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Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 24. Chapters: Tzaraath, Ritual washing in Judaism, Niddah, Mikveh, Red Heifer, Tumah and taharah, Zav. Excerpt: The Hebrew noun tzaraath (Hebrew ¿¿¿¿, Romanized Tiberian Hebrew ¿¿rää and numerous variants of English transliteration, including tzaraas, tzaraat, tsaraas and tsaraat) describes a disfigurative condition mainly referred to in chapters 13-14 of Leviticus, as well as conditions equivalent to be "mildew" on clothes and houses. Tzaraath affects both animate as well as inanimate objects; the Hebrew Bible discusses tzaraath that afflicts humans, clothing and houses. The noun form comes from the verb tzara (¿¿¿¿¿) which means "to have a skin disease." The linguistic root of tzaraath may mean "smiting", in comparison with Arabic, in reference to a Talmudical explanation that it serves as a punishment for sin; it is quite possible that tzaraath was a general term for certain types of skin disease, rather than a particular condition, and the Talmud maintains a similar view, arguing that tzaraath referred generally to any disease that produces sores and eruptions on the skin. The Septuagint, a translation of the Hebrew Bible originally used by Greek speaking Jews and Gentile proselytes, translates the term with Greek lepra (¿¿¿¿¿), from which the cognate "leprosy" was traditionally used in English Bibles. The classical Greek term lepra is primarily used only of skin diseases and not rot and mildew. The JPS Tanakh translates it as a "scaly affection" in Leviticus 13:2. The Torah identifies three manifestations of tzaraath: as an affliction of human skin, (Leviticus 13:2) of garments (Leviticus 13:47) and of houses (Leviticus 14:34). The Torah also speaks of tzaraath on two other occasions, one in reference to Moses and the other in reference to his sister, Miriam. In Exodus 4:6-7, when Moses is standing before the burning bush, he doubts that the sages who lead Israel will believe that he is the messenger of God. God provides him with two signs to prove his mission: turning his rod into a snake and then back into a rod and turning his hand into being stricken with tzaraath

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 31. Chapters: Megalithic monuments in France, Carnac stones, Abri de la Madeleine, Locmariaquer, La Marche, Chauvet Cave, Tumulus of Bougon, Grotte du Vallonnet, Barnenez, Gavrinis, Rouffignac Cave, Raymonden, Rochereil, Locmariaquer megaliths, Peyre-Brune, Limeuil, Cave of Niaux, Filitosa, Erdeven, Magdalenian Girl, Gallardet Dolmen, Menhir de Champ-Dolent, Kerzerho, Mane Braz. Excerpt: The Carnac stones are an exceptionally dense collection of megalithic sites around the French village of Carnac, in Brittany, consisting of alignments, dolmens, tumuli and single menhirs. The more than 3,000 prehistoric standing stones were hewn from local rock and erected by the pre-Celtic people of Brittany, and are the largest such collection in the world. Local tradition claims that the reason they stand in such perfectly straight lines is that they are a Roman legion turned to stone by Merlin or Saint Cornelius ¿ Brittany has its own local versions of the Arthurian cycle. A Christian legend associated with the stones held that they were pagan soldiers in pursuit of Pope Cornelius when he turned them to stone. Most of the stones are within the Breton village of Carnac, but some to the east are within La Trinité-sur-Mer. The stones were erected at some stage during the Neolithic period, probably around 3300 BC, but some may date to as old as 4500 BC. In recent centuries, many of the sites have been neglected, with reports of dolmens being used as sheep shelters, chicken sheds or even ovens. Even more commonly, stones have been removed to make way for roads, or as building materials. The continuing management of the sites remains a controversial topic. There are three major groups of stone rows ¿ Ménec, Kermario and Kerlescan ¿ which may have once formed a single group, but have been split up as stones were removed for other purposes. Ménec alignment Stones in the Ménec alignmentEleven converging rows of menhirs stretching for 1,165 by 100 metres (3,822 by 330 ft). There is what Alexander Thom considered to be the remains of stone circles at either end. According to the tourist office there is a "cromlech containing 71 stone blocks" at the western end and a very ruined cromlech at the eastern end. The largest stones, around 4 metres (13 ft) high, are at the wider, western end; the stones then become as small as 0.6 metres (2 ft 0 in) high along the length of the a

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 41. Chapters: Pyrros Dimas, Vasiliy Alekseyev, List of Olympic medalists in weightlifting, Halil Mutlu, Hossein Rezazadeh, Harold Sakata, Tan Howe Liang, Nurcan Taylan, Paul Edward Anderson, Yury Vlasov, Naim Süleymano¿lu, Cao Lei, Isaac Berger, Khadr El Touni, Leonid Zhabotinsky, Leonid Taranenko, Yury Zakharevitch, Launceston Elliot, Kakhi Kakhiashvili, Taner Sä¿r, Sedat Artuç, Yurik Vardanian, Viktors ¿¿erbatihs, Vencelas Dabaya, Oxana Slivenko, Zarema Kasaeva, Nikolay Pechalov, John Davis, David Rigert, Ronny Weller, Viggo Jensen, Karnam Malleswari, Diego Fernando Salazar, Oleg Perepetchenov, Aleksandr Kurlovich, Sultan Rakhmanov, Alberto Blanco, Yanko Rusev, Tommy Kono, Stefan Botev, Nadezhda Yevstyukhina, Mohammad Nassiri, Hoang Anh Tuan, Anatoly Khrapaty, Velichko Cholakov, Tigran Vardan Martirosyan, Udomporn Polsak, Giorgi Asanidze, Agata Wróbel, Li Hongli, Ilya Ilin, Marina Shainova, Marc Huster, Shi Zhiyong, Tara Nott, Norbert Schemansky, Wandee Kameaim, Andrei Rybakou, Arkady Vorobyov, Raema Lisa Rumbewas, Said Saif Asaad, Ri Song-Hui, Blagoy Blagoev, Dean Lukin, Waldemar Baszanowski, Mahmoud Namjoo, Marian Zieli¿ski, Khadjimourad Akkayev, Alan Tsagaev, Ruth Ogbeifo, Robert Kabbas, Frank Spellman, Nataliya Zabolotnaya, Pawina Thongsuk, Joachim Kunz, Hanna Batsiushka, Ivan Ivanov, Sotirios Versis, Norair Nurikyan, Aree Wiratthaworn, Yurik Sarkisian, Sri Indriyani, Yoto Yotov, Winarni Binti Slamet, Yoon Jin-Hee, Jürgen Heuser, Cheryl Haworth, Sergey Filimonov, Carlo Galimberti, Mieczys¿aw Nowak, Serge Reding, Mabel Mosquera, Charles Rigoulot, Zhang Guozheng, Arnold Luhaäär, Josef Straßberger, Pierino Gabetti, Giuseppe Tonani, Nataliya Skakun, Hossein Tavakkoli, Arsen Melikyan, Alexandros Nikolopoulos, Dmitry Berestov, Wu Meijin, Mario Martinez, El Sayed Nosseir, Khassaraporn Suta, Fritz Hünenberger, Edmond Decottignies, Andreas Stadler, Arthur Reinmann, Helmut Losch, Nedelcho Kolev, Georgi Todorov, Tatsiana Stukalava, Leopold Friedrich, Franz Aigner, Anton Zwerina, Lee James. Excerpt: This is the complete list of Olympic medalists in weightlifting from 1896 to 2008. Halil Mutlu (born on July 14, 1973 in Postnik, Bulgaria) is a professional Turkish weightlifter with several World and Olympic championships. Mutlu is one of the four weightlifters achieving three consecutive gold medals at the Olympic Games. His weightlifting career includes five World championships, nine European championships and more than 20 world records at 52 kg (115 lb), 54 kg (119 lb) and 56 kg (123 lb) combined. In 1994, he won both the European and world championships, titles that would soon become commonplace for him. He made his first Olympic appearance in 1992 in the 52 kg category and finished fifth. In 1996, in the 54 kg category, the reigning world champion and world record holder, Mutlu broke the world record in the snatch and went on to win the gold medal by 7.5 kg. At the 1999 World Championships he beat silver medal winner Adrian Jig¿u by around 20 kg and set a new world record. He remained undefeated until the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, where he was even more dominant than he had been in Atlanta. This time he set world records in both the snatch and the clean and jerk and won by 17.5 kg in the 56 kg category. He was suffering from a shoulder injury in 2003 and temporarily moved to the 62 kg class. His career appeared in doubt after a torn right rotator cuff and ruptured biceps tendon sidelined him for most of 2002. ...

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 40. Chapters: Fauna of the Colorado Desert, Fauna of the Mojave Desert, Ring-tailed Cat, Desert tortoise, Western Scrub Jay, Crotalus atrox, Crotalus cerastes, Crotalus scutulatus, Lesser Long-nosed Bat, Desert Bighorn Sheep, Lawrence's Goldfinch, Anna's Hummingbird, Devil's Hole pupfish, Phainopepla, Sage Sparrow, Rosy boa, Chuckwalla, Tecopa pupfish, Black toad, Sauromalus ater, Crotalus mitchellii, California Quail, Bendire's Thrasher, Gambel's Quail, Desert iguana, Baja California Rat Snake, Desert Cottontail, Costa's Hummingbird, Mohave ground squirrel, Desert horned lizard, Shoshone pupfish, Zebra-tailed lizard, Tui chub, Le Conte's Thrasher, Urosaurus graciosus, Desert Woodrat, Death Valley pupfish, Amargosa Pupfish Station, Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard, Desert night lizard, List of California Channel Islands wildlife, Mohave tui chub, Moapa dace, Desert cockroach, Sandstone night lizard, California rock lizard. Excerpt: The desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) is a species of tortoise native to the Mojave desert and Sonoran desert of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. They can be located in the western Arizona, southeastern California, south Nevada, and the southwestern region of Utah. The species name agassizii is in honor of Swiss-American zoologist Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. Recently, on the basis of DNA, geographic, and behavioral differences between desert tortoises in the Sonoran and Mojave desert, it was decided that the species should be split into two separate species: the Agassiz's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) and Morafka's Desert Tortoise (Gopherus morafkai). This tortoise may attain a length of 10 to 14 inches (25 to 36 cm), with males being slightly larger than females. Male tortoises have a longer gular horn than females, their plastron (lower shell) is concave compared to female tortoises. Males have larger tails than females do. Their shells are high-domed, and greenish-tan to dark brown in color. Desert tortoises can grow from 4¿6"(10¿15 cm) in height and weigh 8¿15 lb (4¿7 kg) when fully grown. The front limbs have sharp, claw-like scales and are flattened for digging. Back legs are skinnier and very long. Desert tortoise in Rainbow Basin near Barstow, California.The tortoise is able to live where ground temperature may exceed 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius) because of its ability to dig underground burrows and escape the heat. At least 95% of its life is spent in burrows. There, it is also protected from freezing winter weather while dormant, from November through February or March. With its burrow, this tortoise creates a subterranean environment that can be beneficial to other reptiles, mammals, birds and invertebrates. Scientists have divided the desert tortoise into two types: the Mojave and Sonoran Desert tortoises, with a possible third type in the Black Mountains of northwestern Arizona. They live in a different t

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 28. Chapters: Albert Weisbogel, Daniel Daly, Ernest A. Janson, Frank Baldwin, Henry Hogan, John H. Pruitt, John J. Kelly, John King (Medal of Honor), John Lafferty, John Laver Mather Cooper, John McCloy (Medal of Honor), Louis Cukela, Ludwig Andreas Olsen, Matej Kocak, Patrick Mullen (Medal of Honor), Robert Augustus Sweeney, Smedley Butler, Thomas Custer, William Wilson (Medal of Honor). Excerpt: Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Mexican Revolution World War I Smedley Darlington Butler (July 30, 1881 ¿ June 21, 1940) was a Major General in the U.S. Marine Corps, an outspoken critic of U.S. military adventurism, and at the time of his death the most decorated Marine in U.S. history. During his 34-year career as a Marine, he participated in military actions in the Philippines, China, in Central America and the Caribbean during the Banana Wars, and France in World War I. By the end of his career, he had received 16 medals, five for heroism. He is one of 19 men to twice receive the Medal of Honor, one of three to be awarded both the Marine Corps Brevet Medal and the Medal of Honor, and the only marine to be awarded the Brevet Medal and two Medals of Honor, all for separate actions. In his 1935 book War is a Racket, he described the workings of the military-industrial complex and, after retiring from service, became a popular speaker at meetings organized by veterans, pacifists and church groups in the 1930s. In 1934, he became involved in a controversy known as the Business Plot, when he told a congressional committee that a group of wealthy industrialists were planning a military coup to overthrow Franklin D. Roosevelt. The purported plotters wanted Butler to lead a mass of armed veterans in a march on Washington and then become a dictator. Butler never met with any of the principals, and the individuals supposedly involved all denied the existence of a plot. The media ridiculed the allegations. Biographer Hans Schmidt portrays him as the victim of a small-time trickster. Butler lectured widely throughout the 1930s. Smedley Butler was born July 30, 1881, in West Chester, Pennsylvania, the eldest of three sons. His parents Thomas Stalker Butler and Maud (Darlington) Butler were descended from local Quaker families. His father was a lawyer, a judge and, for 31 years, a Congressman and chair of the House Naval Affairs Committee during the Harding and Coolidge administra