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Dr. Williams identifies the roots of organized crime in post-Ba'athist Iraq in an authoritarian and corrupt state dominated by Saddam Hussein and subject to international sanctions. He also explains the rise of organized crime after the U.S. invasion in terms of two distinct waves: the first wave followed the collapse of the state and was accompanied by the breakdown of social control mechanisms and the development of anomie; the second wave was driven by anarchy, insecurity, political ambition, and the imperatives of resource generation for militias, insurgents, and other groups. This monograph looks in detail at major criminal activities, including the theft, diversion, and smuggling of oil, the kidnapping of both Iraqis and foreigners, extortion, car theft, and the theft and smuggling of antiquities. The author also considers the critical role played by corruption in facilitating and strengthening organized crime. He shows how al-Qaeda in Iraq, Jaish-al-Mahdi, and the Sunni tribes used criminal activities to fund their campaigns of political violence. Dr. Williams also identifies necessary responses to organized crime and corruption in Iraq, including efforts to reduce criminal opportunities, change incentive structures, and more directly target criminal organizations and activities.

International symposium hosted by the Marine Corps University (MCU) and the Marine Corps University Foundation to enhance the overall understanding of Iran, exploring its internal dynamics, regional perspectives, and extra-regional factors and examining its near-term political and strategic options and their potential impact on the course of action of the United States and the USMC.

Mary Fitzgerald made many contributions to the national security field over the course of the years through her close reading of the writing of Soviet and Russian military officers. Particularly useful was her focus on those of Soviet military theorists who put forward forecasts of future warfare and the impact of technology on warfare. These Russian reviews deserved respect and study; Mary's work made this possible. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, it became easier to meet with and talk with a number to these Soviet officers so as to explore more fully their thinking and the continuing development of their ideas about future warfare, and the likely direction of the military revolution they had begun writing about in the late 1970s. Organizing meetings with them was greatly aided by Mary because of the good relations she had developed with several of these officers, who liked her as a person and were flattered that she had been so careful a readers of their writings.

Despite the vital importance of the emerging area of biotechnology and its role in defense planning and policymaking, no definitive book has been written on the topic for the defense policymaker, the military student, and the private-sector bioscientist interested in the "emerging opportunities market" of national security. This edited volume is intended to help close this gap and provide the necessary backdrop for thinking strategically about biology in defense planning and policymaking. This volume is about applications of the biological sciences, here called "biologically inspired innovations," to the military. Rather than treating biology as a series of threats to be dealt with, such innovations generally approach the biological sciences as a set of opportunities for the military to gain strategic advantage over adversaries. These opportunities range from looking at everything from genes to brains, from enhancing human performance to creating renewable energy, from sensing the environment around us to harnessing its power.

Originally published by the United States Army Combat Studies Institute Press in 2009, this monograph is a wide-ranging historical survey of the theory, doctrine, organization, and employment of reconnaissance units since the era of mechanization in the early 20th century. This study examines the development, role, and employment of units in modern armies designed specifically to perform reconnaissance and security (counterreconnaissance) missions. The analysis discerns common threads from the past. Conclusions are drawn from historical trends that may apply to future force development planning and unit operational employment. In the past, dedicated reconnaissance units were unique in their organization and capabilities due to the presence of the horse. This provided cavalry with a marked mobility differential over infantry and artillery. In the mechanized age, this monopoly on mobility vanished. Nonreconnaissance mechanized and motorized forces were equipped with similar weapons and vehicles. Reconnaissance units then became distinctive primarily by their organizational structure and specialized mission rather than by their equipment. This conceptual transformation has created a great dichotomy for modern reconnaissance forces. Should such forces be light or heavy? A lighter force might be able to conduct reconnaissance operations, at least theoretically, in a more nimble fashion, while a heavier force could defend itself when conducting reconnaissance and security operations. An additional consideration is the question as to what organizational level should dedicated reconnaissance forces be provided and used. This work examines these two major threads from a historical perspective since World War I.

Detailed first-hand accounts by U.S. Air Force fighter pilots who flew combat missions over North Vietnam. This is a reprint of a 1976 work. During the war in Southeast Asia, U.S. Air Force fighter pilots and crewmen repeatedly were challenged by enemy MIG fighters in the skies over North Vietnam. The ensuing air battles were unique in American history because U.S. fighter and strike forces operated under stringent rules of engagement and faced extremely formidable antiaircraft defenses. Despite these constraints, American airmen managed to emerge from their aerial battles with both victories and honor. ¿Aces and Aerial Victories: The United States Air Force in Southeast Asia, 1965¿1973" is a collection of firsthand accounts by Air Force fighter crews who flew combat missions over North Vietnam between 1965 and 1973. They recall their air battles with enemy MIGs, the difficult and dangerous tactical maneuvers they had to perform to survive, and their victories and defeats. The narratives are taken directly from aircrew after-action reports. The book points out that U.S. pilots did not amass the high victory scores common in World War II and Korea because of North Vietnamese efforts to conserve scarce aircraft, their reliance on Soviet-made surface-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery units, and the 3 ¿-year stand-down in American air operations over North Vietnam from December 1968 until spring 1972. Yet despite these constraints, three Air Force pilots were credited with five victories each, thus becoming aces. ¿Aces and Aerial Victories¿ also illuminates the role of Air Force airmen flying support missions such as aerial refueling, as well as the electronic warfare crews, SAM missile-hunting Wild Weasel aircraft, search and rescue units, reconnaissance aircraft, weather men, and the indispensable maintenance and supply units. Historians, aviation buffs, and anyone interested in the bold exploits of Air Force fighter pilots in combat will find much to learn and admire in this exciting book.

Accounts of warfare often deal with the big picture ¿ the strategy, battle plans, and operations that constitute the standard military narrative. Less well documented is the gritty daily grind of the foot soldier, replete with dirt, mud, and sometimes blood. Veterans never forget these details, which all too often are missing from the history books. "Professional Knowledge Gained from Operational Experience in Vietnam 1965¿1966", compiled by the U.S. Marine Corps, vividly conjures up the intense daily interaction of U.S. troops and those of the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF) or, as they are referred to throughout this book, the Viet Cong (VC). This fascinating guide book is drawn not only from the experience of the Marine Corps but also that of the U.S. Army, Navy, and Air Force and South Vietnamese armed forces. It provides detailed information on combating the guerrilla warfare tactics of the NLF, including extensive discussion and diagrams on tunnel warfare, the use of CS (tear) gas to clear them, interdiction of villages suspected of harboring guerrillas, and rear area patrolling. A particularly interesting section describes and illustrates the wide variety of NLF grenades and mines, many of them constructed from scrap or empty U.S. shell casings, which jeopardized American troops on land and water. It also provides detailed information on American military logistics, communications, and medicine at the unit level. "Professional Knowledge Gained from Operational Experience in Vietnam 1965¿1966" provides a unique perspective on a crucial stage of Americäs war in Vietnam. Historians, military officers, and anyone interested in the sinews and soul of infantry warfare will find it compelling reading.

Originally published in 1986 by the Naval Historical Center, United States Department of the Navy. 608 pages. maps. ill.

Contains reproductions of declassified documents. The documents in this volume were produced by the analytical arm of the CIA and its predecessor, the Central Intelligence Group, between the latter's founding in 1946 and 1950. Focuses on the task of intelligence analysis.

This book has been many years in the making, as the author explains in his Preface, though he wrote most of the actual text during his year as senior Research Fellow with the Center for Strategic Intelligence Research. The author was for many years Dean of the School of Intelligence Studies at the Joint Military Intelligence College. Even though it may appear that the book could have been written by any good historian or Southeast Asia regional specialist, this work is illuminated by the author's more than three decades of service within the national Intelligence Community. His regional expertise often has been applied to special assessments for the Community. With a knowledge of Islam unparalleled among his peers and an unquenchable thirst for determining how the goals of this religion might play out in areas far from the focus of most policymakers' current attention, the author has made the most of this opportunity to acquaint the Intelligence Community and a broader readership with a strategic appreciation of a region in the throes of reconciling secular and religious forces.

CMH 40-6-1. Edited by Jon T. Hoffman. Contains stories of soldiers and Army civilians who have demonstrated repeatedly that determination and a good idea often carry the day in peace and war. Despite the perception of bureaucratic inertia, the institution's long history of benefiting from the inventiveness of its people indicates that it is an incubator of innovation after all.

Assassinations cast a long shadow on the history of the United States. Presidents, Congressmen, governors, mayors, state legislators, judges, and other prominent public figures all have been the targets of disturbed or fanatical individuals bent on murder as an expression of their real or imagined grievances. After every such occurrence, the press and the public express shock and demand explanations, hoping that an analysis of the cause may serve to prevent future killings, or at least help to develop better means to protect potential targets in the future. "Assassination and Political Violence", a staff study done at the request of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, is a comprehensive study of politically motivated violence and murder form the early days of the Republic to the late 1960's. After an introductory section devoted to a structural analysis of assassination, the book briefly discusses assassinations by type of office holder, followed by more detailed reviews of attacks on Presidents and Presidential candidates. It then examines the psychology of Presidential assassins, a psychiatric view of public reactions to assassinations, and a cross-national comparative study of assassinations, accompanied by numerous charts that compare the experience of countries around the world by specific variables, such as population size and political instability. A chapter on political violence in the United States provides a detailed overview of this phenomenon, taking into account regional, economic, racial, and other factors. Included are a number of illustrations of political propaganda pieces, such as a "Wanted" poster for President John F. Kennedy labeled "Wanted for TREASON" and another, of a Defense Department official, that includes his home address. An extensive appendix provides an exhaustive list of assassination events by country and a series of supplemental essays outline the history of political violence in various countries around the world. The information provided in Assassination and Political Violence makes it an indispensable source of data and analysis on the global reach of political murder, with a special emphasis on the American scene. As such it will be of great interest to scholars, law enforcement professionals, and anyone interested in the history and impact of assassination on the body politic. Originally published in 1969. illustrated.

U.S. Army aviation expanded dramatically in both size and breadth of activities after its inception in 1942, but much of its post-World War II history, particularly after the establishment of the Air Force as an independent service by the national Security Act of 1947, has been relatively neglected. Despite a certain amount of jockeying for position by both services, particularly in the early years after their separation, the Army was able to carve out a clear transport and operational combat role for its own air arm. "A History of Army Aviation ¿ 1950¿1962" examines the development of the Army¿s air wing, especially for air support of ground troops, both in terms of organization and in relation to the ongoing friction with the Air Force. After describing the rapid expansion of purely Army air power after 1950 and the accompanying expansion of aviation training, the book delves into the reorganization of aviation activities within a Directorate of Army Aviation. It also provides a valuable account of the successful development of aircraft armament, perhaps the most significant advance of this period. In particular, intensive experimentation at the Army Aviation School led to several practical weapons systems and helped to prove that weapons could be fired from rotary aircraft. This arming of the helicopter was to have a profound effect on both Army organization and combat doctrine, culminating in official approval of the armed helicopter by the Department of the Army in 1960. "A History of Army Aviation ¿ 1950¿1962" also explores the development of new aircraft between 1955 and 1962, including the UH-1 medical evacuation, transport, and gunship helicopter and the HC-1 cargo copter. In addition, the book discusses the Berlin Crisis of 1961 as an impetus for immediate and unexpected expansion of army aviation, quickly followed by the beginnings of intervention in Vietnam by the end of 1962.

Describes how cultural perceptions of nature and the resulting trends in tourism have shaped Oregon Caves and the area around it over the span of more than a century. 252 pages. maps. ill.

During World War II, the American and British intercepted and read hundreds of thousands of their enemies¿ secret military and diplomatic message transmitted by radio. ULTRA was the designation for the signals intelligence derived from German radio communications encrypted by the ENIGMA cipher machine. At the British Government Code and CipherSchool at BletchleyPark, British and American military personnel, including a young officer named Lewis F. Powell, were indoctrinated in ULTRA intelligence. In "ULTRA and the Army Air Forces in World War II: An Interview with Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Lewis F. Powell, Jr.", Justice Powell describes in detail his experiences at Bletchley Park and subsequent role in evaluating the use of ULTRA intelligence by the Air Force in the European Theater through the medium of an oral history interview with two U.S. Air Force historians. During his stay at Bletchley Park, Powell met the key figures in the ULTRA effort, including Alan Turing, about whom he says, ¿The word ¿brilliant¿ fails to reflect his genius.¿ Powell also talks about who among the Allied powers had access to ULTRA data, confirming that the USSR was never given access and that, due to British suspicions of certain individuals, the French received only limited information, even after D-Day. Powell also addresses such topics as the bombing of Dresden and Allied knowledge of such German weapons as the V-1, V-2, and ME-262. Included in an appendix are transcriptions of Powell¿s notes taken at Bletchley Park. His interview is supplemented by an informative essay, ¿The U.S. Military Intelligence Service: The ULTRA Mission,¿ by Air Force historian Diane T. Putney. ULTRA and the Army Air Forces in World War II is a remarkable firsthand account of the most extraordinary intelligence coup of World War II, told by an intelligent, observant, and articulate military participant. As such, it constitutes an important contribution to the history of the intelligence war that should be of interest to historians and intelligence professionals alike.

Originally published in 1977. Smithsonian Institution Annals of Flight series.

1992 manual from the United States Marine Corps.One of the great recurring failures in modern European warfare has been unpreparedness for winter warfare. Men, horses, and machine all have special needs if they are to operate effectively in conditions of cold, snow, and ice yet, particularly after the heyday of the warrior kings of Sweden, army commanders and political leaders seemed gradually to abandon the idea that a specific type of war needs to be waged. Napoleon, World War I generals, Stalin, and Hitler all paid a grim price for this strategic amnesia. In "On Winter Warfare", the U.S. Marine Corps Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory provides both a brief history of war in winter and an analysis of the art of warfare in cold climates. It makes the key point that, rather than the Russian winter defeating Napoleon, it was his generally ill-conceived campaign, probably generated by a series of successes under predictable conditions. Similarly, Hitler¿s overweening reliance on his own will and intuition simply brushed aside the practical difficulties of a winter campaign in Russia under the assumption that the initial German assault would cause a total collapse of Russian resistance. When this failed to occur, the Wehrmacht¿s lack of preparedness for a winter campaign rapidly became manifest. In dealing with the general principles of cold weather war, "On Winter Warfare" highlights the importance of wintertime obstacle construction, the many variables presented by the military properties of snow ¿ including grain size, density, hardness, crusts, and temperature ¿ and the technical problems surrounding cold weather ballistics. It also provides an in-depth discussion of the key strategic principles in winter war ¿ mobility, initiative, flexibility, superiority, and surprise ¿ and the requirements that must be met to achieve them. Military professionals, historians of modern warfare, and anyone interested in the uniquely stressful conditions of cold weather war will find this book both a key reference work and compelling reading.

In the short history of air warfare, no nation with superior air forces has ever lost a war to the force of enemy arms. In itself, however, air superiority no longer guarantees victory. Planning the aerial dimension of war must of necessity explore the complicated connection between air superiority and triumph in war. "The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat" focuses on the use of air forces at the operational level in a theater of war. It draws on fascinating historical examples from World War II and the Arab-Israeli wars, stressing that the mastery of operational strategy is key to victory. It stresses the importance of using air power more effectively ¿ through mass, concentration, and economy of forces ¿ because superiority in manpower, production capacity, and technology can no longer be assumed, even by a superpower. Topics covered include: Offensive and defensive operations; Air interdiction; Close air support; Reserves; Orchestration of war; Planning the air campaign. This book offers planners a greater understanding of how to use air power for future campaigns against a wide variety of enemy capabilities in a wide variety of air operations. It confirms that the classic principles of war also apply to air combat. Air officers who want to think about air campaigns before being called upon to command or staff one, combat officers of any service involved in operations-level staff activities, and serious students of the theory and practice of air warfare will find "The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat" an invaluable resource.