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There has been constant yearning for children, the message of joy from heavenly garden'. To have a child and start a family is generally the urge of every human being. This urge, however, has been cursed by infertility. Infertility is growing at an alarming pace, especially in metros, says a recent report from the International Institute of Population Sciences. It is estimated that of the 60-80 million couples suffering from infertility globally every year, between 15-20 million are in India alone. Infertility is seen as a major problem as kinship and family ties are dependent on progeny. For many infertile men and women, being unable to bear and raise children has severe emotional and psychological consequences. The desire for motherhood leads them to search for alternative solutions. In pauranik stories also we find the reference of humans having attempted to find answers to infertility by worshipping the deities or even through surrogacy' for begetting a child.

Sexual dysfunction is commonly ascribed to decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory disorder (premature and retrograde ejaculation) and orgasmic dysfunction. Decreased libido and erectile dysfunction are the two most prevalent and studied disorders among men. Where erectile dysfunction (persistent inability to maintain erection during sexual intercourse for satisfactory sexual performance) is mainstay in drug development owing to its widespread prevalence. Prevalence of ED has been reported to be 52% with complete ED ranging from 5 to 15% in men aged 40-70 yrs. However, its prevalence varies from 2% in men aged < 40 yrs to 86% in men aged >80 yrs. There is a lack of data available for the other forms of sexual dysfunction i.e. premature and retrograde ejaculation, loss of libido and orgasmic dysfunction.Since introduction of "Viagra" (sildenafil) in 1999 there has been an overwhelming increase in the prescriptions for medications used to treat erectile dysfunction. Thereafter ,over the last decade the market was inundated with herbal treatments for sexual dysfunction. Most of these herbal formulations either lacked the desired efficacy or lacked strong scientific evidence to prove their efficacy. Furthermore several manufacturers of these polyherbal preparations are making huge financial gains by adulterating their herbal products with more efficacious allopathic drugs like sildenafil and tadalafil. A study on this aspect was carried out where some marketed polyherbal aphrodisiac preparations were evaluated for the presence of adulteration of Phosphodiestrase inhibitors i.e. sildenafil and tadalafil. Out of 15 such preparation, 5 were found to be adulterated. Adulteration of polyherbal aphrodisiac preparation posses a life threat to the society for a) Phosphodiestrase inhibitors are contraindicated in cardiac patients stabilised on nitrates b) Erectile dysfunction is commonly observed in geriatric population, moreover, they are the people who are on nitrate therapy making them more vulnerable to risk associated with incompatibility of these polyherbal adulterated preparations with nitrates. It is pertinent to mention that since the launch of sildenafil (Viagra) in 1999 till 2002, 60 deaths were reported where patients were taking sildenafil and were also on medication for cardiovascular complications.

The use of testosterone in hypogonadic men, known as testosteronereplacement therapy, has become of increasing interest to both the medical and other communities over the past decade. Even though the knowledge of the potential benefits and risks of male testosterone replacement therapy has increased dramatically, there is still much that needs to be determined. Data concerning clinical effects of such replacement have accumulated and yet there has not been any controlled trial of this therapy for type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and obesity. The purpose of this study is to find out the effect of testosterone replacement therapy by discussing limited number of clinical trials.

There are two major reproductive organs in the human reproductive system. This system consists of a male gamete, namely sperm cell, and the female gamete, namely egg cell. Human reproduction usually happens with the internal fertiliza-tion of reproductive cells through sexual intercourse. The fertilization process will be initiated by entering sperm cells into the vagina and sailing through the uterus and fallopian tubes towards the ovary to reach the egg cell. The sperm cells will compete to reach the egg cell; however, only one sperm cell will join the egg cell, and it will transform into an ovum or zygote. The process of cell division will be initiated once the formation of the zygote has happened. The released ovum from the ovary after formation as zygote will travel towards the uterus through the fallopian tubes. It observes the joint processes of joining male and female gametes in human reproductive systems. Needless to say that all the related happenings are purely random and subject to chance factors. The process of fertilization is a successful mating of male and female gametes. As several unexplained ran-dom causes in¿uence the reproduction process, it is better to understand these happenings with the notion of mathematical biology and through the concepts of stochastic processes. Mathematical assumptions of fertilization mechanics are the essential devices to formulate the biological processes.

Diabetes was first described in ancient Egyptian times (Karamanou et al., 2016). Throughout history there has been a focus on sugars or glucose, first from a of diabetes has shaped our current diagnosis and treatment of diabetes. The major irregularity is the imbalance of insulin hormone which balances glucose levels in blood. Diabetes is a condition where long-lasting hyperglycemia along with instabilities of sugars, fat and protein metabolism results in deficiencies of insulin release and insulin action or both which differs in types of diabetes (WHO, 2019).

Health is fundamental to an individual's life, foundation of which is laid very early in life, even before birth. There are many determinants of health and well-being, such as place of birth, age, sex, socio-economic conditions, genetic construct, various stimuli, health of mother and so on. It is also a matter of fundamental right and in an ideal world, all human beings should be able to enjoy good health at all times. Health is a State subject, where the State is obliged to treat all citizens equally and ensure that they have access to preventive and curative healthcare at all stages of life, including early years of life. "Constitution of India," "United Nations Convention of Rights of Children", "International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)", "National Health Policy (NHP)," "Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)" and now "Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)" have taken a human rights towards ensuring health for all, including children.

This research aims at exploring the role of micro finance in empowerment of small scale entrepreneurs. This chapter presents the background to the study, role of microfinance, objectives of microfinance and small scale industries, relationship between microfinance, entrepreneurship and financial inclusion, need for the study, research gap, statement of the problem, the purpose and significance of the study. It also provides a brief description about methodology. Further scope of the study and definition of the key terms to be used in this study are included.

The entire so called history of the world is nothing but the begetting of man through human labour, nothing but the coming-to-be nature of man" (Marx, 1959, reprinted) Beyond the history of any particular epoch political economists assert labour as the source of all wealth, next to nature, as it converts the resources into wealth. Among other factors, the effort that a labourer puts is a function of his or her health status. According to Engels (1876, in English 1934), the body parts are not mere organs of labour but the product of labour.

Reproductive child health (RCH) programme is not any new health programme at all. It is rather evaluated and integrated service package which were given time bound health service in material and child development scheme (ICDS) and child survival and safe motherhood (CSSM). In reproductive child health program a big package of health service viz. maternal health services such as registration of pregnant mothers, services during antenatal stage natal stage and post natal stage, child survival services i.e. neonate services oral dose of Polio and BCG Vaccination, total immunization against six-killer diseases-deptherea, pertusis, tetanus, measles, polio along with acute respiratory infection (ARI) Pneumonia, Diarrhoea and Control of night blindness among children. The main objective of reproductive child health was to reduce the infant mortality rate (IMR) upto 16/1000 by 2000 A.D., Maternal mortality rate upto 2/1000, Birth rate 19/1000, Death rate 9/1000 by 2000 A.D. some specific services were also included in R.C.H. programme i.e. control over reproductive track infection (R.T.I.), Sexual track infection (S.T.I) sexually, transmitted diseases (S.T.D.) etc. and warm infestation and Dental infections among children upto the age of fourteen. R.C.H. programme was initiated in 1990. The primary phase was for training the Primary health centre (PHC) staff from medical office to health supervisor (H.S.) and health workers (male & female) thereafter second phase; attack phage (delivery of services), provision was also made in project of R.C.H programme impact evaluation during (2000-2006). The present study was approved by Bundelkhand University Jhansi on 28.11.2006. by institute of social sciences, deptt. of Social Work. Following were the research study objections.

¿ Good intentions and a solid moral compass never kept anyone from a compromising position.Newly appointed Campaign Manager, Catherine Lawrence has a plan, and it definitely doesn't include falling in love with the handsome, free-spirited, blue-eyed, surfer from Australia who just moved in next door.Jake Ryan came to Florida with every intention of surfing, enjoying life, and finding himself. He didn't plan on getting entangled with the beautiful, green-eyed woman next door. And yet, the best-laid plans and all.Love can change everything, including a stubborn heart.The chemistry and sparks between Catherine and Jake are red hot, not to mention the natural attraction between these two polar opposites will pull them in two different directions.1st place winner by BookFest for Romantic Suspense, plus Book Awards from Firebird Book Awards, Outstanding Creator Book Awards and a Finalist in Global Book Awards, fingers crossed.To achieve their happily ever after, something will have to give, and someone will have to make the ultimate sacrifice for love ¿¿Read and fall in love with this Heartwarming Love Tale that will tug at your heartstrings and keep you awake till the wee hours of the dawn! This love story can be read as a stand-alone. A sweet Enemies to Lovers next-door Romantic Fictional Story is an emotional read with surprising twists and heart-whelming moments that make you laugh and cry.¿One of the best summer's new release romance picks makes it the perfect addition to your next book club for Best Romantic Books! A Heartwarming, Hilarious, Uplifting Contemporary Romantic Comedy enemy to lover novel for a new generation of love has all the sizzle and swoon, but no explicit and unambiguous content.