Bücher veröffentlicht von IntechOpen

In todays world, we live with the notion that economic health and firm competitiveness are closely tied. Innovation and creativity play a significant role in achieving economic, social, and technological advancement, contributing to a nation's prosperity and leading to job growth for a country. Industries can capitalize on economic benefits through the development and commercialization of innovative products. This also works for consumers, who prefer to purchase safe, guaranteed products, believing that the IP rights of the products are worth protecting both nationally and internationally. The topics covered in this book include an "Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights," "Patenting in the Pharmaceutical Industry," "Towards More Inclusive IP Analysis by Frontier Tools," "Patent Data in Economic Analysis," "How to Elaborate and Interpret an Expert Report on the Design Area," and "Host-Country Patenting and Inventorship in Emerging Countries."

This book emphasizes past and current research efforts about principles of natural control of major parasites affecting humans, animals, and crops. Each chapter is a complete and integrated subject that presents a problem and confers on the safe alternatives to chemicals. This book discusses and updates information about three major topics of natural remedies. The first topic is represented in a chapter outlining important information on biological control of parasites, the second topic is represented in three chapters dealing with botanicals as promising antiparasitic agents, and the last four chapters deal with miscellaneous control strategies against parasites. This easily readable book is designed precisely for students as well as professors linked with the field of parasitic control. We enhanced words with breathing areas in the form of graphical abstracts, figures, photographs, and tables.

The book Optical Fiber and Wireless Communications provides a platform for practicing researchers, academics, PhD students, and other scientists to review, plan, design, analyze, evaluate, intend, process, and implement diversiform issues of optical fiber and wireless systems and networks, optical technology components, optical signal processing, and security. The 17 chapters of the book demonstrate capabilities and potentialities of optical communication to solve scientific and engineering problems with varied degrees of complexity.

In the last years, the switched reluctance machines (SRMs) have been the subject of significant developments. SRMs are gaining much interest because of their simplicity in structures, high-output power, high starting torque, wide speed range, rugged and robust construction, reliability, and low manufacturing costs, which make these machines viable for many applications. SRMs include machines of different structures whose common property is the significant variation in the shape of the air gap during rotation. The use of advanced control technologies makes possible the integration of the mechanical and electrical conversion systems in their optimal mode of operation. Different strategies of control can be applied to SRMs, depending on their mode of functioning and the purpose of their applications. The goal of this book is to present recent works on concept, control, and applications in switched reluctance machines.

Because of its ability to reduce tiredness, sleep deprivation and improve alertness, caffeine emerged in the twenty-first century as a miraculous specific, which allows humans to cross their normal physiological and psychological body limits. Its attractiveness comes from its natural origins and strong psycho-stimulating properties, with relatively weak side effects. Caffeine studies carry the hope to understand the associations between inherited genotype and drug action and to find highly personalized treatments for various diseases, more sophisticated drug delivery systems, safer ways of protecting plants and cheap, renewable fuels. This book consists of chapters covering caffeine history, methods of its determination and not only astonishing medicinal but also non-medicinal applications. It is our hope that every reader will find in this book something interesting, inspiring, informative and stimulating.

Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a new engineering field with a growing tendency, based on technology development focused on data acquisition and analysis, to prevent possible damage in man-made structures and land's natural faults. The data are obtained from sensors and monitoring systems that allow detecting damages on structures, space vehicles, and land natural faults, to model their behavior under adverse scenarios, in order to search the detection of anomalies. Currently, there are many SHM systems with sensors based on different technologies like optical fiber, video cameras, optical scanners, wireless networks, and piezoelectric transducers, among others. In this context, the present book includes selected chapters with theoretical models and applications, to preserve infrastructure and prevent loss of human lives.

Since their initial accidental synthesis and characterization in Scotland in the late 1920s, there has been a strong research focus on the use of phthalocyanines (Pcs) as dyes and pigments. In recent years, active research fields have included their use in electrophotography, photovoltaic and solar cells, molecular electronics, Langmuir-Blodgett films, photosensitizers, electrochromic display devices, gas sensors, liquid crystals, low-dimensional conductors, and optical disks. Phthalocyanines possess interesting biological, electronic, optical, catalytic, and structural properties. The main disadvantage is their insolubility in common solvents due to strong intermolecular - interactions. The solubility of phthalocyanines can be increased by various methods such as the formation of anionic and cationic species and both axial and peripheral substitution. Substitution at the nonperipheral and peripheral positions of the benzo moieties usually enhances their solubility in organic solvents. The most important advantage of phthalocyanines compared to porphyrins is that their Q bands lie at longer wavelengths and are considerably more intense. In this book, you will find synthesis and some applications of various phthalocyanine derivatives.

Amino Acid - New Insights and Roles in Plant and Animal provides useful information on new aspects of amino acid structure, synthesis reactions, dietary application in animals, and metabolism in plants. Section 1 includes chapters that describe the therapeutic uses, antiallergic effects, new aspects in the D-amino acid structure, historical background of desmosines, and stereoselective synthesis of ?-aminophosphonic acids. Section 2 presents the role of amino acids in plants, which includes new insights and aspects of D-amino acids, metabolism and transport in soybean, changes during energy storage compound accumulation of microalgae, and determination of amino acids from natural compounds. Section 3 describes the chapters on methodologies and requirement of dietary amino acids for Japanese quails, laying hens, and finishing pigs. The final chapter identifies potential importance of glutathione S-transferase activity for generating resistance to triclabendazole in Fasciola hepatica.

The amygdala is a central component of the limbic system, which is known to play a critical role in emotional processing of learning and memory. Over these last 20 years, major advances in techniques for examining brain activity greatly helped the scientific community to determine the nature of the contribution of the amygdala to these fundamental aspects of cognition. Combined with new conceptual breakthroughs, research data obtained in animals and humans have also provided major insights into our understanding of the processes by which amygdala dysfunction contributes to various brain disorders, such as autism or Alzheimer's disease. Although the primary goal of this book is to inform experts and newcomers of some of the latest data in the field of brain structures involved in the mechanisms underlying emotional learning and memory, we hope it will also help stimulate discussion on the functional role of the amygdala and connected brain structures in these mechanisms.

This book emphasizes on five different sections of rhinology, namely, 'Surgical Anatomy', 'Dental-Related Diseases', 'Radiological Imaging', 'Nasal Spaces' and 'Surgical Training'. It incorporates new clinical and research developments as well as future perspectives in the ever-expanding field of rhinology. I dedicate this book to those of you who pick up the torch and by continued research, close clinical observation and the high quality of clinical care as well as publication and selfless teaching, further advance knowledge in rhinology from this point forward. This is intended to be a guide for other books to follow. General otolaryngologist, rhinologist, researchers, specialists, trainees and general practitioners with interest in otolaryngology will find this book useful and interesting.

Nerve cells form thousands of contact points, the synapses, to communicate information with other neurons and target cells. Synapses are sites for changes in brain function through modification of synaptic transmission termed synaptic plasticity. The study of synaptic plasticity has flourished over the years with the advancement of technical breakthroughs and is a timely scientific endeavor today just like it was several decades ago. This book contributes to our understanding of synaptic plasticity at the molecular, biochemical, and cellular systems and behavioral level and informs the reader about its clinical relevance. The book contains ten chapters in three sections: (1) "Mechanisms of Synaptic Plasticity," (2) "Neural Plasticity," and (3) "Plasticity and Neurological Diseases." The book provides detailed and current reviews in these different areas written by experts in their respective fields. The mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and its relation to neurological diseases are featured prominently as a recurring theme throughout most chapters. This book will be most useful for neuroscientists and other scientists alike and will contribute to the training of current and future students who find the plastic nervous system as fascinating as many generations before them.

Ion implantation is one of the promising areas of sciences and technologies. It has been observed as a continuously evolving technology. In this book, there is a detailed overview of the recent ion implantation research and innovation along with the existing ion implantation technological issues especially in microelectronics. The book also reviews the basic knowledge of the radiation-induced defects production during the ion implantation in case of a semiconductor structure for fabrication and development of the required perfect microelectronic devices. The improvement of the biocompatibility of biomaterials by ion implantation, which is a hot research topic, has been summarized in the book as well. Moreover, advanced materials characterization techniques are also covered in this book to evaluate the ion implantation impact on the materials.

Behcet's disease is a multisystem inflammatory disease with unknown etiology and has a unique geographic distribution. It is characterized by recurrent oral aphthous lesions, recurrent uveitis, skin lesions, and genital ulcerations. However, it may involve the eye, joints, and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and neurological systems at varying degrees as well as the skin and mucous membranes. The disease may manifest itself in a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild symptoms to life-threatening symptoms or severe symptoms that may create permanent sequelae. Knowing the nature of the disease will make it easier to diagnose and manage the disease. This book was written by expert authors, and detailed epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, mucocutaneous findings, and systemic involvement of Behcet's disease are presented to readers.

Fractal analysis has entered a new era. The applications to different areas of knowledge have been surprising. Benoit Mandelbrot, creator of fractal geometry, would have been surprised by the use of fractal analysis presented in this book. Here we present the use of fractal geometry, in particular, fractal analysis in two sciences: health sciences and social sciences and humanities. Part 1 is Health Science. In it, we present the latest advances in cardiovascular signs, kidney images to determine cancer growth, EEG signals, magnetoencephalography signals, and photosensitive epilepsy. We show how it is possible to produce ultrasonic lenses or even sound focusing. In Part 2, we present the use of fractal analysis in social sciences and humanities. It includes anthropology, hierarchical scaling, human settlements, language, fractal dimension of different cultures, cultural traits, and Mesoamerican complexity. And in Part 3, we present a few useful tools for fractal analysis, such as graphs and correlation, self-affine and self-similar graphs, and correlation function. It is impossible to picture today's research without fractal geometry.

This book is devoted to the dynamics of arc migration and amalgamation on active plate margins, and we focus on the architectural examples from the NW Pacific margin. Multidisciplinary approach pursuing the complicated tectonic processes is based on stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochemistry, and geophysics. The first chapter is dedicated to the genetic analysis of sedimentary basins in and around arc-trench systems. The following block of chapters deals with the petrological, geochemical, and rock magnetic properties of arc constituents, which inform us of the migration history of crustal blocks on oceanic plates, and spatiotemporal fluctuation in modes of subduction and stress regimes upon the Eurasian convergent margins. Our vision is finally presented as a reconstruction model of plate motion around the study area since the Cretaceous (100 Ma). Diverse contents of this book surely provide the audience with the present accomplishments of tectonic researches for active margins by Earth scientists.

New drugs are frequently entering into the market along with the existing drugs. The antibacterial agents can be discussed in five major classes, i.e. classification based on the type of action, source, spectrum of activity, chemical structure and function. Resistance of bacteria to antibiotics is an urgent problem of the humanity, which leads us to the lack of therapy for serious bacterial infections. Development of new antibiotics has almost ceased in the last decades - even when a new antibiotic is launched, very soon the resistance of bacteria appears. Industrial textiles exposed as awnings, screens, tents; upholstery used in large public areas such as hospitals, hotels and stations; fabrics for transports; protective clothing and personal protective equipment; bed sheets and blankets; textiles left wet between processing steps; intimate apparel, underwear, socks and sportswear, disinfection of air and water for white rooms, hospitals and operating theatres, food and pharma industries, water depuration, drinkable water supplying and air conditioning systems. Many clinicians recommend alternative approaches to using antimicrobial substances. Moreover, the majority of bioagents demonstrate on antibiotics for treatment of a wide range of diseases in human sectors. However, the misuse and mishandling of drugs lead to microbial, particularly bacterial, resistance as well as result in the difficulty of treating microbial diseases. Hence, the proposed book will give more precise information on novel antibacterial compound(s).

The modern cosmology has been turned into an outstanding field of active research through the years. Today, we have more scientific data in modern cosmology than we could get rid of it, which makes the present days an exciting era for scientific knowledge. "Trends in Modern Cosmology" invites the reader to tackle the big questions of the universe from cultural aspects of cosmology and its influence on arts, philosophy, and politics to more specialized technical advances in the field as the physics of dark sector, black holes, galaxies, large structure formation, and particles. In fact, it reveals our endless searching for the better understanding of the universe as a legacy of knowledge for next generations.

This book Electrochemical Sensors Technology mostly reviews the modem methods and significant electrochemical and electroanalytical applications of chemical sensors and biosensors. Chapters of this book are invited and contributed from the experts throughout the world from prominent researchers and scientists in the field of sensors and in the field of electro- and biochemistry. Each chapter provides technical and methodological details beyond the level found in typical journal articles or reviews and explores the application of chemical sensors, environmental sensors, and biosensors to a significant problem in biomedical and environmental science, also providing a prospectus for the future. This book compiles with the expert knowledge of many specialists in the construction and use of chemical sensors and biosensors including chemical sensors, biological sensors, DNA sensors, immunosensors, gaseous sensors, ionic sensors, bioassay sensors, lab-on-chips, devices, portable sensors, microchips, nanosensors, implantable microsensors, and so on in the field of fundamental and applied electrochemistry. Highlights and importance are laid on real or practical problems, ranging from chemical application to biomedical monitoring, from in vitro to in vivo, and from single cell to animal to human measurement. This offers a unique opportunity of exchanging and combining the scientist or researcher in electrochemical sensors in largely chemistry, biological engineering, electronic engineering, and biomedical and physiological fields.

Media communication is a young discipline, if we compare it with others. It has been studied scientifically from the last century in social sciences. This topic, as it is a human process, is complex, and it is changing because of new technologies. It transforms our society too. It is recognised that we are in a communication society. The management of knowledge is settled in business area too. Communication skills are recognised as competences in education for preparing future citizens. Media communication feeds from different disciplines and it keeps their attention. This book is an attempt to provide theoretical and empirical framework to better understand media communication from different point of views and channels in various contexts. The international authors are specialised on the issues. They cover a wide range of updated issues. They span from deepening about behaviour of media or trends to national cases related to social net and to new phenomena - as it is mindfulness applied to creativity. So in this book, two sections are presented. The first section focuses on the behaviour of media, when it is applied in education field and reception research. The second section provides three case studies about the Internet: platforms and social nets developed and applied to different publics.

Since the beginning of times, pain treatment has been the motive of research giving birth to multiple groups of pharmacological families and therapies. Pain perception is a construction built over the biological phenomenon of signal transduction surrounded by different factors such as gender, age, and sociocultural status, among others. The concept of pain as the solely biological manifestation of defense is nowadays considered as a narrow-minded view of this topic. In this regard concepts such as newborns feel no pain or older people complain about everything therefore should not be paid attention when referring pain, are being left behind in the understanding that pain alleviation is a human right and everybody feeling pain should be helped for its relief. This book comprises many aspects of pain treatment and the drugs involved in it. From old analgesics with new mechanisms of action for pain alleviation to analgesics potential for diminishing oxidative stress; from pharmacological therapies to electrical ones, going through alternative medicine; and from pain treatment in dentistry to chronic pain therapies, also boarding the treatment of migraine, different experts share their knowledge on the topic.

Fractal analysis has entered a new era. The applications to different areas of knowledge have been surprising. Let us begin with the fractional calculus-fractal geometry relationship, which allows for modeling with extreme precision of phenomena such as diffusion in porous media with fractional partial differential equations in fractal objects. Where the order of the equation is the same as the fractal dimension, this allows us to make calculations with enormous precision in diffusion phenomena-particularly in the oil industry, for new spillage prevention. Main applications to industry, design of fractal antennas to receive all frequencies and that is used in all cell phones, spacecraft, radars, image processing, measure, porosity, turbulence, scattering theory. Benoit Mandelbrot, creator of fractal geometry, would have been surprised by the use of fractal analysis presented in this book: "Part I: Petroleum Industry and Numerical Analysis"; "Part II: Fractal Antennas, Spacecraft, Radars, Image Processing, and Measure"; and "Part III: Scattering Theory, Porosity, and Turbulence." It's impossible to picture today's research without fractal analysis.

Motivated by the importance of electrical resistivity and conductivity, important experts in this field grasp most recent researches in this book. It addresses recent advances in electrical resistivity and conductivity modelling, measurement, estimation and sensing methods and implications. This book introduces innovative case studies for "Electrical Resistivity Sensing Methods and Implications", "Resistivity Model of Frozen Soil and High-Density Resistivity Method for Exploration of Discontinuous Permafrost", "Measurement of Electrical Resistivity for Unconventional Structures", "Estimation of Hydrological Parameters from Geoelectric Measurements" and "Assessment of Cryoprotectant Concentration by Electrical Conductivity Measurement and Its Applications in Cryopreservation". These recent advances are well prepared and presented in six chapters. These chapters are carefully selected to reflect current variable techniques, new concepts and methods related to the book's topic from different perspectives.

In recent years, nanotechnology is the basis for the development of modern production. This determined the urgency of the intensive development of the new direction of mechanics and nanomechanics, for the scientific description of nanotechnological processes and the solution of several topical nanotechnology problems. Topics included in the book cover a wide range of research in the field of nanomechanics: thermomass theory of nanosystems; deformation of nanomaterials; interface mechanics of assembly carbon nanotube; nanomechanics on surface; molecular interactions and transformations; nanomechanical sensors, nanobeams, and micromembranes; nanostructural organic and inorganic materials; green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. The main goal of these works is the establishment of the nanosystem macroparameter dependence on its nanoparameters using nanomechanics. This book will be useful for engineers, technologists, and researchers interested in methods of nanomechanics and in advanced nanomaterials with complex behavior and their applications.

In the twenty-first century, bearings are expected to perform better in the form of various operating conditions, that is from low speed to extremely high speed and from low load to huge load applications. The expectations from the field of bearing technology are great. During the recent years, we have been witnessing the development of a new generation of mechanical systems that are highly miniaturized and very sophisticated, yet extremely robust. Technological progress creates increasingly arduous conditions for rolling mechanisms.

This book contains the latest advances and scientific knowledge from the leading experts in urticaria and angioedema. The book consists of 15 chapters in which urticaria classification, urticaria etiopathogenesis, urticaria clinics, urticarial syndromes, angioedemas, diagnosis, pathogenesis and pathophysiology of urticaria, and treatment options are discussed. This book also emphasizes on the various laboratory tests necessary for urticarias. One chapter of the book is devoted to comorbidities in chronic spontaneous urticaria. Another chapter is related with pathophysiology and treatment of hereditary angioedema. We are grateful to all the contributors and leading experts for their valuable chapters, which provide an in-depth view of all aspects of the content, backed with the most current literature in the field. We hope that this book will provide interesting knowledge and serve as a comprehensive guide to many physicians dealing with urticaria and angioedemas in their clinical practice.

Lupus is a new book that will serve as perfect update to lupus for all those who are studying/working at different levels starting from graduate students up to senior investigators. This book provides a comprehensive guide to the latest issues and new developments in the field of lupus. The contents are based on different authors extensive research experience in lupus whether for basic or clinical specialties. Divided into four sections, each one covers the basic concept that will be equally valuable both for the expert and for those who are beginners in this field.

Nitric Oxide Synthase - Simple Enzyme-Complex Roles provides information on nitric oxide synthase, a biomolecule of key importance for the different biological systems, including central and peripheral nervous, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. With recent links to the role of nitric oxide in the reactions that can impact cell signaling, and discoveries surrounding the complex role of nitric oxide synthase that have increased research attention across the fields of cell and molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, toxicology, neuroscience, cardiology, urology, and endocrinology, this book tries to provide a comprehensive overview of biology/pathobiology of nitric oxide synthases and a perspective from possible therapeutic indication of the enzyme inhibitors.

Self-assembly is a common principle in molecular fabrication of natural and synthetic systems and has many important applications in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. This book provides clear explanations of the principles of self-assembly with the limitations along with examples and research-based results with discussion for students, researchers, and professions.

The knowledge of fundamental silicon questions and all aspects of silicon technology gives the possibility of improvement to both initial silicon material and devices on silicon basis. The articles for this book have been contributed by the much respected researchers in this area and cover the most recent developments and applications of silicon technology and some fundamental questions. This book provides the latest research developments in important aspects of silicon including nanoclusters, solar silicon, porous silicon, some technological processes, and silicon devices and also fundamental question about silicon structural perfection. This book is of interest both to fundamental research and to practicing scientists and also will be useful to all engineers and students in industry and academia.

The Wheat Improvement, Management, and Utilization book covers some of the most recent research areas that touch on enhancement of wheat productivity. It is obvious that wheat is one of the major staple crops grown globally. This crop has widely been researched on considering that, for instance, it is afflicted by various abiotic and biotic stresses that limit its growth and productivity. Today?s goal of wheat improvement consistently is to develop varieties that are high yielding with good processing and technological qualities, well adapted and tolerant to prevailing biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, this is a valuable reference book on wheat improvement, agronomy, and end-use qualities, particularly for those who work in research organizations and higher academic institutions. Moreover, it provides an invaluable resource for readers interested in a quick review of trending topics in wheat.