum Bay by the Maritime Archaeology Trust (which incorporates the Hampshire and Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology). This work has been undertaken across a time span in which maritime archaeology in the UK has seen tremendous changes, becoming ever more integrated into the wider heritage discipline and with increasing numbers of professional archaeologists working within the marine zone. Throughout this period, archaeological work in Alum Bay has brought together professional and a-vocational archaeologists, who have worked successfully alongside each other. The various fieldwork seasons have provided extensive opportunities for people to receive archaeological training and develop their experience. This monograph therefore represents the last stage of this work, addressing the processing, analysis, interpretation and finally publication and dissemination.

Our picture of Iron Age and Archaic Crete is constantly changing due to the increasing number of field investigations that reveal new information on these centuries. Results from many recent excavations (at sites like Azoria in Eastern Crete and Thronos/Kephala (ancient Sybrita) in the Western region of the island) will eventually transform our view of the period. The focus of this particular study is centred on sites with a long-established history of research. Sites like, for example, Phaistos, Knossos, Praisos, Axos, Dreros, Gortyn, Vrokastro, Kavousi, Kato Syme and Aphrati have thus received a large amount of attention in the analyses. However, the author has also tried to introduce lesser well-known sites of a rural character in order to obtain a more varied rendering of Iron Age and Archaic Crete. As the title indicates, she is interested in site variations within the different site-categories and how these change during the 8th, 7th and 6th centuries.

One of the most significant features in the suburbium of Roman cities throughout Italy were the villae suburbanae. Modern scholarship has undertaken a large amount of research into the residential properties and lifestyles of the Roman nobility, and the Roman villa has been a prime subject area in this regard. But villae suburbanae have only received limited detailed analysis from these scholars. To this end, this study examines both the literary and archaeological evidence relating to villae suburbanae in an effort to gain a better understanding of this type of residence. The first fundamental feature of this investigation is to understand these buildings within their social and geographical context. The second feature is the method employed to interpret the social aspects of villae suburbanae, which utilises statistical analysis to determine the percentage of space allocated for potential entertainment. This dual approach makes the study both historically relevant for a more comprehensive analysis of villae suburbanae, and methodologically innovative as it introduces a new methodology for analysing floor plans of residences, which should be applicable to other types of structure in future investigations.