Bücher veröffentlicht von College Publications

Paraconsistent logics are logics which allow solid deductivereasoning under contradictions by offering a mathematical andphilosophical support to contradictory yet non-trivial theories.Due to its role in models of scientific reasoning and to itsphilosophical implications, as well as to its connections totopics such as abduction, automated reasoning, logic programming,and belief revision, paraconsistency has becoming a fast growingarea.During the III World Congress onParaconsistency (WCP3) held in Toulouse, France, in July, 2003, it became apparent that there is a need for a Handbook covering the most recent results on several aspects of paraconsistent logic, including philosophical debates onparaconsistency and its connections to philosophy of language,argumentation theory, computer science, information theory, andartificial intelligence.This book is a basic tool for those who want to know more about paraconsistent logic, its history and philosophy, the various systems of paraconsistent logic and their applications.The present volume is edited by Jean-Yves Beziau, Walter Carnielli and Dov Gabbay, expert logicians versed in a variety of logics.

The realism/anti-realism debate is one of the traditional central themes in the philosophy of mathematics. The controversies about the existence of the irrational numbers, the complex numbers, the infintesimals, etc. will be familiar to all who are acquainted with the history of mathematics.This book aims mainly at presenting and defending a non-Platonist form of mathematical structural realism which, in the respect of the history of mathematics, harmonizes with a plausible epistemology that naturally arises from it."Gianluigi Oliveri's book embodies a masterly survey of salient questions in the philosophy of mathematics, and propounds a challenging, if controversial, theory of the subject." Michael Dummett

This volume takes a reflective position with respect to the conferenceseries "Foundations of the Formal Sciences" (FotFS) and asks:* What are the Formal Sciences?* Can we develop a theoretical classification of the sciences thatjuxtaposes the formal sciences to the natural sciences, social sciences,and humanities? Can we do this solely by identifying common methodologicalfeatures?* Can we identify changes of the notion of formal sciences over time?How were the areas that we now conceived as the "Foundations of the FormalSciences" classified throughout history?Investigating the "History of the Concept of the Formal Sciences" to findanswers to an array of questions with this wide scope, you need anenthusiastic group of researchers interested in going beyond thetraditional boundaries of their subjects covering at once thephilosophical, historical and logical issues at hand, like the authors ofthis volume.The papers in this volume stand witness to our success in touching thementioned questions. It will be of interest to philosophers,sociologists, historians, and logicians, and covers many aspects of thehistory of the formal sciences from the Bronze Age to the early XXIstcentury.

Russell's paradox arises when we consider those sets that do not belong to themselves. The collection of such sets cannot constitute a set. Step back a bit. Logical formulas define sets (in a standard model). Formulas, being mathematical objects, can be thought of as sets themselves-mathematics reduces to set theory. Consider those formulas that do not belong to the set they define. The collection of such formulas is not definable by a formula, by the same argument that Russell used. This quickly gives Tarski's result on the undefinability of truth. Variations on the same idea yield the famous results of Gödel, Church, Rosser, and Post.This book gives a full presentation of the basic incompleteness and undecidability theorems of mathematical logic in the framework of set theory. Corresponding results for arithmetic follow easily, and are also given. Gödel numbering is generally avoided, except when an explicit connection is made between set theory and arithmetic. The book assumes little technical background from the reader. One needs mathematical ability, a general familiarity with formal logic, and an understanding of the completeness theorem, though not its proof. All else is developed and formally proved, from Tarski's Theorem to Gödel's Second Incompleteness Theorem. Exercises are scattered throughout.

Tbilisi Mathematical Journal (TMJ) is a fully refereed international journal, publishing original research papers in all areas of mathematics. Papers should satisfy the high standards and only works of high quality will be recommended for publication. The Management Committee may occasionally decide to invite the submission of survey and expository papers of the highest quality. Unsolicited submissions of survey and expository papers will not be considered for publication. Volume 1 (2008) contains eight research papers by outstanding mathematicians in areas ranging from functional analysis to mathematical logic.

The International Directory of Logicians is a listing of over 260 of the world's most foremost living logicians, representing the most important and influential developments of our day. It provides a compact summary of each entrant's eduction, professional appointments, honours and awards, principal publications, as well as a description of the nature and significance of his or her contributions to logic, and a "vision statement" concerning logic's future prospects. Logic here is understood in its broad sense, encompassing all branches of mathematical logic, philosophical logic and the history of logic.Inclusion in the Directory is by invitation only, following a rigorous selection process guided by a distinguished Advisory Board. The Directory is designed to meet the needs of students and professional logicians alike. It is the most informative single-volume record of logic's present state and will serve as an invaluable historical reference for future generations of scholarship.

Causal inference is perhaps the most important form ofreasoning in the sciences. A panoply of disciplines, ranging fromepidemiology to biology, from econometrics to physics, makeuse of probability and statistics in order to infer causalrelationships. However, the very foundations of causal inferenceare up in the air; it is by no means clear which methods of causalinference should be used, nor why they work when they do.This book brings philosophers and scientists together to tackle these important questions. The papers in this volume shed light on the relationship between causality and probability and the application of these concepts within the sciences. With its interdisciplinary perspective and its careful analysis, "Causality and Probability in the Sciences" heralds the transition of causal inference from an art to a science.

Advances in Modal Logic is a unique international forum for presenting the latest results and new directions of research in modal logic broadly conceived. The topics dealt with are of interdisciplinary interest and range from mathematical, computational, and philosophical problems to applications in knowledge representation and formal linguistics.This volume contains invited and contributed papers from the sixth conference in the series, held for the first time outside Europe, in Noosa, Queensland, Australia, in September 2006. It reports on considerable progress, both in the foundations of modal logic and in a number of application areas. It includes papers on the theory of modal logic itself, on process theory, multi-agent systems and spatial reasoning, and work on quantified modal logic, modal reasoning methods, and philosophical issues.

The study of creative, diagnostic, visual, spatial, analogical, and temporal reasoning has demonstrated that there are many ways of performing intelligent and creative reasoning that cannot be described with the help only of traditional notions of reasoning such as classical logic. Understanding the contribution of modeling practices to discovery and conceptual change in science requires expanding scientific reasoning to include complex forms of creative reasoning that are not always successful and can lead to incorrect solutions. The study of these heuristic ways of reasoning is situated at the crossroads of philosophy, artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, and logic; that is, at the heart of cognitive science. There are several key ingredients common to the various forms of model-based reasoning. The term "model" comprises both internal and external representations. The models are intended as interpretations of target physical systems, processes, phenomena, or situations. The models are retrieved or constructed on the basis of potentially satisfying salient constraints of the target domain. Moreover, in the modeling process, various forms of abstraction are used. Evaluation and adaptation take place in light of structural, causal, and/or functional constraints. Model simulation can be used to produce new states and enable evaluation of behaviors and other factors. Several of the papers in this volume aim at increasing epistemological knowledge about the role of model-based reasoning in various scientific tasks, other papers address fundamental cognitive issues related to model-based reasoning and illustrate novel analyses of cognitive "logical" models of model-based reasoning and of the interplay abduction/model-based reasoning/creative inferences.The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the International Conference Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Engineering: Abduction, Visualization, Simulation (MBR'04), held at the Collegio Ghislieri, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy, in December 2004.

This volume is both a tribute to Ulrich Felgner's research inalgebra, logic, and set theory and a strong researchcontribution to these areas. Felgner's former students, friendsand collaborators have contributed sixteen papers to thisvolume that highlight the unity of these three fields in the spiritof Ulrich Felgner's own research. The interested reader will find excellent original research surveys and papers that span the field from set theory without the axiom of choice via model-theoretic algebra to the mathematics of intonation.

The key-terms "language", "knowledge" and "metaphysics" arguably shapemost of the recent researches in analytic philosophy. This volume aim toaddress some of the currently debated issues revolving around thesethree fundamental areas and, in particular: can the notion of"descriptive name" be extended to names of natural kinds? What does itmean for a belief to be justified? Is there a principled way to draw thedistinction between causal and non causal relations? Do futurecontingent claims require us to employ a notion of relative truth? Inwhat sense analytic sentences could be taken to be known a posteriori?The twelve papers collected in this volume arise from a selection ofthose presented during the First Graduate Conference of the ItalianSociety for Analytic Philosophy (SIFA) held at the University of Paduain September 2007. The authors are all young and brilliant scholarscoming from some of the most prestigious universities in the world:University College (London), Nottingham, Princeton, Kentucky, Stanford,Eastern Piedmont, St. Andrews, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Duhram,Catholic University of Leuven, London School of Economics.

This book provides an invaluable overview of the reach of logic. It provides reference to some of the most important, well-established results in logic, while at the same time offering insight into the lattest research issues in the area. It also has a balance of theory and practice, containing essays in the areas of Modal Logic, Intuitionistic Logic, Logic and Language, Non-monotonic Logic and Logic Programming, Temporal Logic, Logic and Learning, Combination of Logics, Practical Reasoning, Logic and Artificial Intelligence, Abduction, Theorem Proving, and Goal-Directed Reasoning. It will be invaluable reading for researchers and graduate students in Logic and Computer Science, and a fabulous source of inspiration for research students in search of a topic for a PhD in logic or theoretical computer science.

This book provides an invaluable overview of the reach of logic. It provides reference to some of the most important, well-established results in logic, while at the same time offering insight into the latest research issues in the area. It also has a balance of theory and practice, containing essays in the areas of Modal Logic, Intuitionistic Logic, Logic and Language, Non-monotonic Logic and Logic Programming, Temporal Logic, Logic and Learning, Combination of Logics, Practical Reasoning, Logic and Artificial Intelligence, Abduction, Theorem Proving, and Goal-Directed Reasoning. It will be invaluable reading for researchers and graduate students in Logic and Computer Science, and a fabulous source of inspiration for research students in search of a topic for a PhD in logic and theoretical computer science.

Automata and Dictionaries is aimed at students and specialists in natural language processing and related disciplines where efficient text analysis plays a role. Large linguistic resources, in particular lexica, are now recognized as a fundamental pre-requisite for all natural language processing tasks. Specialists in this domain cannot afford to be ignorant of the state-of-the-art lexicon-management algorithms. This monograph, which is also intended be used as an advanced text book in computational linguistics, fills a gap in natural language processing monographs and is complementary to other publications in this area.This book is also a source of examples, exercises and problems for software engineering in general. The algorithms that are presented are excellent examples of non-trivial problems of graph construction, graph handling and graph traversal. Even though published in scientific journals, they have not been presented in an easily accessible form so far to teachers and students. These algorithms will also be of interest for the training of software engineers.Chapter 1 of Automata and Dictionaries provides the application-oriented motivation for solving the problems studied in the rest of the book. It introduces and exemplifies several key notions of lexicon-based natural language processing in a way accessible to any computer science student. Chapter 2 surveys the main solutions of the problem, using as an example a very small toy lexicon. Chapter 3 defines the underlying mathematical notions, immediately illustrating theory with practical examples, which makes this part quite readable.Chapters 4 and 5 are dedicated to the two central notions of lexicon construction: the algorithms of determinization and minimization. The standard form of both algorithms is presented, but also their variants and some special cases that occur frequently in practice. The operation of the algorithms is described step by step in examples, introducing the beginner into the world of epsilon-transitions, state heights and reverse automata.Chapter 6 goes a step further into complexity. It is based on algorithms published by scholars from 1998 to now. They are presented here with the same clarity as the preceding, more classical, algorithms. This remarkable achievement owes much to the rigorous structuration of this chapter. These algorithms have variants for transducers, which are presented in Chapter 7 with the same pedagogical skill.The last chapter studies time and space complexity of the algorithms and explains several tricks useful to speed up their operation.

This volume is a collection of papers that explore various areas of common interest between philosophy, computing, and cognition. The book illustrates the rich intrigue of this fascinating recent intellectual story. It begins by providing a new analysis of the ideas related to computer ethics, such as the role in information technology of the so-called moral mediators, the relationship between intelligent machines and warfare, and the new opportunities offered by telepresnece, for example in teaching and learning. The book also ties together the concerns of epistemology and logic, showing, for example, the connections between computers, bio-robotics, and scientific research and between computational programs and scientific discovery. Important results coming from recent computational models of deduction, the dynamic nature of meaning, and the role of reasoning and learning in spatial, visual and exemplar-based compuational frameworks are also addressed. Some stimulating papers carefully study how the interplay between computing and philosophy has also shed new light on the role of rational acceptance in the logic of belief and on the status of old philosophical topics like embodiment and consciousness, the role of information and the problem of realism in the new digital world. Finally, a considerable part of the book addresses the role of intenal and external representations in scientific reasoning and creative inferences as well as the place of manipulation of objects and artifacts in human cognition. Taking these topics together this book describes an aspect of an emerging agenda which is likely to carry the interaction between philosophy, cognition and computing forward into the twenty-first century. The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the International European Conference Computing and Philosophy, E-CAP2004, Italy, held at the University of Paiva, Paiv, Italy in June 2004, chaired by Lorenzo Magnani.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Hughes Leblanc whose work was influential in many fields of philosophical logic, including especially truth-value (substitutional) semantics, probabilistic interpretations for classical and intuitionistic logic and natural deduction. In 1970, Hughes joined with 23 other philosophers and logicians attending a conference in Montréal to found the Society for Exact Philosophy. The papers collected in this volume derive from the program of the annual meeting of the Society for Exact Philosophy held at the Université de Montréal in 2001. All of the papers are in the spirit of Hughes' work: to explore and try to solve philosophical problems in a sound and systematic way, with the help of formal logico-mathematical tools.

Recent advances in philosophy, artificial intelligence,mathematical psychology, and the decision sciences havebrought a renewed focus to the role and interpretation ofprobability in theories of uncertain reasoning. Henry E.Kyburg, Jr. has long resisted the now dominate Bayesianapproach to the role of probability in scientific inference andpractical decision. The sharp contrasts between theBayesian approach and Kyburg's program offer a uniquelypowerful framework within which to study several issues atthe heart of scientific inference, decision, and reasoningunder uncertainty.The commissioned essays for this volume take measure of the scope and impact of Kyburg's views on probability and scientific inference, and include several new and importantcontributions to the field. Contributors:Gert de Cooman,Clark Glymour,William Harper,Isaac Levi,Ron Loui,Enrique Miranda,John Pollock,Teddy Seidenfeld,Choh Man Teng,Mariam Thalos,Gregory Wheeler,Jon Williamson, andHenry E. Kyburg, Jr.

The present volume is dedicated to aspects of algorithmic work inbioinformatics and computational biology with an emphasis on stringalgorithms that play a central role in the analysis of biologicalsequences. The papers included are a selection of articlescorresponding to talks given at one of two meetings sponsored by TheRoyal Society, the UK's national academy of science, under grantno.: JEB/KOREAN Networks/16715. The grant supported two workshopsorganised by researches from the Seoul National University (Korea)and King's College London (UK). The first workshop was held inSeoul, Korea, in July 2004 and the second meeting took place inLondon, UK, in February 2005 as part of the annual LondonStringology Days.

Modal logic is one of the most widely applied logical formalisms. Systems ofmodal logic are being used in many disciplines, ranging from artificialintelligence, computer science, mathematics, formal grammar and semantics tophilosophy. This volume presents substantial recent advances in the relationaland the algorithmic treatment of modal logics. It contains papers from thefifth conference on "Advances in Modal logic," held in Manchester (UK) inSeptember 2004. Written by leading experts in the field, the present book isindispensable for any advanced student and researcher in pure and applied modallogic.

This collection of essays in honor of Prof. Stig Andur Pedersen's 60th Birthdayspans over a broad scope of topics, ranging from mathematical modelling overrealism in philosophy of science to an analysis of apology after medicalmistakes. The unusually broad range is a fair but still inadequate reflectionof the work of Stig Andur Pedersen, a philosopher and scientist whose range ofinterests, abilities and production is itself unusually broad.

Cette nouvelle édition contient de nouveaux chapitres pour les élèves de licence, où la progression est volontairement lente et chaque étape est expliquée. Le chapitre sur le tri par interclassement a été réécrit pour plus de clarté et de nouveaux résultats ont été inclus. Un grand chapitre sur XSLT a été ajouté.Ce livre s'adresse a priori à différents publics dont l'intérêtcommun est la programmation fonctionnelle.Pour les étudiants de licence, nous offrons une introduction très progressive à la programmation fonctionnelle, en proposant de longs développements sur les algorithmes sur les piles et quelques types d'arbres binaires. Nous abordons aussi l'étude de l'allocation mémoire à travers la synonymie (partage dynamique de données), le rôle de la pile de contrôle et du tas, le glanage automatique de cellules (GC), l'optimisation des appels terminaux et le calcul de la mémoire totale allouée. Avec le langage fonctionnel Erlang, nous approfondissons les sujets de la transformation de programme vers la forme terminale, les fonctions d'ordre supérieur et le style avec continuations. Une technique de traduction de petits programmes fonctionnels vers Java est aussi présentée.Pour les étudiants de master, nous associons à tous les programmes fonctionnels l'analyse mathématique détaillée de leur coût (efficacité) minimum et maximum, mais aussi moyen et amorti. La particularité de notre approche est que nos outils mathématiques sont élémentaires (analyse réelle, induction, dénombrement) et nous recherchons systématiquement des encadrements explicites de façon à déduire des équivalences asymptotiques. Par ailleurs, nous couvrons en détail des preuves formelles de propriétés, comme la correction, la terminaison et l'équivalence.Pour les professionnels qui ne connaissent pas les langages fonctionnels et qui doivent apprendre à programmer avec le langage XSLT, nous proposons une introduction à XSLT qui s'appuie directement sur la partie dédiée aux étudiants de licence. La raison de ce choix didactique inhabituel repose sur le constat que XSLT est rarement enseigné à l'université ou dans les écoles d'ingénieurs, donc les programmeurs qui n'ont pas été familiarisés à la programmation fonctionnelle font face aux deux défis d'apprendre un nouveau paradigme et d'employer XML pour programmer: alors que le premier met en avant la récursivité, le second l'obscurcit à cause de la verbosité intrinsèque à XML. En apprenant d'abord un langage fonctionnel abstrait, puis XML, nous espérons favoriser un transfert de compétence vers la conception et la réalisation en XSLT sans intermédiaire.

The papers that constitute the present volume are a result of the interface between logic and knowledge where flow of information, agentivity, and the dialogical approach interweave in new and exciting ways in the context of what van Benthem calls the dynamic turn. Moreover one can read the present volume as providing different complementary variations and perspectives that should motivate and render future new cross-fertilizing dialogues between explicit epistemic and dialogical approaches. Indeed, according to this reading wecould distinguish the following pairs of interlocutors:While the paper of F. Soler-Toscano & F.R. Velázquez-Quesada and Laura Leónides explore the dynamics induced by the arrival of new information in scientific processes such as abduction by means of non-monotonic approaches to reasoning and knowledge, V. Fiutek studies the other side of the coin of non-monotonic reasoning, namely belief revision, in a dialogical setting.While the paper of P. Seban and H. van Ditmarsch develops a model theoretic semantics for a generalization of Public Announcement Logic (PAL) in order to formalize the concept of 'having the permission to say something to somebody'.S. Magnier provides the semantic basis for the dialogical perspective on multi-agent public announcement logic with common knowledge.While the paper of T. Tulenheimo explores the expressivity of interval-based temporal logic, N. Clerbout studies the expressivity of the dialogical approach in relation to a modal logic with actuality operator. Another study of the expressivity power of dialogical logic is the contribution of Fontaine and Redmond who show how the inferential properties of the standard free logics can be expressed in the dialogical framework by delving in the local meaning of the quantifiers.The papers of C. Barés Gómez and of Aude Popek present a new feature of the dynamic turn, namely its sensitivity and ability to deal with historic studies such as the study of conditionals in Ugaritic language and the reconstruction of the medieval theory of Obligationes.

The concept of mimesis has been central to philosophical aesthetics from Aristotle to Kendall Walton: in plain terms, it highlights the links between a fictional world or a representational practice on the one hand and the real world on the other. The present collection of essays includes discussions ofits general viability and pertinence and of its historical origins, as well as detailed analyses of various relevant issues regarding literature, film, theatre, images and computer games. The individual papers offer new arguments for the specialist, yet in their sum also provide a solid and helpful survey of the current state of the debate. Contributions by P. Alward, G. Currie, D. Davies, L. Dole¿el, J. Hamilton, T. Koblí¿ek, P. Kot'átko, A. Kuzmicová, J. Levinson, A. Meskin, A. Pettersson, M. Pokorny¿, J. Robson, G. Rossholm, R. M. Sainsbury, F. Stjernberg, E. Terrone, K. Thein, A. Voltolini.

This book describes how logical reasoning works and puts it to the test in applications. It is self-contained and presupposes no more than elementary competence in mathematics.