Bücher veröffentlicht von In Tech

One dimensional nanoscale structures such as nanowires have drawn extensive research interests in recent years. The size miniature brings unique properties to nanowires due to quantum confinement. The large surface-to-volume ratio renders nanowires with high sensitivity to surface effects. The unique geometrical advantages and properties facilitate the utilization of nanowires in nano-electronics. InTech scientific publisher has initialized a series of books focusing on fundamental research in nanowires, which largely boosted the widespread of knowledge among the research society. This book is intended to provide an updated review on the applications of various nanowires and the associated advancements in synthesis and properties characterization. The topics include recent progress in metal oxide nanowires, silicon nanowires, carbon based nanotubes and nanowires.

The feature of polyimides and other heterocyclic polymers are now well-established and used for long term temperature durability in the range of 250 - 350'C. This book will review synthesis, mechanisms, ultimate properties, physico-chemical properties, processing and applications of such high performance materials needed in advanced technologies. It presents interdisciplinary papers on the state of knowledge of each topic under consideration through a combination of overviews and original unpublished research. The volume contains eleven chapters divided into three sections: Chemistry; Chemical and Physical Properties; and Applications.

For over four decades there has been continuous progress in adaptive optics technology, theory, and systems development. Recently there also has been an explosion of applications of adaptive optics throughout the fields of communications and medicine in addition to its original uses in astronomy and beam propagation. This volume is a compilation of research and tutorials from a variety of international authors with expertise in theory, engineering, and technology.Eight chapters include discussion of retinal imaging, solar astronomy, wavefront-sensorless adaptive optics systems, liquid crystal wavefront correctors, membrane deformable mirrors, digital adaptive optics, optical vortices, and coupled anisoplanatism.

This book represents recent progress and development of the photodiodes including the fundamental reviews and the specific applications developed by the authors themselves. The key idea of this book is that it allows authors to deal with a wide range of backgrounds and research progresses in photodiode-related areas. With respect to the original collection of the book chapters, this book contains several improvements and new problems and related solutions are also discussed in the areas from fundamental physics and design to device and circuit applications. The book is intended for graduate students, engineers, and researchers who are especially interested in the area of optoelectronic device applications, including photodiodes, solar cells, CMOS image sensors, Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits, etc.

Nowadays, it is generally accepted that in the natural and industrial environments, corrosion and pollution are interrelated harmful processes since many water, air and soil pollutants accelerate corrosion, and corrosion products such as rust, oxides and salts, also pollute water bodies at ports, rivers, dams, canals and shipyards. Both are pernicious processes that impair the durability of the infrastructure assets, the industry efficiency and profitability and the quality of the environment. Therefore, it is essential to develop and to apply corrosion engineering control methods and techniques, in particular those being environment-friendly. In this crucial time of worldwide energy crisis and economic turmoil, cost effective corrosion control will extend the life of the infrastructure saving large expenses in materials, equipment and structures. This book will contribute to achieve this important mission!

Alterations in the normal DNA methylation processes are known to have major consequences for embryonic development and are associated with congenital defects, autoimmunity, aging and malignant transformation. The main purpose of this book is to provide information about the importance of methylation mechanisms in human health and disease. The book, covers the basic mechanism of DNA and protein methylation, aiming at the advanced undergraduate and graduate biomedical students and researchers working in the epigenetic area. The textbook chapters provide background as well as advanced information in the methylation area. On the other hand, it provide readers with both classical and relevant recent discoveries that have been made in the field, pointing out pathways where questions remain.

The self-organizing map, first described by the Finnish scientist Teuvo Kohonen, can by applied to a wide range of fields. This book is about such applications, i.e. how the original self-organizing map as well as variants and extensions of it can be applied in different fields. In fourteen chapters, a wide range of such applications is discussed. To name a few, these applications include the analysis of financial stability, the fault diagnosis of plants, the creation of well-composed heterogeneous teams and the application of the self-organizing map to the atmospheric sciences.

This book describes a course of cancer growth starting from normal cells to cancerous form and the genomic instability, the cancer treatment as well as its prevention in form of the invention of a vaccine. Some diseases are also discussed in detail, such as breast cancer, leucaemia, cervical cancer, and glioma. Understanding cancer through its molecular mechanism is needed to reduce the cancer incidence. How to treat cancer more effectively and the problems like drug resistance and metastasis are very clearly illustrated in this publication as well as some research result that could be used to treat the cancer patients in the very near future. The book was divided into six main sections: 1. HER2 Carcinogenesis: Etiology, Treatment and Prevention; 2. DNA Repair Mechanism and Cancer; 3. New Approach to Cancer Mechanism; 4. New Role of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes; 5. Non Coding RNA and Micro RNA in Tumorigenesis; 6. Oncogenes for Transcription Factors

The present edition of "Current Insights in Pollen Allergens" provides recent aspects related to pollen allergy, a major medical problem which is still under thorough studies. The chapters of this book will be of significant value to those interested to get notions about molecular basis of pollen allergy, such as allergen proteins polymorphism and its implications in allergic disease, cross-reactivity between pollen and pollen-plant food derived allergens, as well as strategies for clinical trial and future research. This book also provides insights about the application of molecular tools in allergens detection and quantification such as "multiplex methods", helping in the development of the standardization process of pollen protein extracts, ensuring efficiency and safety in allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy, but also exploring factors that affect allergen product expression (environmental factors), and alternative effective anti-allergic and/or preventative strategies for allergic diseases.

Organic farming does not mean going "back" to traditional (old) methods of farming. Many of the farming methods used in the past are still useful today. Organic farming takes the best of these and combines them with modern scientific knowledge. The goal was to write a book where as many different existing studies as possible could be presented in a single volume, making it easy for the reader to compare methods, results and conclusions. As a result, studies from countries such as Romania, Poland, The Czech Republic, Mexico, Slovenia, Finland, etc. have been compiled into one book. The opportunity to compare results and conclusions from different countries and continents will create a new perspective in organic farming and food production as well as help researchers and students from all over the world to attain new and interesting results in this field.

The book "Developments in Electrochemistry" contains five feature articles in recent advanced electrochemistry. These selected feature articles emphasize physical phenomena rather than mathematical formalisms of electrochemistry. The topics represented in the book are: The phase-shift method and correlation constants for determining the electrochemical Frumkin, Langmuir, and Temkin adsorption isotherms at interfaces; Quantitative separation of an adsorption effect in the form of defined current probabilistic responses for catalyzed/inhibited electrode processes; A quick, simple, and non-invasive method to evaluate sudomotor dysfunctions; Cyclohexane-based liquid-biphasic systems for organic electrochemistry; Electrochemical transformation of white phosphorus as a way to compounds with phosphorus-hydrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds. The work represented in this book will be useful, effective, and beneficial to physicists, chemists, surface scientists, material scientists, engineers, and especially electrochemists.

As a whole, the essays in this book address theoretical and empirical issues related to children's learning and cognition. The first essay, titled Learning in Cognitive Niches, treats the process of sense making on a theoretical level, discussing the complexity of factors that give rise to children's learning. It is followed by an essay, titled Using the Dynamics of a Person-Context System to Describe Children's Understanding of Air Pressure, that applies ideas from complexity science and dynamics-systems theory to children's learning about science. The next four essays summarize and synthesize already published findings, in an effort to go beyond individual viewpoints and present a more nuanced picture of children's sense making. In particular, two of these summaries, Preschoolers Learning Science: Myth or Reality? and The Emergence of Scientific Reasoning, focus on children's ability to make sense of their physical environment. The essay Cognition and the Child Witness: Understanding the Impact of Cognitive Development in Forensic Contexts seeks to shed light on children's sense making relevant to forensic issues. And the essay Beyond the Black-and-White of Autism: How Cognitive Performance Varies with Context ventures in the area of autism, a disorder that demonstrates atypical processes of combining pieces of information. The final two essays provide original data to add to the discussion of what factors affect cognitive functioning. In particular, the essay Cognitive Fitness in Young Adult Video Game Players seeks to re-assess the often-assumed relation between video gaming and various aspects of thinking, memory, intelligence, and visual-spatial abilities. And the essay Impact of Moving Away from Home on Undergraduate Metacognitive Development explicitly connects life circumstances to the ability to monitor and control one's thinking. Together, the collection of essays are a further step towards understanding the process of sense making as children and young adults interact with their environment.

Wave propagation in solids has been widely studied and principal advances in this field have been achieved not only for the improvements of calculus methods, but also for the high progresses attained in the description of new types of materials. This book presents innovative and original research studies describing some enhancement in both directions. In particular, the first section is devoted to the propagation of waves in complex materials and related dispersion relations are deeply investigated. Instead the second section is dedicated to new applications for the study of wave processes in classical solids; the emphasis is posed on various simulation availabilities in the fields of seismology, damaging, geomaterials and multi-wave propagation. The audience includes students, engineers and advanced scientists with knowledge of wave propagation in solids.

Microwave heating has found many applications ranging from the microwave ovens in kitchen to heat food, to a sterilization apparatus for medical treatment, to materials processing in the various fields. In those applications, microwave heating demonstrates significant advantages over conventional methods in reduced processing time and less environmental impacts. This book is comprised of eight chapters within three parts highlighting different aspects covering both the basic understandings and the advanced applications. The included discussion on the application of microwave heating in the field of food-, chemical engineering-, agricultural-, forestry- and mineral processing industry will provide a passage for future research. As a monograph, it is designed to be a fundamental reference book, aiming to help the readers to concentrate on the key aspects behind the success in microwave heating.

Nonlinearity, Bifurcation and Chaos - Theory and Application is an edited book focused on introducing both theoretical and application oriented approaches in science and engineering. It contains 12 chapters, and is recommended for university teachers, scientists, researchers, engineers, as well as graduate and post-graduate students either working or interested in the field of nonlinearity, bifurcation and chaos.

Natural gas has traditionally been used as a feedstock for the chemical industry, and as a fuel for process and space heating. Recent advances in exploration, drilling techniques and hydraulic fracturing have made it possible for natural gas to become available in abundance (as of 2012). As natural gas displaces traditional petroleum use in various sectors, a certain amount of disruption is likely. In such a changing landscape, this book tries to chronicle the state-of-the-art in various aspects of natural gas: exploration, drilling, gas processing, storage, distribution, end use and finally the impact on financial markets. Review articles as well as research papers contributed by leading authorities around the world comprise individual chapters of this book. Modeling approaches, as well as, recent advances in specific natural gas technologies are covered in detail.

This contribution book collects reviews and original articles from eminent experts working in the interdisciplinary arena of novel drug delivery systems and their uses. From their direct and recent experience, the readers can achieve a wide vision on the new and ongoing potentialities of different drug delivery systems. Since the advent of analytical techniques and capabilities to measure particle sizes in nanometer ranges, there has been tremendous interest in the use of nanoparticles for more efficient methods of drug delivery. On the other hand, this reference discusses advances in the design, optimization, and adaptation of gene delivery systems for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular, pulmonary, genetic, and infectious diseases, and considers assessment and review procedures involved in the development of gene-based pharmaceuticals.

Hydrogen economy represents the future of human civilization. Limited resources of our planet are compelling us to turn to renewable clean energy resources and hydrogen figures prominently as the energy carrier of a future sustainable energy system. There are significant challenges to be overcome in order to make hydrogen viable, in production, storage and power generation, while safety of operation is an ever-present factor that determines success or failure of a proposed solution. Recent developments in all of these aspects are reviewed in this book, along with some latest research in the field of hydrogen energy and use.

Genetic programming (GP) is a branch of Evolutionary Computing that aims the automatic discovery of programs to solve a given problem. Since its appearance, in the earliest nineties, GP has become one of the most promising paradigms for solving problems in the artificial intelligence field, producing a number of human-competitive results and even patentable new inventions. And, as other areas in Computer Science, GP continues evolving quickly, with new ideas, techniques and applications being constantly proposed.The purpose of this book is to show recent advances in the field of GP, both the development of new theoretical approaches and the emergence of applications that have successfully solved different real world problems. The volume is primarily aimed at postgraduates, researchers and academics, although it is hoped that it may be useful to undergraduates who wish to learn about the leading techniques in GP.

The book Cell Interaction focuses on various processes that occur within and outside the cells. Cell interactions are important for functioning of many organ systems: cell adhesion, tissue development, cellular communication, inflammation, tumor metastasis, and microbial infection. Key features include developmental cell interactions, immune and neural cell interactions, cell interactions in normal and disease conditions and advanced level methods to evaluate cell interactions. This book will be a significant resource to all scientists and physicians who are intended to explore more on cells.

The title of this book, Plasmonics: Principles and Applications, encompasses theory, technical issues, and practical applications which are of interest for diverse classes of the plasmonics. The book is a collection of the contemporary researches and developments in the area of plasmonics technology. It consists of 21 chapters that focus on interesting topics of modeling and computational methods, plasmonic structures for light transmission, focusing, and guiding, emerging concepts, and applications.

This book describes many aspects of tissue culture models in an extensive manner. The book includes many topics like, the development of cultural methods to produce massive neuronal syncytial connections and induce their fusion with formation of bi- and multinucleated cells, the applicability in research of cell lines derived from the cultivation of placenta derived cells and cell populations with properties of progenitor/stem cells, the procedures that may be used to regenerate cartilage tissue with appropriate mechanical properties, the improvements made in the use of cell culture for virus isolation, tissue-based models for HCV replication in vitro, cultures to study the pathogenicity of enteropathogenic bacteria, the use of viral DNA and cDNA Array in the diagnosis of respiratory tract infections (RTI) in comparison with routine diagnosis methods.

Different types of mutation can vary in size, from structural variants to single base-pair substitutions, but what they all have in common is that their nature, size and location are often determined either by specific characteristics of the local DNA sequence environment or by higher order features of the genomic architecture. The genomes of higher organisms are now known to contain "pervasive architectural flaws" in that certain DNA sequences are inherently mutation prone by virtue of their base composition, sequence repetitivity and/or epigenetic modification. In this volume, a number of different authors from diverse backgrounds describe how the nature, location and frequency of different types of mutation causing inherited disease are shaped in large part, and often in remarkably predictable ways, by the local DNA sequence environment.

This comprehensive resource on ocular diseases will provide you with a better and more practical understanding of the science behind eye disease and help you to relate it with treatment. Some of the contributors to this book are some of the world's leading and most experienced scientists in this major area of interest and they have provided great insight into this often difficult to understand aspect of ophthalmology. Its unique blend of basic science and clinical applications will serve you as a clinical guide to understanding the cause and management of ocular disease.

Education has become the number one demanded commodity for social and economic transformation for both developing and developed economies. Thus the number of persons going and returning to school has become too big to be handled by existing brick and mortar learning institutions. Besides, the majority of lifelong learners do not have the time to become full-time students. Distance education is becoming the solution to the aforementioned challenges. It has been defined as the mode of study where the learner is separated in time and space from the institution and tutors providing the tuition.

Fuzzy control theory is an emerging area of research. At the core of many engineering problems is the problem of control of different systems. These systems range all the way from classical inverted pendulum to auto-focusing system of a digital camera. Fuzzy control systems have demonstrated their enhanced performance in all these areas. Progress in this domain is very fast and there was critical need of a book that captures all the recent advances both in theory and in applications. Serving this purpose, this book is conceived. This book will provide you a very clear picture of current status of fuzzy control research. This book is intended for researchers, engineers, and postgraduate students specializing in fuzzy systems, control engineering, and robotics.

This excellent book represents the final part of three-volumes regarding MATLAB-based applications in almost every branch of science. The book consists of 19 excellent, insightful articles and the readers will find the results very useful to their work. In particular, the book consists of three parts, the first one is devoted to mathematical methods in the applied sciences by using MATLAB, the second is devoted to MATLAB applications of general interest and the third one discusses MATLAB for educational purposes. This collection of high quality articles, refers to a large range of professional fields and can be used for science as well as for various educational purposes.

This is a unique and groundbreaking collection of questions and answers coming from higher education institutions on diverse fields and across a wide spectrum of countries and cultures. It creates routes for further innovation, collaboration amidst the Sciences (both Natural and Social) and the Humanities and the private and the public sectors of society. The chapters speak across socio-cultural concerns, education, welfare and artistic sectors under the common desire for direct responses in more effective ways by means of interaction across societal structures.

The book is divided into two sections. The first section presents characterization of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on regional climate from East Asia to the Pacific. Ground-based, air-born, and satellite data were collected and analyzed. Detailed information about measurement techniques and atmospheric conditions were provided as well. In the second section, authors provide detailed information about the organic and inorganic constituents of atmospheric aerosols. They discuss the chemical and physical processes, temporal and spatial distribution, emissions, formation, and transportation of aerosol particles. In addition, new measurement techniques are introduced. This book hopes to serve as a useful resource to resolve some of the issues associated with the complex nature of the interaction between atmospheric aerosols and climatology.

15 chapters on protein phosphorylation and human health written by expert scientists. Covers most important research hot points, such as Akt, AMPK and mTOR. Bridges the basic protein phosphorylation pathways with human health and diseases. Detailed and comprehensive text with excellent figure illustration.