Bücher veröffentlicht von IntechOpen

This book was written to give scholars an opportunity to examine selected issues in health communication. There are many challenges in health communication, such as the shortage of evaluations on social marketing interventions, the need for a framework to easily apply social marketing practices to campaigns, and the difficulty of applying theory to improve communication. To address these challenges, the four chapters, including an introductory chapter, introduce several health communication topics, including social marketing, the application of theory, and message design to promote social communication. Readers can expect concise topic overviews with clear steps and examples of how to apply the methods discussed in each chapter.

Decision Making is a book where each chapter has been contributed to by a different author(s). The book synthesizes the analytical principles with business practice of Decision Making. Specifically, the book provides an interface between the main disciplines of engineering/technology and the organizational, administrative, and planning abilities of decision making. It is complementary to other sub-disciplines such as economics, finance, marketing, decision and risk analysis, etc. The chapters introduce and demonstrate decision making theory in practical case studies. It demonstrates key results for each sector with diverse real-world case studies. The theory is accompanied by relevant analysis techniques, with a progressional approach building from simple theory to complex and dynamic decisions with multiple data points, including big data, etc. Computational techniques, dynamic analysis, probabilistic methods, and mathematical optimization techniques are expertly blended to support analysis of multi-criteria decision-making problems with defined constraints and requirements.

Tuberculosis is an ancient disease with a high incidence and mortality rate, unequally distributed worldwide. Epidemiological indicators, but also risk factors, play a key role in the natural history of the disease and need to be regulary addressed. Low and middle income countries are not prepared for appropriate response and are also the most affected. The incidence of this extrapulmonary disease is far from being clearly established. Epidemiological studies in different geographical areas will help in this field.

Photochemistry and photophysics are as old as our planet Earth. Photosynthesis in plants and vision in our eyes are natural examples of their importance. This book entitled "Photochemistry and Photophysics - Fundamentals to Applications" presents various advanced topics that inherently utilize core concepts of photochemistry and photophysics. There are eleven chapters in this book, which are divided into four 'parts'. While the first and second parts contain chapters describing the fundamentals of photochemistry and photophysics, respectively, the third part is on computational photochemistry. The last part deals with applications of photochemistry and photophysics. The goal of this book is to familiarize both research scholars and postgraduate students with recent advances in this exciting field.

This book covers topics from nursing history and philosophy, communication and ethics in nursing, nursingand culture. Thus, it can be used as a guide by student nurses and working nurses to recognize the nursing profession and to keep up with current developments. In this book, you will find all aspects of nursing profession.

Essential oils have recently received much attention globally due to the increased use of essential oils as well as the positive impacts from economic backgrounds. New compounds of essential oils have been discovered from medicinal plants and used in anti-disease treatment as well as in most houses as a source of natural flavor. This book covers some interesting research topics for essential oils, including identification of active ingredients from wild and medicinal plants. This book will add significant value for researchers, academics, and students in the field of medicine.

Although trauma victims constitute around one-tenth to one-eighth of the total patient volume in hospital emergency departments, the burden of trauma on humankind is beyond these statistics. The twenty-first century is witnessing a growing threat on human beings imposed by many sources, namely natural disasters, terrorism and other conflicts, warfare, and transportation accidents; all of which ignite the rise of major trauma incidents worldwide. Physicians, therefore, get involved in trauma management more and more frequently in time. They need to evaluate, diagnose, treat, and stabilize victims and help them take part in active and productive life as soon as possible. Technological advances have provided many techniques to augment trauma care and resuscitation, fracture healing, wound care, casts and splints, sutures, and transfusions. However, the successful management of trauma warrants a collaboration of emergency medicine, surgical disciplines, intensive care medicine, and almost all the resources of a hospital. This work is an example of a multidisciplinary approach that is a must to maximize synergistic efforts to deliver contemporary care for trauma victims of all ages throughout the world.

Aging is characterized by functional decline in every organ due to several cellular, biological, and physiological changes over time. Molecular and cellular damages are gradually decreasing in the physical and mental capacities of the human body. Health results have shown that lifespan has dramatically increased during the twenty-first century. Increasing elderly population naturally deals with many health problems leading to a rise in health expenditure and labor loss. The good news is that the clinical trials in gene therapy have almost stopped and/or reversed human aging. Regenerative medicine can repair and reverse aging in all body cells. Thus, the body's own repair mechanisms may struggle with aging and age-related diseases. Research is promising and suggests that human aging will be eradicated on earth.

Asphalt modification is an important area in the development of new road and pavement materials. There is an urgent demand for road materials that can minimize fracture at low temperatures and increase resistance to deformation at high temperatures. The function of asphalt is to bind aggregate to protect it from water and other harmful agents. In the beginning asphalt was ideal for this purpose, but recently traffic loads have increased and environmental factors have deteriorated more rapidly than before. Asphalt is a byproduct of crude oil in the refining process, and it is considered a complex heterogeneous mixture of hydrocarbons. Asphalt modification has become an important research area, using several methods and new materials as modifiers.

Peatlands are formed in limited areas and have significant effects on our planet. As a result of their use peatlands are continually shrinking on a daily basis. This edited book, Peat, is intended to provide an overview of different perspectives of peat material in relevant disciplines. We hope that this book will contribute to the expectations and needs of all relevant disciplines that share their findings for future research.

This book is intended as both an introduction to the discipline for students of landscape architecture, architecture, and planning, and a source of continuing interest for more experienced environmental designers. The book offers various materials for landscape architects and other planning professionals. The book is divided into 4 parts and 17 chapters. Part I "Introduction to the Landscape Architecture Theme" is general reading on landscape architecture. Part II "Art's Replica and Landscape Architecture Model" includes three chapters. This part represents a theoretical and sensitive visual interpretation of landscape architecture. Part III "Sustainable Prototypes of a Contemporary Landscape Architecture" includes four chapters, with sustainability as a concept and guiding thought. Part IV "Landscape Architecture Around the World (Study Cases)" includes 9 chapters with many examples from different geographical practical cases.

Metallic glasses are very promising engineering and functional materials due to their unique mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, attracting increasing attention from both scientific and industrial communities. However, their practical applications are greatly hindered due to three main problems: dimensional limit, poor tension plasticity, and difficulty in machining and shaping. Therefore, further investigation of these issues is urgently required. This book provides readers with recent achievements and developments in the properties and processing of metallic glasses, including mainly thermoplastic forming of metallic glasses (Chapter 2), atomic-level simulation of mechanical deformation of metallic glasses (Chapter 3), metallic glass matrix composites (Chapter 4), and tribo-electrochemical applications of metallic glasses (Chapters 5 and 6).

This book presents a collection of chapters from different areas of science and engineering, where Petri Nets have been shown to be a useful tool for the design and modeling of the problems that arise in such fields. The areas covered in this book include manufacturing systems, authentication and cyber-security, computer architectures, mechanical systems, process mining, control theory and time analysis. The main focus of the chapters was to be illustrative, to help the development of intuitive ideas that may guide the reader to adopt Petri Nets in their scientific or engineering work. However, there are other chapters with deep mathematical basis such as time analysis. Whenever possible, models, graphics and examples illustrate the developed concepts.

Conventionally, the simulation of power engineering applications can be a challenge for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. For the easy implementation of several kinds of power structure and control structures of power engineering applications, simulators such as MATLAB/(Simulink and coding) are necessary, especially for students, to develop and test various circuits and controllers in all branches of the field of power engineering. This book presents three different applications of MATLAB in the power system domain. The book includes chapters that show how to simulate and work with MATLAB software for MATLAB professional applications of power systems. Moreover, this book presents techniques to simulate power matters easily using the related toolbox existing in MATLAB/Simulink.

The aim of the book is to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current research in the interesting field of magnetism and magnetic materials. Some very interesting topics like erasing and retrieving the particular magnetic domain of a ferromagnetic thin film, the single domain behaviour of magnetic nanowire with dimension less than 100 nm, magneto-transport behaviour of Heusler alloys etc. have been covered.

The modern roots on the dark matter problem were basically launched in the 30s, with Zwicky's observations on a notorious discrepancy of mass in coma cluster that presented 500 times the mass than expected using the Newtonian theory (Virial theorem). Curiously, almost 90 years have passed, and the dark matter problem persists and is one of the most common challenges in both observational and theoretical physics. The Dark Matter is a rapid communication on the status-quo of the dark matter phenomenology as well as a presentation of new discussions on the theme.

Over the past decade it has been increasingly recognized that medical errors constitute an important determinant of patient safety, quality of care, and clinical outcomes. Such errors are both directly and indirectly responsible for unnecessary and potentially preventable morbidity and/or mortality across our healthcare institutions. The spectrum of contributing variables or "root causes" - ranging from minor errors that escalate, poor teamwork and/or communication, and lapses in appropriate protocols and processes (just to name a few) - is both extensive and heterogeneous. Moreover, effective solutions are few, and many have only recently been described. As our healthcare systems mature and their focus on patient safety solidifies, a growing body of research and experiences emerges to help provide an organized framework for continuous process improvement. Such a paradigm - based on best practices and evidence-based medical principles- sets the stage for hardwiring "the right things to do" into our institutional patient care matrix. Based on the tremendous interest in the first two volumes of The Vignettes in Patient Safety series, this third volume follows a similar model of case-based learning. Our goal is to share clinically relevant, practical knowledge that approximates experiences that busy practicing clinicians can relate to. Then, by using evidence-based approaches to present contemporary literature and potential contributing factors and solutions to various commonly encountered clinical patient safety scenarios, we hope to give our readers the tools to help prevent similar occurrences in the future. In outlining some of the best practices and structured experiences, and highlighting the scope of the problem, the authors and editors can hopefully lend some insights into how we can make healthcare experiences for our patients safer.

Over the last few years, we have witnessed increasing efforts dedicated to the scientific investigation and characteristics of trace elements. Especially in the field of human and animal nutrition, trace elements display a considerably attractive issue for research because they play an essential role in the nutrition of both animals and humans. Aquatic environments contaminated with trace elements are an emerging research area due to the toxicity, abundance, and environmental persistence of trace elements. Accumulation of heavy metals as a class of trace elements in various environments, and the subsequent transition of these elements into the food and feed chain, severely affects human health. The determination of type and concentration of trace elements is regarded as the first and most important step to follow the mechanisms controlling the dispersal and accumulation of trace elements. Element speciation in different media (water, soil, food, plants, coal, biological matter, food, and fodder) is pivotal to assess an element's toxicity, bioavailability, environmental mobility, and biogeochemical performance. Recently, new analytical techniques have been developed, which greatly simplified the quantitation of many trace elements and considerably extended their detection range. In this context, the development of reproducible and accurate techniques for trace element analysis in different media using spectroscopic instrumentation is continuously updated.

This book presents examples of modern optimization algorithms. The focus is on a clear understanding of underlying studied problems, understanding described algorithms by a broad range of scientists and providing (computational) examples that a reader can easily repeat.

This book contains 11 chapters of significant and updated materials on what we know and what we lack and need in better understanding of Trypanosoma cruzi - a parasite that never dies - and the consequences of Chagas disease as one of the most important neglected parasitic diseases threatening the global health and wellbeing. This book is intended to increase the readers' enthusiasm to explore the four sections of the contents: Section 1 begins with biochemistry, pathophysiology, histo-immunological study, and findings to assist in the diagnosis; Section 2 further investigates the role of vector in propagation of the parasite, the intensity on epidemiology, and the severity on clinical aspects, which help us to be well perceived on the course of disease; Section 3 is seeking beyond modern medicine and what lays in the nature that helps fight against this parasite; and the last section, Section 4, deals with the impacts of public health problem and the control strategies on Chagas disease.

This book describes several aspects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in neuropsychiatry: inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms of the human brain, the use of TMS in the research and treatment of cognitive disorders, various aspects of TMS application aimed at the cerebellum, its effects on impulsivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder, its effects in the treatment of tinnitus and obsessive-compulsive disorder, pain and chronic headache, and finally the safety of TMS for staff. Hopefully this book will help to expand the knowledge of TMS.

Anticoagulant drugs are among the most frequently prescribed drugs in everyday clinical practice. In the past decades, several new direct oral anticoagulants were developed that changed the anticoagulant therapy landscape considerably. This book provides an extensive overview of all the known anticoagulants that can be useful for studying different aspects of the haemostatic system or as a starting point for new drug development. It is also a valuable tool for clinicians providing a description of the mode of action and management of therapy for anticoagulant drugs used in everyday clinical practice in different clinical settings, including direct oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban.

Antennas and radio propagation are continuously and rapidly evolving and new challenges arise every day. As a result of these rapid changes the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book, organized into nine chapters, presents new antenna designs and materials that will be used in the future, due to the trend for higher frequencies, as well as a bird's eye view of some aspects related to radio propagation channel modeling. The book covers the theory but also the practical aspects of technology implementation in a way that is suitable for undergraduate and graduate-level students, as well as researchers and professional engineers.

Network coding is an elegant and novel technique that allows nodes in the network to perform coding operations at the packet level. In particular, network coding represents a powerful approach to protect data from losses due to link disconnections and can also exploit the combination of multiple links to deliver data to users with the possibility of recoding at intermediate nodes. This phenomenon will reduce information congestion at some nodes or links, which will improve the network information flow such as to increase network throughput and robustness. This book is intended to provide the current R

Water is accepted as the most important source of life. It is assumed that life began in water and spread from there to the whole world. But water has been polluted anthropogenically since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the late 19th century. At the end of the 20th century, most water sources cannot be used for aquaculture, irrigation, and human use. Therefore, for sustainable development, we have to protect our water sources on Earth, because it's the only planet we have!

We are entering the era of big data, and machine learning can be used to analyze this deluge of data automatically. Machine learning has been used to solve many interesting and often difficult real-world problems, and the biometrics is one of the leading applications of machine learning. This book introduces some new techniques on biometrics and machine learning, and new proposals of using machine learning techniques for biometrics as well. This book consists of two parts: "Biometrics" and "Machine Learning for Biometrics." Parts I and II contain four and three chapters, respectively. The book is reviewed by editors: Prof. Jucheng Yang, Prof. Dong Sun Park, Prof. Sook Yoon, Dr. Yarui Chen, and Dr. Chuanlei Zhang.

Measurements in present experiments have dramatically advanced our understanding of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays. The suppression of the flux at the highest energies is now confirmed without any doubt, and strong limits have been placed on the photon and neutrino components. There are indications for a small, large-scale anisotropy both below and above the energy of the angle and for a correlation on smaller angular scales at E > 5.5*1019 eV. Around 3*1018 eV, there is a distinct change of slope with energy, and the shower-to-shower variance decreases. Interpreted with the leading LHC-tuned shower models, this implies a gradual shift to a heavier composition, and a number of fundamentally different astrophysical model scenarios have been developed to describe this evolution.

"What is this cholesterol?" In this book entitled "Cholesterol- Good, Bad, and the Heart" now you got the answers given by the experts in the field. Moreover, you can explore more by reading the references/citations given in the articles of each chapter. It is still an emerging field and lot more is being discovered. You will be amazed how much knowledge is already there in this book on cholesterol. You will realize that cholesterol is an essential and extremely important building block of cell membranes and thus serves vital functions in the body. I believe this book will be incredibly powerful and useful in teaching to give new perspectives on cholesterol.