Bücher veröffentlicht von IntechOpen

The book Advanced Path Planning for Mobile Entities provides a platform for practicing researchers, academics, PhD students, and other scientists to design, analyze, evaluate, process, and implement diversiform issues of path planning, including algorithms for multipath and mobile planning and path planning for mobile robots. The nine chapters of the book demonstrate capabilities of advanced path planning for mobile entities to solve scientific and engineering problems with varied degree of complexity.

This book aims to introduce the emerging technologies of graphene oxide (GO) in various fields such as industrial, medical, electronics, artificial intelligence, materials-alloys, energy storage devices, optical, physics, mechanical, nanomaterials, and sustainable chemistry. At the current level of development, the properties and binding structure of graphene are important toward the recent applications. The knowledge produced by the graphene oxide could be a much haunting basis for discovering innovative opportunities in the field of emerging trends of research. Future technology expected that the full development will depend only on graphene and its functionalized composite materials. This book highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with GOs. Subject of interest in this book is exploring the opportunities and technologies related to abundant clean energy, pure water, and noble long healthy life.

For the incisive tests of hydrological theory, manipulation experiments can create particular conditions, plan and define boundaries and inner structures, isolate individual mechanisms, and push systems beyond the range in a PhD timescale. The goals of this book are to stimulate the approach of manipulation in promoting watershed hydrological experimentation and to try to demonstrate that the controlled and artificial experiments are the promising way of useful and effective generation of tests of new theories. This book is organized on the basis of nine different manipulation types from six countries including field lysimeter, field runoff plot, field manipulated experimental basin, field artificial catchment, laboratory river segment, laboratory pedon (rock), laboratory lysimeter, laboratory hillslope, and phytotron artificial catchment.

The term "Internet of Things" (IoT) refers to an ecosystem of interconnected physical objects and devices that are accessible through the Internet and can communicate with each other. The main strength of the IoT vision is the high impact it has created and will continue to do so on several aspects of the everyday life and behavior of its potential users. This book presents some of the state-of-the-art research work in the field of the IoT, especially on the issues of communication protocols, interoperability of protocols and semantics, trust security and privacy issues, reference architecture design, and standardization. It will be a valuable source of knowledge for researchers, engineers, practitioners, and graduate and doctoral students who are working in various fields of the IoT. It will also be useful for faculty members of graduate schools and universities.

Remote sensing was the primary data source since the launch of the first environmental monitoring satellite back in 1972. In the past five decades, remote sensing technology has come a long way and evolved into a mature science. Even so, new technologies, new theories, new methodologies, and new applications continue to emerge. With the rapid pace of technological advancement, it is essential to share experiences especially between different disciplines, either on breakthroughs in new theory or understanding, or applications of remote sensing on real world issues. Disciplines or fields covered in this book include geography, geology, agriculture, forestry, botany, and oceanography. Though remote sensing may be used differently in various disciplines, the principles are similar, if not the same. This book will be valuable to scientists, scholars, working professionals, or students who use remote sensing in their work, and are interested in learning how others use remote sensing in different ways.

In the present book, various applications of microfluidics and nanofluidics are introduced. Microfluidics and nanofluidics span a broad array of disciplines including mechanical, materials, and electrical engineering, surface science, chemistry, physics and biology. Also, this book deals with transport and interactions of colloidal particles and biomolecules in microchannels, which have great importance to many microfluidic applications, such as drug delivery in life science, microchannel heat exchangers in electronic cooling, and food processing industry. Furthermore, this book focuses on a detailed description of the thermal transport behavior, challenges and implications that involve the development and use of HTFs under the influence of atomistic-scale structures and industrial applications.

Evolving Strategies in Peritoneal Dialysis is intended as a concise compilation of articles designed to understand the basics of the current practice of the most cost-effective form of life support for patients with end-stage renal disease who require dialysis. Current strategies are understood best with a review of the historical development of catheter materials, solution packaging, and simplified machinery, which allow safe and effective nocturnal treatments. Quantitation of the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis is also reviewed because such calculations were also developed by the pioneers of nephrology to ensure adequacy of dialysis and daily fluid balance, which are responsible for the best chance for long-term patient survival. Comparison of methods for catheter placement is presented as well as the role that a dialysis center plays in the health and success of this form of end-stage renal disease patient care. The novel concept of assisted peritoneal dialysis for the infirm or institutionalized patients is probably the next direction needed to make available this treatment to many more patients than are currently eligible to receive it. This concept is explored in a separate chapter. Finally, professional dialysis staff must monthly assess individuals' nutritional status, bone health, and infection prevention and treatment to ensure the greatest functional status for these patients. This book concludes with a review of each of these topics to expand the mandatory monthly surveillance performed by dialysis centers for each patient who receives home peritoneal dialysis therapy.

Among energy sources, hydrogen gas is clean and renewable and has the potential to solve the growing energy crisis in today's society because of its high-energy density and noncarbon fuel properties. It is also used for many potential applications in nonpolluting vehicles, fuel cells, home heating systems, and aircraft. In addition, using hydrogen as an energy carrier is a long-term option to reduce carbon dioxide emissions worldwide by obtaining high-value hydrocarbons through the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. This book presents the recent progresses and developments in water-splitting processes as well as other hydrogen generation technologies with challenges and future perspectives from the point of energy sustainability.

Today, the application of phase change materials (PCMs) has developed in different industries, including the solar cooling and solar power plants, photovoltaic electricity systems, the space industry, waste heat recovery systems, preservation of food and pharmaceutical products, and domestic hot water. PCMs use the principle of latent heat thermal storage to absorb energy in large quantities when there is a surplus and release it when there is a deficit. This promising technology has already been successfully implemented in many construction projects. The aim of this book is to assist the scientists and to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the properties that characterize the phase change materials from theoretical and experimental perspectives with a focus on their technological applications. The present status and future perspectives of phase change material are discussed.

This book is devoted to a description of the modeling of nanosystems and a detailed exposition of the application of molecular dynamics methods to problems from various fields of technology: material science, the formation of composite molecular complexes, and transport of nanosystems. The research results of the modeling of various nanosystems are presented: soft supramolecular nanostructures, nanosized beams of single-crystal Cu, metallic nanosized crystals, drug delivery systems, and systems stabilized by hydrogen bonds. The information from this book will be useful for engineers, technologists, researchers, and postgraduate students interested in the study of the whole complex of computer simulation based on the concept of molecular dynamics methods for the task of designing and producing nanomaterials with controlled properties.

The director of communication is an impassioned profession that discovers which strategies are the best and the most intelligent. There are few manuals, and there are some that offer general and sparsely updated information about the change that new technologies imply. We find the literature isolated that can be directly useful. However, we will say that there is no single recipe for DirCom or communication consultants. Each one will offer different models according to the variables or factors that seem to them to be able to rectify the direction of a company according to his or her personal mood.

Arsenic - Analytical and Toxicological Studies is a collection of original works focused on arsenic occurrence and chemistry, methods for arsenic determination and removal and arsenic toxicity and health risks. The most commonly used techniques for arsenic quantification and speciation, such as atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry, among others, and the various procedures applied for arsenic separation and removal are exhaustively described. The mechanism of arsenic-induced toxicology, involving arsenic interaction with critical thiols in proteins and the health risks associated with exposure to arsenic, is also discussed.

The book "Dental Anatomy" is one of the most important and basic areas of dentistry. This book is a collection of nine chapters divided into five sections as follows: Chapter 1: "Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Incisors", Chapter 2: "The Permanent Maxillary and Mandibular Premolar Teeth", Chapter 3: "Dental Anatomical Features and Caries: A Relationship to be Investigated", Chapter 4: "Anatomy Applied to Block Anaesthesia", Chapter 5: "Treatment Considerations for Missing Teeth", Chapter 6: "Anatomical and Functional Restoration of the Compromised Occlusion: From Theory to Materials", Chapter 7: "Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar", Chapter 8: "A Comparative Study of the Validity and Reproducibility of Mesiodistal Tooth Size and Dental Arch with the iTero Intraoral Scanner and the Traditional Method", Chapter 9: "Identification of Lower Central Incisors".The book is aimed toward dentists and can also be well used in education and research.

The peripheral membrane proteins transduce the extracellular signaling into the cells. The peripheral membrane proteins include the G protein-coupled receptors, receptor tyrosine kinases, channels and transporters. The signals, which are transduced via the peripheral membrane proteins, activate several pathways including G protein signaling, MAPK signaling, TNF signaling, TGF? signaling, Wnt signaling and Hedgehog signaling. The peripheral membrane proteins transduce the signaling from the extracellular ligands into the cells. This book intends to provide a comprehensive overview of the features and signaling of peripheral membrane proteins, which includes the molecular structure and interaction. The insights into membrane proteins associated with diseases and therapeutics and the effects of drugs and chemicals are also discussed in this book.

In this book, we learn about organizational conflict, highlighting different perspectives of conflict resolution and conflict management in different settings and areas, as well as different theoretical views on this subject. The authors from Norway, Estonia, Nigeria, Israel, USA, Slovakia, Turkey, Finland, Uruguay, and Italy bring ideas, studies, findings, and experiences to enhance our knowledge in the field of organizational conflict. The book is divided into two sections, and their respective chapters refer to two different perspectives of study. The first section covers Conceptual Frameworks on Organizational Conflict, considering management and conflict resolution, conflict in organizations as an indicator for organizational values, organizational trust as a conflict management tool, conflicts and social capital, and team conflict in complex adaptive systems. The second section deals with Empirical Studies on Organizational Conflict, emphasizing research on conflict resolution from the perspective of managers and project teams, resistance to change and conflict of interest, conflicts as a springboard for Metallica's success, drivers of innovation deployment affecting marketing relationships, and impacts of national culture on the use of bonuses for teamwork. Thus, we consider this book will be of interest to readers with a diverse group of interests in different specialties such as management, social psychology, education, law, and sociology.

Recently, the rapid development of radiofrequency (RF)/microwave and photonic/optical waveguide technologies has had a significant impact on the current electronic industrial, medical and information and communication technology (ICT) fields. This book is a self-contained collection of valuable scholarly papers related to waveguide design, modeling, and applications. This book contains 20 chapters that cover three main subtopics of waveguide technologies, namely RF and microwave waveguide, photonic and optical waveguide and waveguide analytical solutions. Hence, this book is particularly useful to the academics, scientists, practicing researchers and postgraduate students whose work relates to the latest waveguide technologies.

In this book, Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ( CMOS ) devices are extensively discussed. The topics encompass the technology advancement in the fabrication process of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors or MOSFETs (which are the fundamental building blocks of CMOS devices) and the applications of transistors in the present and future eras. The book is intended to provide information on the latest technology development of CMOS to researchers, physicists, as well as engineers working in the field of semiconductor transistor manufacturing and design.

Endotracheal intubation is a mandatory practice in the anesthesiologic management of surgical procedures, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, life-saving procedures in the emergency department, and medical procedures, and it involves many medical issues such as anesthesiology, surgery, and pulmonary diseases. This book deals with the basic principles of hypoxia and oxygenation in terms of functional airway anatomy and intubation requirements as well as difficult airway algorithms.

Integrated river basin management is an approach focusing on the development and management of land and water resources in a coordinated manner with the primary aim to ensure society development, which is well balanced from the environmental, economic, and social points of view. It is a complex approach, including all aspects of water resource management (water and aquatic ecosystem protection, disaster management, and water use) and covering a wide range of disciplines (e.g., hydrology, ecology, environmental management, and economy), cross-cutting issues (climate change, data sharing, and stakeholder involvement), and approaches (river basin management plans preparation, water-food-energy-ecosystems nexus assessment, science-policy integration, and transboundary cooperation). This book provides a comprehensive overview of achievements and challenges associated with the implementation of the approach throughout the world.

Silver nanoparticles are the subject of immense interest because of their distinct chemical and physical properties that are different from their bulk counterpart. This makes these nanoparticles very important in many fields including antimicrobial applications, biosensor materials, composite fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials, cosmetic products, and electronic components. This book aims to provide in-depth study and analysis of various fabrication, characterization, and application techniques of silver nanoparticles that lead these nanoparticles very important in the recent technology. This book presents deep understanding of the new techniques from basic to the advanced level. This book addresses scientists, engineers, doctoral and postdoctoral fellows, and technical professionals working in specialized fields.

Heterogeneous kinetics plays an important role in many scientific disciplines and industrial branches such as physical chemistry, materials science, chemical industry, ceramic industry, etc. Although many excellent books on theories and methods can be found, the aim of this book is to provide an unconventional insight into the heterogeneous kinetics and properties of the activated complex. The introduction of the effective mass of this instanton enables to calculate many other properties, such as the most probable speed of activated complex, the momentum, the energetic density, the mass flux, etc., and to define two quantum numbers of activated state, i.e., the activation energy and the momentum. The monograph is organized into three chapters. The first of them deals with a short historical background, which introduces the beginning of chemical kinetics in the historical context. The second chapter is dedicated to the transition state theory, and the third one explains the concept of effective mass and effective rate of activated state as well as other properties of activated complex.

Municipal and industrial wastewaters contain a wide spectrum of pollutants. Their effective removal presents a challenge for water treatment technology. Biosorption of nutrients and pollutants has been used in sewage treatment since the discovery of the activated sludge process. It is a passive uptake process by which pollutants are adsorbed on the surface of cell walls and/or dissolved in structures of microorganism cells that are present in sludge. Sorbed pollutants remain in the sludge and can be potentially released back into the environment depending on their condition and the reversibility of the pollutant-sludge interaction. An overview of typical biosorption applications for the removal of nutrients, organic pollutants, and metals in wastewater treatment is provided in different areas of their use for the protection of aquatic ecosystems and human health. This book will be of interest to operators of wastewater treatment plants and sludge treatment and disposal facilities as well as to researchers and university students in the field of environmental engineering.

Peptides are the biomolecules that consist of several amino acid chains linked through peptide bonds. This class of biomolecules is commonly found in living matter, and some of which play an imperative role in their regulation and functional activities. Peptides have been extensively applied in every aspect of human life, including cosmetics, electronics, the food industries, and pharmaceutical fields. Ultimately, peptide commercialization has become a major trend, which has been growing significantly in recent years. Viewed from the scientific perspective described above, the editor believes that the development of peptides in every aspect of human life should be accelerated. As such, this book aims to provide insight and knowledge regarding the current research that has been conducted in this field; hence, this book may encourage the reader to emphasize the importance of peptides in human life and to inspire others to identify the potency of peptides for other applications that still need further exploration. In this book, some of the compelling applications of peptides in biological and health sciences will be introduced. This book comprises an introductory chapter, along with four chapters presented by several prominent scientists who work in the field of peptide research.

Food safety is defined as the concept that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use. Most food product recalls and food-related outbreaks are fully considered as food safety failures. Many risk-based food safety standards, e.g., HACCP, BRC, SQF, ISO/FSSC 22000, are designed to prevent such issues from occurring. Any food recall or food-related outbreak may be attributed to the likelihood of a risk assessment, which in some way failed to identify and control the risk. The essence and true nature of food safety hazards are affected by resources of the food facility, e.g., human, work environment, infrastructure, availability and accessibility of food safety information. Thus, food specialists should establish and manage the parameters of the applied food safety systems to achieve the food safety objectives that produce food in compliance with regulatory and statutory requirements. It is important to understand what exactly will make an end product unsafe and ensure that the necessary control measures are in place to prevent it from happening. Understanding the basic food safety concepts can lead to improvement of the current food safety systems and/or standards.

Public support and feed-in tariff as a nonvariable compensation for the electric power production of energy have suppressed the risky investment of distributed generators (DGs) in smart distribution systems (SDSs). Although the using renewable energy technologies and the incorporation of plug-in DGs into SDS may have positive effects on congestion management, power loss reduction, and sustainability, they may create some difficulties relating to manage the system optimally by considering the intermittency of renewable resources in power production and uncertainties. Many researches have been carried out to deliver the high-quality power to the end-users with acceptable reliability. This book aims to present the recent materials related to the smart microgrids and the management of intermittent renewable energy sources that organized into seven chapters.

During the last decades, aquatic resources have been severely depleted due to human-induced factors such as overexploitation and pollution and more recently due to deviations in the physicochemical parameters of oceans, dramatic changes in weather patterns and melting of glaciers. The effects of these man-made factors are occurring in a relatively shorter time scale and, in many cases, are beyond the capacity of organisms to adapt to these deviations. The majority of natural aquatic resources, which are one of the most important food sources on the planet, are being used to the extent that limits their capacity for regeneration. Despite ongoing attempts towards developing strategies for long-term management of aquatic resources all over the world, efforts have met with limited success. Thus, the sustainable use of aquatic resources has become a very important reality considering a projected human population of 11 billion by the year 2100. With this reality in mind, the purpose of this book is to shed more light on the field of marine ecology by emphasizing the diversity of aquatic life on earth and its importance both as part of a balanced ecosystem and as part of critical source of food on earth. The book covers important findings, discussions and reviews on a variety of subjects on environmental and competitive interactions of marine organisms at different trophic levels and their effects on the productivity, dynamics and structure of marine ecosystems around the world. Each chapter focuses on a specific case in the field of marine ecology and was written by researchers with years of experience in their respective fields. We hope that academicians, researchers and students as well as experts and professionals working in the field of marine ecology will benefit from these contributions. We also hope that this book will inspire more studies to help better understand the marine environment and develop strategies to better protect this crucial element of life on earth.

Electrical machines are used in the process of energy conversion in the generation, transmission and consumption of electric power. In addition to this, electrical machines are considered the main part of electrical drive systems. Electrical machines are the subject of advanced research. In the development of an electrical machine, the design of its different structures is very important. This design ensures the robustness, energy efficiency, optimal cost and high reliability of the system. Using advanced techniques of control and new technology products has brought electrical machines into their optimal functioning mode. Different techniques of control can be applied depending on the goals considered. The aim of this book is to present recent work on the design, control and applications of electrical machines.

Today, calorimetry is considered an art (although some consider it a tool) that studies the energy changes that occur during a change of state. This allows physicochemical analysis to study in detail the thermodynamic systems and to evaluate the different variables that establish the characteristics of the system itself. This book illustrates how the reader can use this technique in a wide spectrum of applications.

The disproportionate use of fossil fuels has turned into a serious environmental issue. Thus, we are encountering one of the biggest challenges of the twenty-first century, satisfying the energy demand with respect to the environment. Thermoelectricity is an emerging technology, which contributes to reducing the impact of the use of traditional technologies, harvesting the waste heat, and eliminating the use of refrigerants. The book Bringing Thermoelectricity into Reality covers the current thermoelectric investigations: the study of novel thermoelectric materials, the development of computational models, the design of proper assemblies, and the optimization of thermal designs, as well as novel thermoelectric generators, coolers, and heating applications. This book looks for the definitive thermoelectric applications applied to everyday life.

Despite their wide availability and relatively low prices, the conventional energy sources have harmful consequences on the environment and are exhaustible. In order to circumvent these negative effects, the renewable energies in general and the photovoltaic energy in particular are becoming more and more attractive. Solar cell is an electrical device that converts light into electricity at the atomic level. These devices use inorganic or organic semiconductor materials that absorb photons with energy greater than their bandgap to promote energy carriers into their conduction band. They do not pollute the atmosphere by releasing harmful gases, do not require any fuel to produce electricity, and do not move parts so they are rugged. Solar panels have a very long life and do not need much maintenance.