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Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 73. Chapters: Orthopedic surgery, Subluxation, Hip replacement, Distraction osteogenesis, Knee replacement, Bone grafting, Osseointegration, Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, Knee cartilage replacement therapy, Microfracture surgery, Arthroscopy, Gait analysis, Prolotherapy, Hip resurfacing, Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder, Tommy John surgery, Percutaneous vertebroplasty, Osteotomy, Spinal fusion, Joint replacement, Bone cement, Sports medicine, Osteostimulation, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Laminectomy, Stress concentration, Manual therapy, Foot and ankle surgery, The Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital at Sandy Bay, Pedorthist, Arthrogram, Hand surgery, Meniscal cartilage replacement therapy, External fixation, Tissue expansion, Krukenberg procedure, Kirschner wire, Femoral head ostectomy, Coccygectomy, Shoulder surgery, Arthrodesis, Autotransplantation, Hip examination, Harrington rod, Knee examination, Computer Assisted Orthopedic Surgery, Broström procedure, Periosteal reaction, Microsurgical lumbar laminoplasty, Osteolysis, Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion, Arthroplasty, Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen, Dynamic compression plate, Weight-bearing, Disc decompression traction procedure, Stress-strain index, Gaenslen's test, Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy, Rotationplasty, Reduction, Schilling Tendon Procedure, Hippocratic bench, Synovectomy, Patrick's test, Percutaneous pinning, Foraminotomy, Buddy wrapping, Brunelli procedure, Beevor's axiom, Sail sign of the elbow, Bone cutter, Hubscher's maneuver, Meniscus transplant, Interspinous process decompression, Chondroplasty, Corticotomy, Bursectomy, Khyphoplasty. Excerpt: Hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which the hip joint is replaced by a prosthetic implant. Hip replacement surgery can be performed as a total replacement or a hemi (half) replacement. Such joint replacement orthopaedic surgery generally is conducted to relieve arthritis pain or fix severe physical joint damage as part of hip fracture treatment. A total hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) consists of replacing both the acetabulum and the femoral head while hemiarthroplasty generally only replaces the femoral head. Hip replacement is currently the most common orthopaedic operation, though patient satisfaction short and long term varies widely. The earliest recorded attempts at hip replacement (Gluck T, 1891), which were carried out in Germany, used ivory to replace the femoral head (the ball on the femur). In 1940 at Johns Hopkins hospital, Dr. Austin T. Moore (1899¿1963), an American surgeon, reported and performed the first metallic hip replacement surgery. The original prosthesis he designed was a proximal femoral replacement, with a large fixed head, made of the Cobalt-Chrome alloy Vitallium. It was about a foot in length and it bolted to the resected end of the femoral shaft (hemiarthroplasty). A later version of Dr. Moore's prosthesis, the so-called Austin Moore, developed in Columbia, SC was introduced in 1952 is still in use today, although rarely. Like modern hip implants it is inserted into the medullary canal of the femur. It depends on bone growth through a hole in the stem for long term attachment. In 1960 a Burmese orthopaedic surgeon, Dr. San Baw (29 June 1922 ¿ 7 December 1984), pioneered the use of ivory hip prostheses to replace ununited fractures of the neck of femur when he first used an ivory prosthesis to replace the fractured hip...

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 64. Chapters: Badgers, Mustelinae, Otters, Prehistoric mustelids, Wolverine, Weasel, Sea otter, Giant Otter, European Badger, Sea otter conservation, Honey Badger, Marbled Polecat, Oriental Small-clawed Otter, European Otter, American Badger, Badger-baiting, African Clawless Otter, Asian Badger, Hairy-nosed Otter, Smooth-coated Otter, European Pine Marten, Cameroon Clawless Otter, Megalictis ferox, Tayra, Japanese River Otter, Japanese badger, Trigonitis macrodon, Violet gland, African Striped Weasel, Potamotherium, Chamitataxus, Sett, Patagonian Weasel, Hog Badger, Satherium piscinarium, Lutra, Enhydritherium terraenovae, Spotted-necked Otter, Neotropical Otter, Megalenhydris, Japanese Otter, Plesictis, Sthenictis, Promartes, Ekorus ekakeran, Brachypsalis, Greater Grison, Oligobunis, Lesser Grison, Ferret-badger, Lontra, Aonyx, Zodiolestes, Meles, Oligobuninae, Ictonyx, Lutrogale, Dartmoor Badgers Protection League, Cyrnaonyx. Excerpt: The sea otter (Enhydra lutris), also known as the Kalan, is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between 14 and 45 kg (30 to 100 lb), making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter lives mostly in the ocean. The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments where it dives to the sea floor to forage. It preys mostly upon marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, various molluscs and crustaceans, and some species of fish. Its foraging and eating habits are noteworthy in several respects. First, its use of rocks to dislodge prey and to open shells makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. In most of its range, it is a keystone species, controlling sea urchin populations which would otherwise inflict extensive damage to kelp forest ecosystems. Its diet includes prey species that are also valued by humans as food, leading to conflicts between sea otters and fisheries. Sea otters, whose numbers were once estimated at 150,000¿300,000, were hunted extensively for their fur between 1741 and 1911, and the world population fell to 1,000¿2,000 individuals in a fraction of their historic range. A subsequent international ban on hunting, conservation efforts, and reintroduction programs into previously populated areas have contributed to numbers rebounding, and the species now occupies about two-thirds of its former range. The recovery of the sea otter is considered an important success in marine conservation, although populations in the Aleutian Islands and California have recently declined or have plateaued at depressed levels. For these reasons (as well as its particular vulnerability to oil spills) the sea otter remains classified as an endangered species.

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 60. Chapters: 55 Short Stories from the New Yorker, A&P (story), A Home at the End of the World, A Perfect Day for Bananafish, Brokeback Mountain (short story), Chef's House, Dip in the Pool, Edward the Conqueror, For Esmé ¿ with Love and Squalor, Franny and Zooey, Girl (poem), Hapworth 16, 1924, Harvey's Dream, Head Down (essay), Hiroshima (book), I See You Never, Junior Miss, Just Before the War with the Eskimos, Lost in Translation (poem), My Sister Eileen, My Son the Fanatic, New Yorkistan, On the Internet, nobody knows you're a dog, Parallel Play (memoir by Tim Page), Pretty Mouth and Green My Eyes, Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction, Signs and Symbols, Slight Rebellion off Madison, So Long, See You Tomorrow, Stories in an Almost Classical Mode, Subsoil (short story), Teddy (story), That Feeling, You Can Only Say What It Is in French, The Book of Sand, The Death of Jack Hamilton, The Early Stories: 1953¿1975, The End of Vandalism, The Enormous Radio, The Imposter (short story), The Laughing Man (short story), The Lottery, The Man in the Black Suit, The Muses Are Heard, The Namesake, The Orchid Thief, The Ponder Heart, The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (novel), The Rabbits Who Caused All the Trouble, The Same Door, The Sea Around Us, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, The Unicorn in the Garden, The Unknown Citizen, The Way Up to Heaven, The Way We Live Now (short story), Through the Tunnel, Uncle Wiggily in Connecticut, What the Dog Saw: And Other Adventures. Excerpt: "The Lottery" is a short story by Shirley Jackson, first published in the June 26, 1948 issue of The New Yorker. Written the same month it was published, it is ranked today as "one of the most famous short stories in the history of American literature". It has been described as "a chilling tale of conformity gone mad." Response to the story was negative, surprising Jackson, Caleb Mann (the local head editor at the local paper) and The New Yorker. Readers canceled subscriptions and sent hate mail throughout the summer. The story was banned in the Union of South Africa. Since then, it has been accepted as a classic American short story, subject to critical interpretations and media adaptations, and it has been taught in middle schools and high schools for decades since its publication. Details of contemporary small town American life are contrasted with an annual ritual known as "the lottery." In a small village of about 300 residents, the locals are in an excited yet nervous mood on June 27. Children gather stones as the adult townsfolk assemble for their annual event, that in the local tradition has been practiced to ensure a good harvest (one character quotes an old proverb: "Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon"), though there are some rumors that nearby communities are talking of "giving up the lottery." In the first round of the lottery, the head of each family draws a small slip of paper from a black box; Bill Hutchinson gets the one slip with a black spot, meaning that his family has been chosen. In the next round, each Hutchinson family member draws a slip, and Bill's wife Tessie¿who had arrived late¿gets the marked slip. In keeping with tradition, each villager obtains a stone and begins to surround Tessie. The story ends as Tessie is stoned to death while she bemoans the unfairness of the situation. The lottery preparations start the night before with Mr. Summers and Mr. Graves making the paper slips and the li...

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 29. Chapters: Carpathian Ruthenia, Rusyn language, Rusyns, West Ukrainian People's Republic, Lemkos, Carpatho-Ukraine, Ruthenian Catholic Church, Upper Hungary, Hutsuls, History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia, Military history of Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II, Binczarowa, Boyko, Lemko Republic, Lemkivshchyna, Ruthenians and Ukrainians in Czechoslovakia, Florynka, Transcarpathia. Excerpt: Carpathian Ruthenia, (Rusyn and Ukrainian: ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿ ¿¿¿¿, Karpats¿ka Rus¿; Slovak and Czech: Podkarpatská Rus; Hungarian: ; Romanian: ; Polish: ) is a small region in Eastern Europe, now mostly in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Zakarpats¿ka oblast¿), easternmost Slovakia (largely in Pre¿ov kraj and Köice kraj), Poland's Lemkovyna and Romanian Maramure¿. In ethnic diversity, it is inhabited by Ukrainian, Rusyn, Lemko, Hungarian, Slovak, Romanian, Bulgarian and Russian populations. It has small Bogomil, Hutsul, Jewish, Romani and Szekler or Csango (ethnic Magyars of the Orthodox Church faith) minorities. The nomenclature of the region depends on geographic perspective and point of view. Thus from a Hungarian, Slovak, Czech perspective the region is described as Sub-Carpathia, (i.e. below the Carpathians) while from a Ukrainian and Russian perspective it is referred to as Trans-Carpathia (on the other side of the Carpathian mountains). The use of Carpathian Ruthenia is an attempt to provide a neutral term. During the region's period of Hungarian rule lasting approximately a thousand years, it was officially referred to by Hungarians as Subcarpathia (Hungarian: ) or North-Eastern Upper Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 and the breakup of Austria-Hungary the region became part of Czechoslovakia under the governorship of Gregory Zatkovich. Until 1938-9 it was referred to for a while as Rusinsko or Karpatske Rusinsko, then mostly as Subcarpathian Rus (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Rus) or Subcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatská Ukrajina), and from 1927 as the Subcarpathian Land (Czech: Zem¿ podkarpatoruská, Slovak: Krajina podkarpatoruská). Alternative, unofficial names used in Czechoslovakia before World War II included Subcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Podkarpatsko), Transcarpathia (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatsko), Transcarpathian Ukraine (Czech and Slovak: Zakarpatská Ukrajina), Carpathian Rus/Ruthenia (Czech and Slovak: Karpa

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 100. Chapters: Battles involving the Kingdom of Sicily, Kings of Sicily, Philip II of Spain, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, List of monarchs of Sicily, Philip V of Spain, Roger II of Sicily, Charles I of Naples, Philip III of Spain, Peter III of Aragon, Philip IV of Spain, Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia, Alfonso V of Aragon, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles III of Spain, Charles II of Spain, John II of Aragon, Conradin, William I of Sicily, Roger I of Sicily, Cocalus, Tancred, King of Sicily, William II of Sicily, Frederick III of Sicily, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, James II of Aragon, Manfred, King of Sicily, Alfonso II of Naples, Martin of Aragon, Conrad IV of Germany, Ferdinand I of Aragon, Joan II of Naples, Maria, Queen of Sicily, Martin I of Sicily, Battle of Nocera, Peter II of Sicily, William III of Sicily, Frederick III the Simple, Battle of Falconaria, Battle of Rignano, Battle of Sanluri, Louis, King of Sicily, Simon of Sicily, Roger III of Sicily. Excerpt: Charles III (Spanish: Carlos III; Italian: Carlo III; 20 January 1716 ¿ 14 December 1788) was the King of Spain and the Spanish Indies from 1759 to 1788. He was the eldest son of Philip V of Spain and his second wife, the Princess Elisabeth Farnese. In 1731, the fifteen-year-old Charles became the Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as Charles I, at the death of his childless great uncle Antonio Farnese, Duke of Parma. In 1734, as the Duke of Parma, he conquered the kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily, and was crowned as the King of Naples and Sicily on 3 July 1735, reigning as King Charles, although he is contemporarily known as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, an educated, cultured woman who gave birth to thirteen children, eight of whom reached adulthood. Charles and Maria Amalia resided in Naples for nineteen years; she died in 1760. Upon succeeding to the Spanish throne on 10 August 1759, Charles, a proponent of enlightened absolutism, on 6 October 1759 abdicated the Neapolitan and Sicilian thrones in favour of Ferdinand, his third surviving son, who became Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, or Ferdinand IV of Naples and III of Sicily. Charles III's descendants ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies until 1861. As king of Spain Charles III tried to rescue his empire from decay through far-reaching reforms such as weakening the Church and its monasteries, promoting science and university research, facilitating trade and commerce, modernizing agriculture and avoiding wars. He never achieved satisfactory control over finances, and he had to borrow more and more. His reforms proved short-lived and Spain relapsed after his death. In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded the War of the Spanish Succession (1701¿14), thereby reducing the political and military power of Spain, which had been ruled by the House of Bourbon since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the Spanish Empire retained its Latin American terri

Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 46. Chapters: Alecto (SPG), Audacious class aircraft carrier, Birch gun, Black Prince (tank), Blue Boar (bomb), Blue Envoy, Blue Joker, Blue Peacock, Blue Streak (missile), Blue Water (missile), BSA 28P, BSA experimental model 1949, BSA Welgun, Cultivator No. 6, CVA-01, Elkins Automatic Rifle, EM-2 rifle, Esser-Barrat, Excelsior tank, Flying Elephant, FV4401 Contentious, G3 battlecruiser, HMS Incomparable, Howard Francis machine carbine, Kynoch machine gun, L64/65, Lion class battleship, Malta class aircraft carrier, Mark VI (tank), MCEM 2 submachine gun, MCEM 3 submachine gun, N3 class battleship, Ordnance QF 32 pounder, Project Habakkuk, Reserve fleet, Resurgam, SLEM-1, Sterling SAR-87, T14 Heavy Tank, Taden gun, Thorneycroft carbine, TOG1, TOG2, Tortoise heavy assault tank, Valiant tank, Vickers A1E1 Independent. Excerpt: Cultivator No. 6 was the code name of a military trench-digging machine developed by the British Royal Navy at the beginning of World War II. The machine was originally known as White Rabbit Number Six; this code name was never officially recognised, but it was said to be derived from Churchill¿s metaphorical ability to pull ideas out of a hat. The codename was changed to the less suggestive Cultivator Number Six to conceal its identity. The name was later changed to N.L.E. Tractors. Winston Churchill sometimes referred to the machine as his mole and the prototype machine was dubbed Nellie. It was lightly armoured and carried no weapons. It was designed to advance upon an enemy position largely below ground level in a trench that it was itself excavating. On reaching the enemy's front line, it would serve as a ramp for the troops, and possibly tanks, following in its trench. Cultivator No. 6 was an enormous machine and was planned to be built in substantial numbers. The overall weight was 130 tons and the length was 77 feet 6 inches (23.62 m). The machine's development and production was enthusiastically backed by Winston Churchill and work on it continued well past the point when there was no obvious use for it. In the end, only a small number of machines were constructed and none were used in combat. In his memoirs, Churchill, said about it: "I am responsible but impenitent". After the outbreak of World War II, on 3 September 1939 the day Britain declared war on Germany, Winston Churchill was appointed First Lord of the Admiralty and a member of the War Cabinet, just as he had been during the first part of World War I. There followed a period during which the western allies watched Germany and Russia devour Poland, but with very little aggressive action being taken. The only significant fighting was at sea. Britain despatched an expeditionary force to France where they took up positions on the northernmost portion of the French border with Belgium. A line of forti