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The State of Tamil Nadu has a hoary antiquity. Though early sangam classics throw historical references, we pass to recorded history only from the Pallavas. The southern states of India were under the hegemony of the Cholas, the Cheras and the Pandyas for centuries. The Pallavas held supremacy from about the second quarter of the fourth century A.D. They were the originators of the famous Dravidian style of temple architecture. The last Pallava ruler was Aparajita, in whose reign the later Cholas under Vijayalaya and Aditya asserted themselves by about the 10th century. At the end of the 11th century, Tamil Nadu was ruled by several dynasties like the Chalukyas, Cholas and Pandyas. In the two centuries that followed, the imperial Cholas gained paramountcy over South India. Muslims gradually strengthened their position, which led to the establishment of the Bahamani Sultanate, by the middle of the 14th century. At the same time, the Vijayanagar Kingdom quickly consolidated itself and extended its sway over the whole of South India, and at the close of the century, Vijayanagar became the supreme power in South. However, it crumbled at the battle of Talikota in 1564 to the confederate forces of the Deccan Sultans. The structure of the government of Tamil Nadu, like that of most other states of India, is determined by the national constitution of 1950. The head of state is the governor, who is appointed by the president of India. The book is of great utility to students, teachers, tourists, guides and general readers.

From the mysterious Druids and noble King Alfred to the notorious Henry VIII and the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Charles Dickens traced his country's history for the benefit of young Victorians. Written with the beloved storyteller's customary panache, this series of historical vignettes reads like a fast-paced novel, rich in anecdotes and colorful stories. Dickens' unsparing, witty, and opinionated perspectives on the great pageant of English history also offer insights into his own political and religious attitudes.This lively narrative was dedicated by the author to his children, in hopes of whetting their appetites for more substantial works of history. The book was included in the curricula of British school children well into the twentieth century, and it remains a treat for all ages. Alice Munro remembered it fondly as "the first glimpse I ever had of history, before I knew what history was ... the whole story has the charm and recklessness and exaggeration of a spellbinding fairy tale".

Little Dorrit is a novel by Charles Dickens, originally published in serial form between 1855 and 1857. The story features Amy Dorrit, youngest child of her family, born and raised in the Marshalsea prison for debtors in London. Arthur Clennam encounters her after returning home from a 20-year absence, ready to begin his life anew.

Our Mutual Friend is the last novel completed by Charles Dickens and is one of his most sophisticated works, combining savage satire with social analysis. Dickens explores the conflict between doing what society expects and the idea of being true to oneself. The novel centres on, in the words of critic J. Hillis Miller, quoting from the character Bella Wilfer in the book, "money, money, money, and what money can make of life."

The Old Curiosity Shop was initially published in a weekly serial, "Master Humphrey's Clock", between 1840 and 1841. Nell Trent, the protagonist of this novel, is an overwhelmingly good little girl who is orphaned into the care of her Grandfather, the purveyor of an odds and ends shop. Her grandfather is a benevolent man, yet he hides behind a dark secret; he has been consumed with the habit of gambling; eventually he gambles away his shop to his creditor Daniel Quilp, one of the most heinous of all of Dickens' villains. Nell and her grandfather flee London and, in their pursuit, they encounter a range of characters that are both goodhearted and the embodiment of evil. The Old Curiosity Shop is an insightful tragedy of sorrows that brilliantly paints the range of human intention.

The Battle of Life : A Love Story is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in 1846. It is the fourth of his five "Christmas Books", coming after The Cricket on the Hearth and followed by The Haunted Man and the Ghost's Bargain. The setting is an English village that stands on the site of an historic battle. Some characters refer to the battle as a metaphor for the struggles of life, hence the title. The only one of the five Christmas Books that has no supernatural or explicitly religious elements, it focuses on Grace and Marion, two sisters who are driven apart only to be reunited once more. As is typical with Dickens, the ending is a happy one.

A sense of impending evil hovers over a cathedral town, where one man, an outwardly respectable opium addict, is consumed with jealousy over the engagement of his nephew, Edwin Drood, to a lovely young lady. So enraged is he, that he even plots the younger man's murder. But Drood's sudden disappearance halts further scheming and leaves only one big mystery. What happened to Edwin Drood ? And what became of his body ?Unfinished at the time of his death, Charles Dickens's intriguing story has become all the more tantalizing for its lack of an ending, leaving a grim puzzle that avid readers, over the years, have tried to solve. A gem for lovers of murder mysteries and the legions of Dickens fans, The Mystery of Edwin Drood remains a gripping and haunting masterpiece.

As you stroll along the streets of London in the company of lawyer Utterson and his distant relative Enfield, the latter narrates a gruesome tale of assault he had witnessed some months ago. The tale describes a dreadful looking sinister man, Mr. Hyde, who ruthlessly tramples a young girl and disappears behind a door. A moment later he reemerges to pay off her relatives with a cheque drawn from the account of a reputable gentleman, later identified to be Utterson's client and old friend, Dr. Jekyll.Who is Mr. Hyde ?Who is Dr. Jekyll ?Is there a mysterious connection between the two ?Read Stevensons thrilling and titillating masterpiece, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, to knit up the jigsaw puzzle and unveil the suspense.A harrowing tale of good and evil, this classic novella describes the fundamental dichotomy of the 19th century - outward respectability and inward lust, a duality for which it has been noted as one of the best guidebooks of the Victorian era and remains one of the most famous stories of English literature.

Thus Spake Zarathustra is a philosophical novel which mostly deals with ideas such as the "eternal recurrence of the same", the parable on the "death of God", and the "prophecy" of the Übermensch. The book talks about the old wise man who descends from his mountain among the people, out of a desire to learn something from them and to donate his wisdom to people. He encounters a variety of people and learns their secrets and reveals that he is actually looking for a man equal to himself. Many do not understand his philosophy and ridicule him, but there are those who admire him.Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, and Latin and Greek scholar whose work has exerted a profound influence on Western philosophy and modern intellectual history. Because of Nietzsche's evocative style and provocative ideas, his philosophy generates passionate reactions. His works remain controversial, due to varying interpretations and misinterpretations of his work.

Paul Dombey, the wealthy owner of a shipping company, dreams of having a son to continue his business, despite the fact that he already has a daughter named Florence. The book begins when his son is born and Dombey's wife dies shortly after giving birth. The child, named Paul after his father, dies of illness when he is still only six years old. Dombey has neglected Florence for years, and now devastated, he pushes her away from him after the death of his son. The Dombey family must experience a series of ups and downs before there is a chance of reaching reconciliation. Dombey and Son features many Dickensian themes, such as arranged marriages, child cruelty, betrayal, deceit.

Barnaby Rudge is a historical novel by English author Charles Dickens, published in 1841. His fifth novel, it is largely set against the backdrop of the anti - Catholic Gordon Riots of 1780. Providing a vivid account of London's descent into anarchy and mob rule, the novel is a gripping story of mystery and suspense. Blending historical realism with gothic melodrama, the plot centres on the relationship between Catholic Emma and Protestant Edward, and on the English capital city's dark underworld - an ever - present theme of Dickens novels. A powerful, absorbing literary classic, and an unmissable read.

This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.

Martin Chuzzlewit is suspicious - and with good reason. His relatives think he's dying and they're flocking to his side from near and far in eager anticipation of inheriting his vast wealth. Their greed and selfishness has made him a misanthrope, and when he finds his namesake grandson romancing his ward, the old man's wrath drives young Martin off to America to seek his fortune. Dickens' declared this, his sixth novel, as "immeasurably the best of my stories." The scheming Mr. Pecksniff, the corrupt Mrs. Gamp, the criminal Jonas Chuzzlewit, and other vividly realized characters populate this powerful black comedy, which features a parody of American mores and manners inspired by the author's 1842 visit to the United States. A captivating tale of hypocrisy and redemption, the novel is distinctive among Dickens' work for its combination of antic humor, searing satire, and lively melodrama.

Set against the tumultuous years of the post-Napoleonic era, Alexandre Dumas's grand historical romance recounts the swashbuckling adventures of Edmond Dantès, a dashing young sailor falsely accused of treason. The story of his long imprisonment, dramatic escape, and carefully wrought revenge offers up a vision of France that has become immortal.As Robert Louis Stevenson declared, "I do not believe there is another volume extant where you can breathe the same unmingled atmosphere of romance."

When Isabel Archer, a beautiful, spirited American, is brought to Europe by her wealthy aunt Touchett, it is expected that she will soon marry. But Isabel, resolved to determine her own fate, does not hesitate to turn down two eligible suitors. She then finds herself irresistibly drawn to Gilbert Osmond, who, beneath his veneer of charm and cultivation, is cruelty itself. A story of intense poignancy, Isabel's tale of love and betrayal still resonates with modern audiences.

The Communist Manifesto is one of the most influential political books in the world, despite being over one hundred years old. German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels authored the manuscript at the beginning of the 1848 revolutions that swept across Europe. The book outlines Communist theories about class struggle, the problems of capitalism, and predicts the rise of the working class (referred to as the proletariat) against the bourgeois that will ultimately end class society. Marx and Engels' theories increased in prevalence during the twentieth century when Communist rulers governed much of the world's population. Lucid, potent, and above all eye-opening, The Communist Manifesto will change the way you see and understand the world.

My Life and Work is the autobiography of Henry Ford. Written in conjunction with Samuel Crowther, My Life and Work chronicles the rise and success of one of the greatest American entrepreneurs and businessmen. Henry Ford and the Ford Motor Company will forever be identified with early 20th century American industrialism. The innovations to business and direct impact on the American economy of Henry Ford and his company are immeasurable. His story is brilliantly chronicled in this classic American biography.

The Playboy of the Western World is a three-act play by Irish playwright J. M. Synge, first performed in 1907. Set in a remote village on the west coast of Ireland, the play tells the story of Christy Mahon, a young man who arrives at a local pub claiming to have killed his father. His confession initially shocks the villagers, but they are soon captivated by Christy's charm and charisma, and he becomes a hero in their eyes.As the play progresses, Christy's story begins to unravel, and the villagers turn on him, revealing their own hypocrisies and flaws in the process. The play is a dark comedy that explores themes of identity, myth-making, and the search for authenticity in a society steeped in tradition.With its vivid characters, sharp wit, and lyrical language, The Playboy of the Western World has become a classic of Irish literature and a masterpiece of modern drama.

The Importance of Being Earnest, a trivial comedy for serious people is a play by Oscar Wilde. It still holds ground among his readers for its biting humour and satirical comedy. Set in Victorian England, the play revolves around Mr. John Worthing who creates a fictional brother by the name of Ernest as an escape from the countryside and visits his lady love Gwendolen Fairfax in the town. His best friend, Algernon Moncrieff finds out about his secret and impersonates Ernest Worthing in order to impress John's ward, Cecily Cardew. When both of them end up together with their lovers, there occurs a comical display of chaos, confusion and disorder that ultimately leads to the discovery of an extraordinary truth.A timeless comedy with its ridiculous description of marriage and society, the play is set to make you laugh your head off.

The Republic is a Socratic dialogue, written by Plato around 380 BC, concerning justice, the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, and has proven to be one of the world's most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically.In the dialogue, Socrates talks with various Athenians and foreigners about the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man. They consider the natures of existing regimes and then propose a series of different, hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis, a city-state ruled by a philosopher king. They also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society.

Aristotle's Poetics is a profound exploration into the human emotional landscape and the intricacies of our psychological responses. It delves into the origins of epic poetry and contemplates all forms of poetry as manifestations of imitation. The work meticulously explores the elements of tragedy - plot, character, diction, thought, spectacle, and song - and examines their profound impact on audiences. Poetics stands as a timeless masterpiece of literary criticism, exerting a significant influence on literary theories throughout the centuries. Even today, it remains a benchmark for evaluating the quality and depth of literature.

From the author of Heart of Darkness : A condemned British seaman on the run from a grievous mistake in his past may find redemption in the Far East.A young British seaman, Jim lands a major opportunity when he becomes first mate on the Patna, a ship transporting Muslim pilgrims to Mecca for the hajj. But when disaster strikes at sea, Jim and the rest of the crew abandon the ship and its passengers. While his crewmates evade trial, Jim must face the court and is punished for his dereliction of duty.Depressed and tortured by his conscience over his act of cowardice, and stripped of his navigation officer's certificate by the court, Jim travels east to avoid further scandal. His sea captain friend, Charles Marlow, helps him find work and settle in the remote island kingdom of Patusan, where the natives come to revere him. But as Jim slowly develops a measure of serenity and respect within himself, a looming danger may jeopardize the new life he has built.An adventurous tale of tragedy and redemption, Lord Jim is considered one of the greatest works by the author of Typhoon and The Secret Agent.

This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.

In twelfth-century England, tensions between the Saxons and Normans are at an all-time high. Following the Third Crusade, Sir Wilfred Ivanhoe, a Saxon knight, offers his support to the Norman King Richard, which pits him against his father, Cedric. Ivanhoe is also in love with the beautiful Lady Rowena, whom Cedric has promised to another. Due to his actions, the knight loses his family claim and is left to fend for himself. Ivanhoe chooses to conceal his identity, entering a tournament to regain his honor and the admiration of Lady Rowena.A classic tale informed by historical events, Ivanhoe is one of Sir Walter Scott's most enduring stories due to its depiction of chivalry, adventure and treachery within the political hierarchy.

Mother is the immortal classic of Maxim Gorky, one of the world's best-loved writers. It is the story of the radicalization of an uneducated woman from her dull peasant existence into active participation in her people's struggle for justice. Through her work she frees herself from the cowed state into which she has been beaten and her simple motherly concern for her son becomes a motherly concern for all oppressed. The book uses simple style to make it an easy read while slowly adding thicker and thicker layers of propaganda and pro Marxist Communist theory.

This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. So that the book is never forgotten we have represented this book in a print format as the same form as it was originally first published. Hence any marks or annotations seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature.

The wild rush of action in this classic frontier adventure story has made The Last of the Mohicans the most popular of James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales. Deep in the forests of upper New York State, the brave woodsman Hawkeye (Natty Bumppo) and his loyal Mohican friends Chingachgook and Uncas become embroiled in the bloody battles of the French and Indian War. The abduction of the beautiful Munro sisters by hostile savages, the treachery of the renegade brave Magua, the ambush of innocent settlers, and the thrilling events that lead to the final tragic confrontation between rival war parties create an unforgettable, spine-tingling picture of life on the frontier. And as the idyllic wilderness gives way to the forces of civilization, the novel presents a moving portrayal of a vanishing race and the end of its way of life in the great American forests.

First published in 1895, this small masterpiece set the pattern for the treatment of war in modern fiction. The novel is told through the eyes of Henry Fleming, a young soldier caught up in an unnamed Civil War battle who is motivated not by the unselfish heroism of conventional war stories, but by fear, cowardice, and finally, egotism. However, in his struggle to find reality amid the nightmarish chaos of war, the young soldier also discovers courage, humility, and perhaps, wisdom.Although Crane had never been in battle before writing The Red Badge of Courage, the book was widely praised by experienced soldiers for its uncanny re-creation of the sights, sounds, and sense of actual combat. Its publication brought Crane immediate international fame and established him as a major American writer. Today, nearly a century later, the book ranks as an enduring landmark of American fiction.

"The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves, but how she's treated."- George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion"What is life but a series of inspired follies ? The difficulty is to find them to do. Never lose a chance : it doesn't come every day."- George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion"The greatest British dramatist since Shakespeare."- The GuardianA chance meeting between Henry Higgins, a professor of phonetics, and Cockney flower seller Eliza Doolittle leads to a bet that he can teach her how to speak proper English. While Higgins undertakes an effort to train Liza out of her Cockney accent to prove that it is one's manner of speaking that determines one's opportunities, Liza's refreshing candor and generosity of spirit effect a change in Higgins. Beguiling, relatable, and engaging, Pygmalion is an uproariously funny and ultimately touching tale of mutual transformation. All the while, beneath its irresistible charm, it offers a scathing critique of class, entitlement, and social prejudice.Ever since its wildly popular first production in 1913, Pygmalion has amused and entertained audiences the world over and has become one of the most adapted plays of all time. In 1938 Shaw provided the screenplay for a filmed version of Pygmalion for which he received an Academy Award.