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The papers collected in this volume are based on the best contributions to theconference of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science (SILFS)that took place in Milan on 8-10 October 2007. The aim of the Society, since itsfoundation in 1952, has always been that of bringing together scholars - working in the broad areas of Logic, Philosophy of Science and History of Science - who share an open-minded approach to their disciplines and regard themas essentially requiring continuous confrontation and bridge-building to avoidthe danger of over-specialism. In this perspective, logicians and philosophersof science should not indulge in inventing and cherishing their own "internalproblems" - although these may occasionally be an opportunity for conceptual clarification - but should primarily look at the challenging conceptual andmethodological questions that arise in any genuine attempt to extend our objective knowledge. As Ludovico Geymonat used to put it: "[good] philosophyshould be sought in the folds of science itself".Contributions are distributed into six sections, five of which - "Logic andComputing", "Physics and Mathematics", "Life Sciences", "Economics and Social Sciences", "Neuroscience and Philosophy of Mind" - are devoted to the discussion of cutting-edge problems that arise from current-day scientific research, while the remaining section on "General Philosophy of Science" is focused on foundational and methodological questions that are common to all areas.

This book puts forward new logical systems suitable for modelling Talmudic and Biblical reasoning and argumentation.The Talmud is very logical. It is said that when God gave Moses the Ten Commandments, He also gave him additional laws and rules of logic to enable human beings to derive more laws.Together with colleagues the authors have already written 8 books on the logic of the Talmud and the project will involve 15-20 volumes. The authors have discovered principles which can be exported to current research in scientific communities, as well as human common sense reasoning and laws as tackled by religious thinking.Topics in this book include:1 Non-deductive Inference in the Talmud:The book includes a new topological matrix method for analogical reasoning, completely new to existing AI methods which rely on metric distances.2 The Textual Inference Rules Klal uPrat. How the Bible Defines Sets:Traditional set theoretic methods for defining sets are either by enumeration of its elements or by a predicateformula. The biblical way is a common sense combination of the two, approximating the set from above and from below by predicates, supplemented by a small number of typical members of the set.3 Talmudic Deontic Logic:The Talmud has its own Deontic Logic, free of the traditional paradoxes.4 Temporal Logic in the Talmud:The Talmud allows for special conditionals with antecedents depending on the future and consequents valid in thepresent. This new type of logic allows for backwards causality and connects with aspects of Quantum Logic.5 Resolution of Conflicts and Normative Loops in the Talmud:The book deals with Talmudic loop checking methods that can be widely applied to handling loops in AI and logic.6 Delegation and Representation in Talmudic Logic:Talmudic systems of delegation are innovative and apply to modern day to day computer delegation and access control.This book is of great interest to researchers in AI and Law, in Argumentation theory, and in Pure and Applied logical systems, as well as students of Talmudic reasoning and debate.

This book contains plenary and invited paperspresented at the 6th European Congress ofAnalytical Philosophy, held in Krakow in August 2008,as well as selected contributions delivered during thecourse of special workshops. The papers cover a widegamut of topics ranging from History of Philosophy toLogic, Metaphysics, Philosophy of Science, Philosophyof Mind, Social Philosophy, Philosophy of Language,and Epistemology.

Tbilisi Mathematical Journal (TMJ) is a fully refereed international journal, publishing original research papers in all areas of mathematics. Papers should satisfy the high standards and only works of high quality will be recommended for publication. The Management Committee may occasionally decide to invite the submission of survey and expository papers of the highest quality. Unsolicited submissions of survey and expository papers will not be considered for publication. Volume 2 (2009) contains seven research papers by outstanding mathematicians in areas ranging from sochasics to mathematical logic.

Homotopy is a basic discipline of mathematics having fundamental and various applications to important fields of mathematics. The Journal has a wide scope which ranges from homotopical algebra and algebraic number theory and functional analysis. Diverse algebraic, geometric, topological and categorical structures are closely related to homotopy and the influence of homotopy is found in many fundamental areas of mathematics such as general algebra, algebraic topology, algebraic geometry, category theory, differential geometry, computer science, K-theory, functional analysis, Galois theory ad in physical sciences as well. The J. Homotopy and Related Structures intends to develop its vision on the determining role of homotopy in mathematics. the aim of the Journal is to show the importance, merit and diversity of homotopy in mathematical sciences. The J. Homotopy and Related structures is primarily concerned with publishing carefully refereed significant and original research papers. However a limited number of carefully selected survey and expository papers are also included, and special issues devoted to Proceedings of meetings in the field as well as to Festschrifts.

Systems are everywhere and affect us daily in our private and professional lives. We all use the word "system" to describe something that is essential but often abstract, complex and even mysterious. However, learning to utilize system concepts as first class objects as well as methodologies for systems thinking and systems engineering provides a basis for removing the mystery and moving towards mastery even for complex systems. This journey through the Systems Landscape has been developed to promote learning to "think" and "act" in terms of systems. A unique aspect is the introduction of concrete system semantics provided as a "system survival kit" and based upon a limited number of concepts and principles as well as a mental model called the system-coupling diagram. This discipline independent presentation assists individuals and is essential for building a learning organization that can utilize a systems approach to achieving its enterprise goals. The eight chapters are presented as stops along a journey that successively build system knowledge. Each chapter terminates with a Knowledge Verification section that provides questions and exercises for individuals and groups. Case studies reflecting the utilization of the system related concepts, principles and methodologies are provided as chapter interludes.

This volume puts together most of the papers given at the interdisciplinary workshop on DIAGRAMMATOLOGY AND DIAGRAM PRAXIS held at the University of Lisbon, 23-24th March 2009. The workshop was organized by the Research Project "Image in Science and Art" of the Center for Philosophy of Science of the University of Lisbon (CFCUL), aiming to analyze the place of image and diagrammatic thinking in different epistemological and semiotic programs.The articles are organized in three main sections. The first, Fundamental Issues of Diagrammatology, is more historically oriented including papers from Olga Pombo, Sybille Krämer, Jan Wöpking, Frederik Stjernfelt and Ahti-Veikko Pietarinen. The second part, Visual Diagram Praxis, comprises four case studies on diagram practices from Augusto J. Franco Oliveira, Ángel Nepomuceno-Fernández, J.R. Croca and Matthias Bauer. Finally, the third part, On Maps, consists of studies by Valeria Giardino, Alexander Gerner, Christoph Ernst and Catarina Pombo Nabels.

This book contains around of a score of essays that examine oruse Popperís fallibilist philosophy of science from various pointsof view. The opening sextet includes a new solution of theproblem of induction, the status of corroboration, and the placeof truth-values and logic(s). Then follow a trio of studies ofrelationships with some other philosophies, especially BertrandRussellís. Next come five essays on the history andhistoriography of science and mathematics, and of mathematicseducation. They are followed by a quintet of speculations relatingto aspects of psychology, especially psychical research,coincidences and the formation of languages in humans. Finallycome two new items: one on the philosophy of mathematics,the other a public acknowledgement of the influence of Popperin August 2009 when the International Commission on theHistory of Mathematics awarded Grattan-Guinness theKenneth O. May Medal and Prize in the History of Mathematics.I. Grattan-Guinness is Emeritus Professor of the History ofMathematics and Logic at Middlesex University, England,and also a Visiting Research Associate in the Centre forPhilosophy of Natural and Social Science at the LondonSchool of Economics.

Philosophy of mathematics is moving in a new direction: awayfrom a foundationalism in terms of formal logic and traditionalontology, and towards a broader range of approaches thatare united by a focus on mathematical practice.The scientific research network PhiMSAMP (Philosophy ofMathematics: Sociological Aspects and MathematicalPractice) consisted of researchers from a variety ofbackgrounds and fields, brought together by their commoninterest in the shift of philosophy of mathematics towardsmathematical practice. Hosted by the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn and funded by the DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) from 2006-2010, thenetwork organized and contributed to a number of workshopsand conferences on the topic of mathematical practice.The refereed contributions in this volume represent theresearch results of the network and consists of contributionsof the network members as well as selected paper versions ofpresentations at the network's mid-term conference, "Ismathematics special?" (PhiMSAMP-3) held in Vienna 2008.

The Editors' vision for this volume is that it should be a selection of essays, contributed by the academics who have worked, studied, collaborated and disagreed with Göran Sundholm; engaging in debated issues and exploring untouched areas maybe only suggested or hinted at in Sundholm's own work. "Acts of Knowledge" characterizes the papers contained in this volume as bringing something scientifically valuable in their respective fields: all the papers present cutting-edge research in their own style, contributing to very lively debates occurring in the literature in logic, philosophical logic and history of logic. But it also hints at Göran's constructivist background, which has been an influence or a challenge for many of the contributors. "History, Philosophy and Logic" refers directly to Göran's broad interests into the various aspects of the Philosophy of Logic, Mathematics, and Language, their origins and development, especially with the focus on the Modern History of Logic and the philosophical implications thereof. The readers will find scattered all along this volume pieces of -- and reflections on -- all these themes.

Man by nature desires to know, and the most natural way ofsatisfying this desire is to find answers to the questions thatarise from wonder and perplexity. Questioning is our default viewof method. I was turned into a cornerstone of western thoughtin the Socratic elenchus and Aristotle¿s doctrine of explanationand inquiry. Aristotle¿s dialogical games, especially as they findexpression in Topics, survived medieval dialectical games and hada profound impact on practices in academic life. And even whenAristotelianism came under fire during the renaissance and theScientific Revolution, questioning as method was not jettisonedbut rather transformed into a new form in which the questionswere to be addressed to Nature herself.Questioning is not just a method but also a philosophy in itsown right. Man not only desires to know, but wonder andperplexity are at the very heart of man¿s essence. As Karl-Otto Apel persuasively argues, Gadamer¿s Truth and Methodwas not just, or perhaps even mainly, a methodologicalinsight into how knowledge was to be obtained. Rather, inphilosophical hermeneutics questioning has a more profoundstanding, marking, as Apel puts it, "logos-reflection" andhence dialogue in the full sense.This collection of essays by leading philosophers probesquestioning as philosophy and as method both from ahistorical and a systematic perspective. The authors includeJ. Hintikka, P. Aubenque, R. Smith, M.-L. Kakkuri-Knuuttila,E. Moutsopoulos, T. Calvo Martínez, M. Yrjönsuuri, J.-F.Courtine, K.-O. Appel, V. A. Lektorsky, G. Schurz, M.Sintonen, and W. Rabinowicz & L. Bovens

It has been observed many times before that, as yet, there are no encompassing, integrated theories of mathematical practice available.To witness, as we currently do, a variety of schools in this field elaborating their philosophical frameworks, and trying to sort out their differences in the course of doing so, is also to be constantly reminded of the fact that a lot of epistemic aspects, extremely relevant to this task, remain dramatically underexamined. This volume wants to contribute to the stock of studies filling this perceived lacuna. It contains papers by established, upcoming, as well as beginning scholars, covering general, metaphilosophical themes such as naturalism, semiotics, pragmaticism, or empiricism, next to more specific topics including the unity of mathematical theories, thruth-flow in mathematics, diagrammatic reasoning, erroneous argumentation, or numerical analysis.

Polémiques et constructifs à la fois, faits de reprises et detraductions, de controverses et de confrontations, les échangesentre les savants britanniques et français ont joué un rôleessentiel dans le développement de la science en Europe depuisle XVIIe siècle. Ni les guerres qui ont opposé les deux pays,ni l'attachement à des figures emblématiques d'unescience nationale n'ont pu durablement entraver lapoursuite de constantes interactions et de fructueusescollaborations au service du développement du savoir.Les dix-neuf contributions ici rassemblées, dont les auteurs,français ou britanniques, s'expriment chacun dans leurlangue, examinent avec précision quelques-uns des épisodesde ces échanges, dans les domaines des mathématiques etde l'astronomie, de la physique, de la chimie et des théoriesdu vivant, en s'attachant à la correspondance, aux politiquesde traduction, aux relations entre institutions savantes ouaux prolongements techniques et industriels de la recherche.Ces travaux résultent d'un colloque qui s'est tenu à la Maisonfrançaise d'Oxford en mars 2006 à l'initiative de la Sociétéfrançaise d'histoire des sciences et des techniques et de l'EuropeanSociety for the history of science, en collaboration avec la Britishsociety for the history of science et le réseau Europaeum.Interactions between the scientific communities of Britain andFrance have done much to fashion the course of Europeanscience since the seventeenth century. Marked on occasionsby rivalry and unhelpful displays of national pride as well asby cooperation, the interactions provide a fascinating subjectfor historical enquiry. This volume assembles nineteen essayson key themes including travel, correspondence, translation,collaborative and competitive research, and the role ofexchanges at both the personal and the institutional level, withexamples drawn from astronomy, mathematics, the physicaland life sciences, and the work of industrial laboratories.The essays have their origin in an international conferenceheld at the Maison française, Oxford in March 2006 as a jointinitiative of the Société française d'histoire des sciences et destechniques and the European Society for the History of Science,in collaboration with the British Society for the History ofScience and the Europaeum network of European universities.

Probabilistic methods are increasingly becoming an importanttool in a variety of disciplines including computer science,mathematics, artificial intelligence, epistemology, game and decision theory and linguistics. In addition to the discussionon applications of probabilistic methods there is an importantphilosophical debate concerning the precise meaning andinterpretation of probabilistic and statistical statements. This volume contains fully refereed versions of papers presented at the sixth installment of the conference series Foundations of the Formal Sciences (FotFS) which was aninterdisciplinary venue bringing together researchers usingprobabilistic and statistical methods in their respective fieldsand researchers who are concerned with the philosophicalinterpretation of probability and statistics to exchange ideas,approaches and techniques. The conference FotFS VIfacilitated discussions about the applicability of probabilisticmethods and helped to ground foundational debates withconcerns for practitioners of probabilistic methods.

The ``Many Sides of Logic'' is a volume containing a selectionof the papers delivered at three simultaneous events heldbetween 11-17 May 2008 in Paraty, RJ, Brazil, continuing a traditionof three decades of Brazilian and Latin-American meetings and celebratingthe 30th anniversary of an institution congenital with the matureinterest for logic, epistemology and history of sciences in Brazil:CLE 30 - 30th Anniversary of the Centre for Logic, Epistemology and theHistory of Science at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP)XV EBL -15th Brazilian Logic ConferenceXIV SLALM - 14th Latin-American Symposium on Mathematical LogicSeveral renowned logicians, philosophers and mathematicians gathered incolonial Paraty, a historic village on the Braziliancoast founded in the 17th Century and surrounded by the luscious Atlanticrain forest to deliver lectures and talks celebrating the many sides oflogic: the philosophical, the mathematical, the computational, the historical,and the multiple facets therein.The topics of the joint conferences, well represented here, includedphilosophical and mathematical Logic and applications with emphasis onmodel theory and proof theory, set theory, non-classical logics andapplications, history and philosophy of logic, philosophy of the formalsciences and issues on the foundations of mathematics.The events have been preceded by a Logic School planned for studentsand young researchers held at the UNICAMP campus in Campinas, SP.

John Woods' The Logic of Fiction, now thirty-five years old, is a ground-breaking event in the establishment of the semantics of fiction as a stand-alone research programme in the philosophies of language and logic. There is now a large literature about these matters, but Woods' book retains a striking freshness, and still serves as a convincing template of the treatment options for the field's key problems. The book now appears in a second edition with a new Foreword by Nicholas Griffin and an extended bibliography covering the period 1969-2009. As Griffin notes in his Foreword, it is "surprising ¿ on looking back to discover how little was written on the semantics of fiction before John Woods' The Logic of Fiction was published in 1974. The surprise is the greater because Woods' book appeared after almost a quarter century of fierce philosophical debate about reference ¿ Fictional discourse, one would have thought, would be an important testing ground for philosophical theories of referential expressions and one, moreover, in which the standard theories would likely be tested to destruction. ¿" "¿ One of the great merits of Woods' book is that it takes seriously the wide-ranging demands that fiction imposes on logic and semantics, and does not try to force fiction into some pre-conceived logical mould ¿. but thanks to Woods' pioneering efforts, we are much closer to one now than we were when he set out to write his book. His book was not the last word on the logic of fiction; it was much more important: it was nearly the first." NICHOLAS GRIFFIN is Canada Research Chair in Philosophy at McMaster University. Recent publications include Russell vs Meinong: The Legacy of "On Denoting", edited with Dale Jacquette. JOHN WOODS is Director of the Abductive Systems Group at the University of British Columbia and Charles S. Peirce Visiting Professor of Logic in the Group on Logic and Computational Science, King's College London. He has two forthcoming books on fiction - an edited volume, Fictions and Models: New Essays, and a research monograph, Sherlock's Member: New Perspectives on the Semantics of Fiction, both to appear in 2010.

Thomas Piketty's book Capital in the 21st Century has already attracted more serious attention than any economics book published in the last seventy-five years. This collection of 17 essays by some of the world's most prominent economists explores Piketty's book at depth and from various vantage points. Here is what economists around the world are already saying about this book. "Marx's Capital is strong on theory but, it detractors allege, weak on data. In a dialectic worthy of Hegel himself, the critics assembled here argue that Piketty's Capital stands opposite to Marx's, as strong on data but weak on theory. This combination--plus its exquisite timing--explains it critical acclaim. The juxtaposition of economic stagnation and obscene inequality in the aftermath of the financial crisis made it impossible for mainstream economists to continue ignoring inequality, let alone applauding it as they have done for so long. Piketty made it possible for them to acknowledge it without abandoning their comforting but false mainstream theories of capitalism. These authors in this volume applaud Piketty for his contribution to empirical knowledge, but reject his views on how this inequality came about. The true Capital for the 21st century is still yet to be written."- Steve Keen, Kingston University, London"Neoclassical economics spawned a utopian belief in capitalism with unregulated market forces. Thomas Piketty's empirical analysis has dealt a fatal blow to that belief by highlighting the recent huge redistributions of income and wealth to the ultra-rich. This raises a fundamental question for people around the world: How do we achieve a better world through economic policies? This global collection addresses that question and explores theoretical explanations for Piketty's empirical findings."- Ping Chen, Fudan University and Peking University, China "Are the theoretical explanations proposed by Thomas Piketty of the rising inequalities valid? What is the meaning of his first and second "laws" of capitalism? This book is indispensable for anyone seeking answers to these questions."- André Orléan, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris"By examining Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century from different angles, the 18 contributors to this invaluable book add enormously to our understanding of inequality and of policy options for reducing it. They point to the lack of a distinction between rentier income and earned income, to the severe limits of marginal productivity theory that Piketty employs and to the utopian nature of Piketty's only suggested remedy. - Norbert Haering, Economics Editor, Handelsblatt, Germany"Piketty's book Capital in the Twentieth Century served the cause of drawing the world's attention to inequality under capitalism in the long haul, based on a fresh and innovative look at new evidence. This book serves that cause even better by focusing on the inadequacies of Piketty's analysis of the processes and mechanisms leading to that inequality, and, therefore, on what needs to be done to address it."- C. P. Chandrasekhar,Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi "Thomas Piketty's Capital in the Twenty-First Century was the publishing sensation of 2104, focussing the world's attention on the huge and continuing growth in inequality that poses a serious economic, political and social threat to us all. In this important new book, 18 economists from Europe, North America and Asia offer sympathetic but critical appraisals of Piketty's theoretical framework, his empirical analysis and his radical policy proposals. This is not the last word on Piketty - whatever could be? - but it is indispensable reading for everyone who is interested in one of the most important challenges of our time".- John King, La Trobe University, Australia

Placed by The International Board on Books for Young People as an outstanding novel for 2011, The Girl Who Wanted to Fly is being exhibited worldwide by IBBY at international book fairs. This absorbing narrative examines the problems encountered by a disabled teenager, Mo Tamworth, but the voyage of self-discovery charted in the story is not limited to the experience of disability. The situations are familiar to all young people negotiating the often confusing transition between childhood and early adulthood. Just as with other young teens, Mo must learn to respect others in order to respect herself. Although the narration is from the point of view of a teenage girl, it offers compelling insights which adults will also find entertaining and instructive.

Born in Calcutta in 1935, Bimal Krishna Matilal is regarded as one among the world's leading scholars of IndianPhilosophy. His work can be considered as one of the mostimportant bridges between Indian and Western logic. Hisuntimely death in 1991 deprived the world of an outstandingthinker and philosopher. In January 2007, a conference was held in Matilal's home city Calcutta in his memory, bringing together logicians working on both Indian and Western logic. This thoroughly peer-reviewed volume contains a selection of the best papers; some represent Indian logic, others Western logic, and some continue Matilal's work of building bridges. The spirit of the 2007 Calcutta conference continues in the conference series ICLA, now run by the Association for Logic in India (ALI).

Readers of this volume are invited on a journey through alogician's life, as witnessed by his colleagues and friends.They will have the opportunity to immerse themselves in theregions of set theory, arithmetic, data analysis, algebra,fuzzy logic and other topics that Petr Hájek has shared withthe contributors. Each of the contributions is unique in itsapproach as well as its personal envoi, helping to create afull-blooded, vivid and genuine picture of the man who hasbeen so emphatically influential to so many of us. Matureand fresh ideas blend in the texts which will, hopefully, makean interesting and enjoyable reading for Petr Hájek as well asfor any keen logician.

Research in robust open-domain text processing has seen considerable progress in the last couple of decades. It is probably fair to say that language technology tools have reached satisfactory performance at the level of syntactic processing. Therefore, it is timelier than ever to consider deep semantic processing as a serious task in wide-coverage natural language processing. This is a step that requires the integration of syntactic parsing, named entity recognition, anaphora resolution, thematic role labelling, word sense disambiguation with fine-grained semantic analysis. Accurate automatic semantic interpretation of text will benefit newly emerging sub-areas such as affectivity and sentiment analysis of texts, textual entailment, and consistency checking, and applications such as automated question answering, summarisation, and machine translation.This volume addresses these ambitions by presenting a collection of papers presented at the first workshop on the Semantics in Text Processing (STEP 2008), held in Venice from 22 to 24 September 2008. It is divided into three parts: (1) regular papers describing new results and completed research; (2) reports and descriptions of state-of-the-art systems that participated in the shared task on comparing semantic representations; and (3) short papers addressing ongoing work, novel techniques, or project descriptions.This is the first volume in \textit{Research in Computational Semantics} series launched by College Publications. Computational semantics is a relatively new interdisciplinary area in natural language processing, focusing on developing techniques to automate the interpretation of spoken and written natural language. It is an exciting area combining linguistic insight, logical reasoning, and knowledge engineering using both symbolic and statistical techniques to achieve robust and scalable methods for processing human languages.