Bücher veröffentlicht von IntechOpen

Nanofabrication is the process of assembling structures at the nanoscale with unique properties. This book describes proficient, low-cost, and robust nanofabrication techniques to produce nanostructures. It presents information on nanofabrication technology principles, methodologies, equipment, and processes, as well as discusses the fabrication of new structures for new applications. The nanofabrication techniques reviewed are applicable to different engineering processes, nano-electromechanical systems, biosensors, nanomaterials, photonic crystals, devices, and new structures. This book is a useful resource for students and professionals, including engineers, scientists, researchers, technicians, and technology managers.

This book provides an in-depth examination of digital twin technology to take you on an enthralling trip across the intersection of the virtual and real worlds. It explores the transformational impact of digital twins, from their roots in engineering to their widespread applications in manufacturing, health care, and other areas. Real-world case studies highlight the practical benefits, while potential hazards are addressed wisely. This book is your guide to comprehending the present and visualizing a future where digital twins transform innovation, efficiency, and connectedness in our increasingly complicated world. Begin this illuminating trip and embrace the possibilities that exist at the intersection of the physical and digital worlds.

The book provides comprehensive information on the importance of conserving endangered animal and plant species. There are many species categorized as very likely to become extinct in their own native ranges in the near future. In fact, thousands of species are lost every year, and their numbers continue to increase annually at an alarming rate. The book is organized into two sections on animal species and plant species. The first section discusses endangered animal species such as Chinese pangolins, Pompa cats Galapagos pinnipeds (sea lions and fur seals), and more. The second section discusses endangered plant species such as dragon blood trees and plants native to Hawaii. The book emphasizes species conservation and proposes various strategies adopted and recommended by experts.

Maintaining an ideal weight throughout life is the most beneficial thing someone can do for their body. A healthy body and ideal weight can be achieved with proper nutrition and lifestyle, starting from childhood and even infancy. Therefore, it is important for those raising children to be conscious of this issue and to be good role models and guides for their children by exhibiting the healthiest lifestyle habits. We know that it is almost impossible to remove excess fat tissue acquired during childhood from the body at later ages. Body fat accumulation is usually evaluated by body mass index (BMI), which is calculated using weight and height proportions. BMI is an effective and useful tool for both people and healthcare professionals to track body fat percentage. However, when monitoring body fat with BMI special adjustments need to be made in children, the elderly, different genders, and individuals with high muscle mass. This book provides a comprehensive overview of BMI as a screening measure.

All over the world, hysterectomy is the most commonly performed major gynecological procedure after cesarean section. With such a high prevalence, it is necessary to study as many aspects of this surgical intervention as possible. This book provides a comprehensive overview of hysterectomy.

Insecticides - Advances in Insect Control and Sustainable Pest Management offers an in-depth exploration of insect control, showcasing the latest scientific advancements, practical applications, and sustainable solutions. Insects play a crucial role in our ecosystem, but their presence can also present significant challenges to agriculture, public health, and the environment. This book serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the cutting-edge approaches to insect control, providing valuable insights into the development and implementation of innovative insecticides. Authored by a team of renowned experts, the book delves into the fascinating world of insect biology, examining the intricate mechanisms that drive their behavior and evolution. With a strong focus on sustainable pest management, the book emphasizes environmentally friendly methods that minimize the impact on non-target organisms and reduce chemical residues in the environment. Within the pages of this book, readers will discover a wealth of information on emerging insecticide technologies, including novel chemical compounds, biological agents, and genetic engineering approaches. The effectiveness, safety profiles, and modes of action of these advancements are thoroughly analyzed, equipping professionals and researchers with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions and develop integrated pest management strategies. Whether you are a scientist, student, or practitioner in the fields of entomology, agriculture, or public health, Insecticides - Advances in Insect Control and Sustainable Pest Management is an essential resource that provides a comprehensive understanding of insect control. It addresses critical issues such as insect resistance, regulatory frameworks, and the social and economic implications of insecticide use, paving the way for sustainable pest management practices. Embark on a journey through the intricate world of insects and explore the innovative solutions designed to control them. With up-to-date research, practical applications, and a focus on sustainability, this book is an invaluable companion for navigating the complex realm of insect control in the 21st century.

Recent Advances in Mineralogy includes nine chapters that discuss the mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry of granitic rocks, mechanical properties of some granitic rocks, production of synthetic quartz, dislocation originated by X-ray irradiation in KBr crystals and mineralogy and geochemistry of bituminous rocks from North Africa. It contains detailed mineralogical, petrological, and geochemical studies from Europe, Southeast Asia, and Northern Africa.

Robotics is an important part of modern engineering involving electricity and electronics, computers, mathematics, and mechanism design. In recent years, in addition to serial robots, multi-robot systems have begun to attract the attention of students, academics, and industry workers. This interest has directly impacted the development of novel theoretical research areas and products. This book explores new developments in multi-robot systems, such as trajectory planning, control algorithms, and programming.

The chapters in this book present excellent comprehensive and interdisciplinary research into materials with emerging physical science and corresponding applications. With a focus on Ruthenium-based devices, the authors discuss a wide range of topics, including material and physic modeling, materials physics and analytics, devices in miniature scale, advanced functional circuits, high-speed computing systems and integration for logic applications, and other novel emerging device concepts and circuit schemes, and much more.

Global population growth, exposure to climate-driven risks, continuous ongoing economic crises, persistent levels of poverty, migration phenomena, exponential increase in the use of digital technology and consequent digital divide, and the urgent demand for more equal spaces are amongst the major drivers of change within the housing sector. This book seeks to envision some of the future housing scenarios, outlining a series of possible transformations that will affect the global housing models in the coming years. The essays in the book are not intended to provide predictions on housing, but rather to try to grasp how social attitudes, economic values, and technologies employed are changing. The issues addressed range from exploring the potential of green and digital strategies both in regenerating existing building heritage and in new construction within developing countries to addressing the humanitarian challenges of climate change and mitigating social inequality.

This book, Global Peace and Security, is a collection of reviewed and relevant research chapters offering a comprehensive overview of recent developments in the social sciences. It is written by various researchers and edited by an expert active in global peace and security research. All chapters are complete in themselves but united under a common research study topic. The book provides a thorough overview of the latest research efforts by international authors on global peace and security, opening new possible research paths for further novel developments

By focusing on ¿new materiality,¿ this edited volume offers new optics on the affordance of women¿s physical and objective body. The interdisciplinary essays assembled in the book interrogate the concepts of corporeality and embodiment by interpreting them as material enactivism of a woman¿s physical body geared toward performance and demonstration, respectively. The book situates body/bodily movements as agentic initiatives to make sense of women¿s bodies (in) motion. Although flesh in its constitution, a woman¿s body is the very material entity that does not only perform what it is expected to do (for its many audiences as in spectacle) but also its corporeality imputes a demonstrative kinetics hitherto associated with the objective body in recent social theorizing.

Fuzzy logic systems have been a hot topic in the scientific and academic community for more than half a century. The idea of making machines behave and make decisions like humans do is astounding. The development and implementation of fuzzy logic systems can be seen in various real physical applications in daily human life. The methods employed using fuzzy logic have resulted in innovative technologies. This book provides insights into understanding the principles and concepts behind the advances of fuzzy logic systems. It presents ideas concerning fuzzy logic systems and their technological applications. The book is arranged into two sections on theories and foundations of fuzzy logic systems and implementations of fuzzy logic systems in service to the community.

Reservoir characterization is the model that characterizes reservoirs based on their ability to store and produce hydrocarbons. Reservoir modeling is the process of creating a three-dimensional representation of a given reservoir based on its petrophysical, geological, and geophysical properties. Reservoir engineering is the formulation of development and production plans that will result in maximum recovery for a given set of economic, environmental, and technical constraints. It is not a one-time activity but needs continual updating throughout the production life of a reservoir. Reservoir management is often defined as the allocation of resources to optimize hydrocarbon recovery from a reservoir while minimizing capital investments and operating expenses. The oil and gas industry is divided into upstream and downstream sectors. In general, the upstream sector involves activities carried out at a reservoir, while the downstream sector involves all petroleum processing activities carried out in a refinery. Petroleum processing engineering involves all downstream crude oil processing operations, from crude oil as the feedstock to final products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, gas oil, and lubricating oil. Petroleum processing technology continues to develop in consideration of all types of sustainability-related challenges. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the oil and gas industry, presenting the most recent research in the field.

Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide. The bladder microbiota is strongly associated with different statuses of bladder cancer. The increased abundance of microbes such as Schistosoma, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Bacteroidetes, and Klebsiella is associated with the development of bladder cancer during tumorigenesis. Improved understanding of age-related alterations to the immune system and gut and urinary microbiomes could provide possible insights into bladder cancer development and progression in the elderly. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content has been shown to be associated with cancer susceptibility. Patients diagnosed with bladder cancer have significantly decreased mtDNA. Cancer prevention strategies are theoretically appealing although often difficult to implement, owing to the multifactorial pathogenesis of most cancers. This book focuses on the diagnosis and prevention of bladder cancer.

Despite being described about 200 years ago, the pathophysiology of Parkinson¿s disease (PD) is not well understood due to its complex etiology and heterogeneity of symptoms and progression. Animal models provide a great opportunity to follow the progression of neurodegeneration and to screen potent therapeutic molecules, knowledge of which can be critical for different levels of clinical trials. Contemporary health technologies are coming in handy to accelerate the pace of developing novel and refined therapeutic strategies for PD. This book, Parkinson¿s Disease - Animal Models, Current Therapies and Clinical Trials, provides a comprehensive overview of PD, presenting information on animal models of PD and contemporary therapeutic strategies, health technologies, clinical trials, and their influence on the quality of life of patients with PD.

Copper has been an important metal throughout history. Initially, it was used as raw material for the manufacture of tools, weapons, ornamental objects, and more. The later discovery of copper alloys, such as bronze and brass, extended the use of this metal alloy to many different fields based on its mechanical, corrosion, and wear resistance. Nowadays, copper is mainly used in the electrical and thermal conductivity fields, although new uses are being discovered. This book provides a comprehensive overview of copper in two sections on copper mining and processing and copper applications.

Dive deep into the transformative world of digital services with E-service Digital Innovation, a masterful blend of academic rigor and real-world insights. This text dissects the complexities of user motivation, the symbiotic dance between digital innovations and societal structures, and the collaborative essence of value co-creation. Venture into the heart of banking¿s digital metamorphosis and unravel the strategies shaping today¿s digital business models. With chapters dedicated to the revolutionary Industry 5. 0, the transformative powers of AI and blockchain, and the resilience imperative in business continuity, this book stands as a beacon for scholars and practitioners alike. Beyond the urban digital realms, discover the nuanced dynamics of rural digital adoption and the future of e-service in higher education. Grasp the intricacies of instructional learning design, data monetization ethics, and the innovative potential of IoT in urban planning. E-Service Digital Innovation invites you to engage, learn, and emerge as a contributor to the ever-evolving digital landscape. Your journey toward understanding and shaping the digital future starts here. Key Advantages: ¿Comprehensive coverage: From user psychology to the avant-garde applications of digital innovation ¿Scholarly rigor: A seminal text for academics, researchers, and industry experts ¿Practical wisdom: Real-world insights to navigate and shape the digital future ¿Diverse perspectives: Topics range from AI in e-commerce to the transformative potential of self-financing cities

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a powerful tool that enables engineers and scientists to simulate fluid flows in a variety of applications, including thermal engineering, biomedical engineering, and environmental modeling. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing fundamental theory, mathematical and numerical techniques, and practical applications. The book begins by systematically introducing the basic concepts and terminology of CFD, such as the continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equations, energy equation, source/sink terms, and types of grids. The mathematical and numerical methods utilized to solve the CFD governing equations, including the finite difference method and the finite volume method, are then described in a beginner-friendly manner, accompanied by vivid and straightforward graphical illustrations. In addition to covering the foundation of CFD theory, the book presents several practical applications of CFD in diverse fields such as biomedical modeling, renewable energy, and thermal engineering. To extract useful information, the simulated CFD results need to be analyzed and visualized. Therefore, the book demonstrates common post-processing and visualization techniques, such as contour plots, streamlines, vectors, and charts. Overall, this book provides a comprehensive introduction to CFD, encompassing the essential theory, methods, and applications, making it an ideal choice as a textbook for graduate and post-graduate students or a reference for researchers and engineers working on CFD simulations.

This book assembles the latest knowledge linked to urban environments and urban socio-eco-technological systems including urban, energy, transport, material, and ecosystems. Urban environments and systems affect every person¿s life in many ways and can have negative impacts on the local and global environment. They create value but sometimes with a high environmental cost from a lifecycle perspective. Therefore, scientists and global leaders call for an urban transition to create more urban environments and systems that are climate-positive, sustainable, and healthy, which is necessary for society to function within the planetary boundaries. This is a great challenge. Huge transformations and new ways of thinking regarding the design and co-existence of technical, social, and ecological systems are necessary to turn the present challenge into opportunities. This book, Urban Transition - Perspectives on Urban Systems and Environments, explores this challenge and several different topics related to possible, probable, or necessary urban transitions in the urban environment. It assembles a variety of authors who present many aspects and the latest knowledge linked to urban transitions of the urban environment and urban socio-eco-technological systems - including urban-, energy-, transport-, building- material- and eco-systems. Furthermore, the importance of urban systems and urban environments is seldom clearly linked to their impact on the environment and humans. This book examines this gap, the crucial issues relating to how urban systems influence the urban structure, and how they can be formed and designed to become more sustainable. It explores the link between the complex systems in cities, the physicality of the built environment, and the living environments for the people. The book proposes a rich garden of ideas to provoke and develop current research, debate, and new forms of practice.

The global environment has been rapidly deteriorating because of global warming, and a large population is facing severe water and food shortages. In addition to global warming, soil and groundwater contamination by heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, and chromium due to industrial development and excessive use of pesticides is also rapidly increasing. Remediation is necessary for replenishing drinking water and food, and remediation using microorganisms (bioremediation) and plants (phytoremediation) is one of the most feasible and economical methods. This book deals with strategies for efficient bioremediation and phytoremediation procedures. The authors discuss effective remediation technology, thus providing important information and new ideas for fighting the deterioration of our global environment.

Human health is closely linked with the health of the soil, which is both a vital resource for feeding the burgeoning global population via agriculture and vital to realizing most of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. However, increased salinization is significantly impacting the health of soil due to excess accumulation of varied salts (e.g., toxic ions including Cl¿ of Na+, HCO3¿, Ca2+ and Mg2+, and sometimes SO42¿ and CO32¿). Unfortunately, soil salinization has already affected about 20% of total arable land and 33% of irrigated land. Soil salinization negatively affects the health and productivity of plants and crops and thus threatens agriculture and food security worldwide. Moreover, it is predicted that by 2050, 16. 2 million ha of land will be affected by salt, which is predicted to cause 30%¿50% yield losses worldwide. Making Plant Life Easier and Productive Under Salinity - Updates and Prospects provides a comprehensive overview of salinity and its major impacts. Chapters discuss important approaches for making plant life easier and more productive under salinity, the scale and complexity of salinity impacts on Sri Lankan rice farming systems, salinity stress responses of major metabolites, in vitro production of terpene in plants, the major mechanisms underlying phytohormone-mediated control of salinity impacts in plants, and genomics-assisted breeding approaches for achieving salinity tolerance in cereal crops.

Discover fresh insights and confront emerging challenges in the world of midwifery with Midwifery - New Perspectives and Challenges. This edited volume delves into the evolving landscape of midwifery, offering a comprehensive exploration of contemporary issues, practices, and perspectives shaping this vital field. From the latest advancements in maternal care to the evolving role of midwives in today¿s healthcare system, this book brings together a diverse range of voices and expertise to illuminate the transformative potential of midwifery. Whether you are a seasoned practitioner or a newcomer to the field, this collection provides a thought-provoking journey into the heart of modern midwifery.

This book deals with the evolution of active plate margins, with a focus on the Pacific NW. A multidisciplinary study aiming at the elucidation of complicated tectonic processes is based on structural geology, sedimentology, numerical modeling, and the latest methodology of geophysics. A high-resolution 3D seismic data acquisition system was developed for visualization of the shallow subsurface and has revealed recent architectures and sedimentary facies in a pull-apart basin along an arc-bisecting fault of southwest Japan. Based on this geophysical achievement, paleoenvironments during the latest Pleistocene are vividly restored by means of seismic attribute analyses. The scientific results presented here pave the way for further investigations on mobile belt frontiers where harsh conditions hinder efforts to decipher the Earth¿s dynamics.

Wood is one of the traditional materials used in construction applications, and there is a wide range of engineered wood products available for construction. Engineered wood is a wood product derived from wood waste and byproducts such as sawdust from hardwoods and softwoods. Engineered wood types include particleboard, plywood, fiberboard, oriented strand board (OSB), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), glued laminated timber (GLT), and cross-laminated timber (CLT). This book provides a detailed introduction to the development history of engineering wood and its raw materials, applications, and advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different types of engineering wood and discusses modification of engineering wood, testing standards for mechanical properties of engineering wood, anti-corrosion, and degradation.

Never has the reality of climate change and its ramifications been so obvious around the world. Humankind is currently living in times when the reality of global climate change is unequivocal. The recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change AR6 report further depicts the veracity of climate change by highlighting historically changing patterns of precipitation and temperature across the world, amidst heightened and varied levels of vulnerability around the world. This book is planned along the increasingly complex and daunting nature of climate change. The broad scope is intentional and aims at eliciting scholarship from across the globe and from varied areas of climate change research. Thus, as varied and broad as the intentions are, so too are the book¿s contents. The thirteen peer-reviewed chapters are organized into four sections. Section 1 introduces the concept of climate change and other global perspectives and trends. Section 2 focuses on climate risk, resilience, and vulnerability. Section 3 explores varied perspectives on climate risks, sensitivity, and exposure with a focus on monitoring and assessment. Finally, Section 4 explores climate change adaptation and mitigation. The multidisciplinary nature of this book will appeal to a varied readership including governments, municipal authorities, and daily grassroots users of environmental resources.

In the mid-19th century, the scientific community was convinced that physics had been fully discovered and only isolated, peripheral issues remained unexplained. One of these was black body radiation (CDC) and the transformation of electromagnetic waves. In 1893, Wien proved that the wavelength at which CDC radiates the greatest amount of energy is inversely proportional to body temperature. Surprisingly, the formula resulting from current, reliable physics describes CDC radiation very well only at low frequencies. For ultraviolet frequencies, the obtained function was constantly upwards. Planck proposed the distribution of the CDC radiation spectrum, assuming that the radiation can only be emitted in precisely defined portions known as quanta. This was the year of the creation of quantum physics, one of the foundations of modern physics. Aristotle recognized that there is a distinctive frame of reference. This view was challenged by Galileo, who concluded that the speed and position of the body are relative. The Galilean transformation became the foundation of Newtonian physics. However, Maxwell¿s equations describing electromagnetic waves were not subject to the Galilean transformation but rather to the Lorentz transformation. The biggest problem at the beginning of the 20th century was the incompatibility of the laws of dynamics and electromagnetism. The theory of relativity is another foundation of modern physics. The last year of the 19th century debunked the myth of full understanding of the laws of nature. It quickly turned out that the knowledge about the universe at that time was very little. This lack of knowledge led to a rapid reconstruction of physics in the first half of the 20th century. is book discusses some of these subjects, including spinor fields, 5D relativity, dissipative quantum system and energy balance, centrifugal acceleration in relativistic astrophysics, and time-dependent photoluminescence.

This book discusses health and educational success from a variety of perspectives. It discusses the management of various health conditions, such as diabetic mellitus, epilepsy, mental health, hepatitis, and HIV/AIDS. It covers a broad range of topics, including strategies that can be used in a healthcare setting in communication as well as transmission of knowledge from one generation to another. The focus of the chapters is on patients and their families, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, biokinetics, nursing, medical students and their facilitators, educators, and institutions of higher education. As such, this book is relevant to a variety of sectors in health and education.

Access to safe and nutritious food is key to keeping communities healthy and improving individual well-being. Food Safety - New Insights brings awareness to food safety practices. It includes eight chapters organized into five sections that discuss the safety of food, various types of safety hazards and food safety systems, the effect of changing climate on food safety, and food safety in restaurants.

This book includes six chapters on wind turbine icing. For wind turbines operating in cold regions, icing often occurs on blade surfaces in winter. This ice accretion can change the aerodynamic shape of the blade airfoil, causing performance degradation and loss of power generation, even leading to operational accidents. This book focuses on the recent research progress on wind turbine icing. Chapters address such topics as the effect of icing conditions on the icing distribution characteristics of a blade airfoil for vertical-axis wind turbines, power loss estimation in wind turbines due to icing, wind turbine icing prediction methods, especially those using machine learning, the icing process of a single water droplet on a cold aluminum plate surface, the main theories of the icing adhesive mechanism, and theoretical and experimental studies on the ultrasonic de-icing method for wind turbine blades. This book is a valuable reference for researchers and engineers engaged in wind turbine icing and anti-icing research.