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This volume is a result of an abiding interest in the phenomenon of radical Islamist terror that haunts Pakistan today. The research questions that it seeks to answer are: Why do the tribal areas remain a problem for rulers and administrators throughout history? How and why did radical Islam embed itself in the terrain? Was it influenced by the overall emphasis on Islam in Pakistani state politics? What is the role of history and politics in fuelling religious passions in the area? What has led to the survival of TTP despite humongous efforts of the Pakistan Army to decimate it? What are the future portents of such a movement? What impact is it likely to have on Pakistani society and politics?The volume makes an attempt to understand the context in which Pakistani Taliban or TTP, as it is called now, came into being, the enabling factors that made the growth of TTP possible, the formation and growth of TTP as a militant organisation, its leadership and its activities over the years, its ideological orientation and its worldview, its aims and objectives, its relationship with other militant groups in and outside Pakistan and the efforts of the Pakistani establishment to come to terms with such a phenomenon. There is an attempt to analyse the process and study its implications for Pakistan and the region.Dr. Ashok K. Behuria is Senior Fellow and Coordinator of the South Asia Centre at MP-IDSA. He holds a PhD in International Relations from the Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. He joined MP-IDSA in 2003 and prior to that he was Assistant Director at the International Centre for Peace Studies, New Delhi. Dr. Behuria has also been Editor of International Studies, the prestigious research journal from Jawaharlal Nehru University and is on the Editorial Boards of Journal of Peace Studies and Strategic Analysis, the flagship journal of MP-IDSA. He has taught at University of Delhi and Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi. He is a close observer of developments in the South Asian neighbourhood and was conferred the prestigious K. Subrahmanyam Award for excellence in strategic studies for his work on Pakistan in 2009. He has published many research articles on strategic issues related to Pakistan, India-Pakistan relations, Sri Lanka, Nepal and the South Asian security environment in Indian and foreign journals. He has edited several books on South Asia and continues with his research on internal politics in Pakistan, India's engagement with the neighbourhood, regional security, and inter-state cooperation.

The book is about Civil-Military cohesion and India's ancient strategic culture. It analyses the security architecture of India dealing with external security with an aim to enhance its effectiveness. Civil-Military relations is an important aspect which affects the external security of the country. The approach to understanding Civil-Military relations has generally utilised Western theoretical constructs. The book follows a different approach. It utilises India's ancient strategic culture to understand India's inherent strengths and weaknesses. India is an ancient civilisation with a great strategic culture which spans many millennia. While the structure of the military may be what India inherited from the British, but the ethos of soldiering is what has evolved from the Vedic and the Epic periods. The book analyses the deficiencies in India's present security architecture and suggests a structure which amalgamates the past and the present. It utilises Civil-Military cohesion to suggest an external security architecture, which provides a comprehensive, whole of nation approach to national security. This structure based on Civil-Military integration provides an option not only for the present but also for the timeless lessons that India's past teaches us. Gp Capt Rajesh R Chaudhary is a serving officer of the Indian Air Force. He was commissioned in the Flying Branch of the IAF as a Navigator. He has extensively flown strategic and tactical airlift aircraft in all their operational roles including disaster relief, and the aerial refueller aircraft of the IAF. He has served in several training and operational bases besides Air Headquarters and held various command and staff appointments. A post-graduate from the Defence Services Staff College, he is presently a Senior Fellow at the Centre for Air Power Studies, New Delhi. He is involved in research on national security, Civil-Military relations and Higher Defence Organisation of India.

Since national security impacts every citizen in India, there is a growing need for a more sophisticated, broad-based and nuanced understanding of the instrument of force in statecraft. Largely confined to the strategic elite and practitioners thus far, a wider national security discourse could generate better ideas to proliferate and morph into better policies, strategies and doctrines. This academic endeavour, the first of its kind from India's National Defence College, seeks to tap the vast operational experience of all the contributors and offers a basic understanding of several important cornerstones of force and war fighting; how they can best be employed in current and future scenarios; and how best they can be synergised for effect. It is a go-to book for policy makers, legislators, diplomats, academics, leadership at various levels in the various national security verticals including the military, media and the curious reader even as India grapples with new and emerging security challenges in a volatile global geopolitical landscape.Air Vice Marshal (Dr) Arjun Subramaniam is the President's Chair of Excellence in National Security Affairs at National Defence College, New Delhi. A retired fighter pilot, military historian and strategic commentator, he is the author of five books, including India's Wars: A Military History: 1947-1971 and its newly-released sequel in two versions titled Full Spectrum: India's Wars 1972-2020 and A Military History of India Since 1972.Air Marshal Diptendu Choudhury is the Commandant of the National Defence College, New Delhi, and an alumnus of the Royal College of Defence Studies, UK. A highly experienced and accomplished fighter pilot with vast experience in Air Power at strategic, operational and tactical levels. He is a prolific writer on air power strategy and international security having published chapters in edited volumes and articles in several professional and academic journals.

China's contemporary national security imperative as envisioned by her apex leadership, makes it incumbent upon its defence forces to rapidly transform from mechanised warfare to informationised one; and conduct joint campaigns involving multiple services instead of single force operations.This book is accordingly premised on the ongoing reality of the Chinese Peoples' Liberation Army (PLA) modernising at an accelerated pace, with the aim of becoming a force capable of countering world class adversary under informationised conditions by 2050; and the operational effectiveness of the Chinese defence forces getting enhanced manifold, if the Country is able to leverage certain high technologies in its national, maritime, and military domains, for combat use.These emerging high-technologies include advances in artificial intelligence; space-based quantum communications; applications related to electromagnetic drives, such as rail guns and electromagnetic aircraft-launch systems; other niche weapons and platforms such as hypersonic weapons, anti-ship ballistic missiles, unmanned and artificial intelligence-enabled vehicles - UAVs, USVs and UUVs.The book further discusses the impact of such high-technology-based Chinese naval presence in the Indian Ocean Region - specifically, security implications for India in her primary areas of maritime interests; and offers valuable recommendations for the Indian security-strategists, policymakers, scientific community, and maritime practitioners.

This book titled "Bangladesh Liberation @50 Years: 'Bijoy' with Synergy: India-Pakistan War 1971" is special, as it commemorates 50 years of the Liberation War of 1971. The primary reason for which was the situation prevailing in East Pakistan (later Bangladesh) and Pakistan's proactive actions based on its propagated strategy of 'Defence of the East lies in the West'. The book highlights the strategy and operational plans executed by India and Pakistan, and the role of the Mukti Bahini and the people of East Pakistan. It also talks about personal experiences, and accounts of soldiers and people alike. The book aims to look at the prevailing regional dynamics and beyond the Liberation War with great focus on connectivity, culture, commerce and security. This book would be of great interest to all-civilians and military personnel alike as also to the policymakers, defence analysts, academia and students of strategic studies.Lieutenant General (Dr.) VK Ahluwalia, PVSM, AVSM**, YSM, VSM (Retd), is the Director of Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS). The General Officer was commissioned in 1971. He commanded an infantry brigade, mountain division and corps in Uri-Baramulla, Kargil and Leh-Ladakh sectors respectively. He has also served in the North East and in the states critically affected by the Maoist insurgency in India. Lt Gen Ahluwalia superannuated as Army Commander, Central Command in March 2012. He holds a Ph.D in Internal Security and Conflict Resolution and has authored many books.Brigadier AN Jha (Retd), is Senior Instructor (SI), Promotion Exam Cell (PROMEX) at CLAWS. The Brigadier was commissioned into the JAT Regiment in Dec 1986. He later commanded an Infantry Battalion and Rashtriya Rifles Sector HQ in J&K and the Jat Regimental Centre. The Officer has held important appointments at Unit, Brigade, Sub Area, Division, Corps, Command and Army HQs. He has been an instructor in The Infantry School and Army War College, Mhow (MP). The officer is a recipient of two COAS Commendation Cards and three Army Commanders Commendation Cards. He is a M.Phil in Defence Studies and takes a keen interest in writing articles.

"Whilst war is timeless and universal, it is technology that shapes and defines warfare more than any other factor. Indian Army has always exploited technology to help maintain a winning edge. The impact of technology will be even more pronounced in the future, and hence the understanding and adoption of emerging technologies by us becomes an imperative. This book is a comprehensive study of military technologies that need to be adopted for the capability development of Indian Army. The book makes a highly recommendable read on the basis of its thorough coverage and discussion concerning future technologies for the Indian Army. Its prospective readers are bound to be fully engaged by the book as it lays down a comprehensive road map for the modernisation of Indian Army leveraging future technologies...."- Lt Gen Rajeev Sabherwal,PVSM, AVSM,VSM (Retd)Former SO-in-C, SigsCOAS Chair of Excellence, CLAWS "Technology is user neutral but key technologies form an integral part to enhance national interest and national security of every nation of the world. Sooner the nation states-small or large, developed or developing, recognises the role of technology and identifies the key technologies, sooner will it be possible for any country to safeguard her sovereignty and integrity. India cannot afford to miss the next Industrial Revolution. Chakravorty's deliberations on future technologies is timely and argues cautiously but firmly the need to identify key technologies for the Indian Army at the earliest." - Gautam Sen Pune AcademicianMajor General (Dr.) PK Chakravorty, VSM (Retd), is an alumnus of the National Defence Academy and was commissioned into the Regiment of Artillery on 31 March 1972. The General is a Silver Gunner and has undergone training at the Long Gunnery Staff Course, Staff College and National Defence College. He was also primarily involved in the induction of BrahMos Supersonic Cruise Missiles in the Indian Army. He has also served as the Defence Attaché to Vietnam where he cultivated interest in China and is a prolific writer on strategic subjects. The Officer is presently Senior Fellow (Veteran) at the Centre for Land Warfare Studies (CLAWS), New Delhi.

Franklin D Roosevelt had said: "In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens, you can bet it was planned that way." An analysis of classic Sino-Russia relationship would prove the point. There is talk now about the "China-Russia" Military Pact. Given the status of current Indo-China relations and Russia's dilemma about its bilateral relations with India and China, the probable "Sino-Russia Military Pact" should be a matter of concern for India, considering its unavoidable impact. The issues related to Indo-Sino-Russian relations, in their own sphere, are quite complex. Keeping that complexity in mind, the impact of India's multi-dimensional relationship with other countries-especially the USA and the formation of QUAD (India-Australia-Japan-USA) would also be an important factor for consideration. Thus, a broad level analysis of all the aspects mentioned above would be essential to arrive at a conclusion, having the semblance of reality. The monograph analyse Sino-Russia Military Strategies, their common thread, India's multipronged relationships with other countries, Implications of Sino-Russia Pact on India and evaluate measures India could take to safeguard its own national interests.Commodore SL Deshmukh, Nausena Medal (Retd), has served in the Indian Navy for 32 years. His educational qualifications include BE (Mech), MSc (Def Sc), PGDM (Gold Medallist). He holds a qualification both in Marine & Aviation fields. He served on-board ships and aircraft carriers. He is a specialist in the maintenance of Fighter aircraft and Anti Submarines Warfare Helicopters. He is alumni of Defence Services Staff College (Wellington, Nilgiris).

Political stability is an essential requirement for providing the right environment needed for peaceful communities and the vision of political leadership plays a key role in growth of a country. The NDA Govt has already completed its first three years and BJP is certainly on a rise. With a massive mandate in Uttar Pradesh and an expanding footprint across the country, it seems impossible to stop the Modi juggernaut in 2019. But, is the reality that simple and straight forward?In 2014, BJP was able to win a simple majority of 282 seats with the least number of percentage vote-share in the history of independent India because opposition vote got fragmented. Opposition is unlikely to repeat this mistake in 2019. Also, there was a massive anti-incumbency wave against UPA in 2014 and this tail wind will not be available for BJP in 2019. There are many states which only have a nominal presence of BJP and the party is not fighting more than 350-360 seats practically speaking. In this book, we look at the factors which would determine if Modi would get another term. Will Modi return or will it be a coalition Govt in Delhi in 2019. Or BJP's dependence on allies would be so high in the next term that the "compulsions of coalition politics" will come to the fore. Read on to get an impartial and non-ideological take on what the future holds for the country from the perspective of 2019 general elections.

India and Iran as two ancient civilisations have historically shared cordial relations with some occasional challenges. One such challenge in recent years came up when Iran was placed under international economic and political sanctions due to its nuclear programme.

Operation Cactus was launched to rescue President Gayoom and restore his democratically elected government.

The problems of national security for a country like India which has experienced a series of catastrophes from within and a continuing threat from without has to be formulated in terms of larger goals and aspirations to which this civilisational community has committed itself. National security strategy is an integral part of a nation state's quest to safeguard her its national interest. National interest involves the securitisation of a nation's security from external and internal threats by synergising with foreign policy making to ensure that diplomacy to play a complementary as well as supporting role to meet the goals and objectives of national interest. Therefore, we have to consider a complex interaction between our perception of our neighbours beyond the borders as well as the larger major powers and their perceptions and an assessment of our situation and our objectives.It is within this matrix of relationship that specific goals of India's defence and security policy will get structured. On the other hand, the cultural and political aspects of the problems create a texture of tasks and priorities of decision-making, implying the process of institutionalisation ranging from the economic to the administrative and legal preconditions.Therefore, various forms of leadership may be required to respond creatively to the complexities of the problem. This research endeavour is aimed at clarifying the normative and contextual aspects of India's national interest and national security strategy.

China and Japan have been at loggerheads over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands for well over two decades now. With no end to the dispute in sight, and agreements breaking down, it appears as if a new theatre in the Asia-Pacific region has been activated. This monograph is an exercise in determining as to what extent China is willing and capable of operating in a new theatre. To change the status quo of the East China Sea (ECS) unilaterally through the use force or otherwise, a variety of calculations will go into the formulation of Chinese foreign policy towards the region. These considerations take the shape of economic and commercial interests, energy insecurity and nationalist fever, among others. Islands on the Rocks is a study of Chinese insecurities and vulnerabilities that impose upon the foreign policy calculus of China when it comes to the ECS. The paper outlines the Chinese strategy to gain sovereignty and effective control of the islands, through the use of the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). Sino-Japanese relations form the backbone of this dispute over the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. The three angles of studying the position of both states are: the extent of trade in the ECS and which countries are most vested in it; the state of energy security in China and Japan to see what the impact of a blockade is likely to be; and the strains that nationalism exerts on the ECS dispute. These forces and the accompanying strategies employed by both states are outlined in the paper, with Sino-Japanese relations as the backbone. With these various considerations imposing on the foreign policy and behaviour of both states, the author suggests some solutions and suggestions to foster cooperation and put an end to the stare-down contest between the two states.

Over the last few years, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has taken a number of steps to promote the concept of cyber-sovereignty. The World Internet Conference (WIC), now in its fourth year, has been used by the CCP as a key platform for advocating cyber-sovereignty. The WIC has also seen the signing of several important agreements and aims to be recognised as the 'Internet Davos'. More recently, the CCP has revamped the Cyber-security Law (as on 1st July 2017) and has brought domestic companies (Tencent, Baidu and Sina) under investigation for cyber-security violations. In the backdrop of these developments, this occasional paper seeks to decode the Chinese vision for cyber-sovereignty.

This book analyses the current trends of the EU-India relationship through content analysis. It shall seek to examine the various aspects of the EU-India equation which are giving it an upward thrust and also the factors which are proving to be a drag on the relationship.

This book describes the environmental effects of eight weapons and explosive remnants of war that have caused extensive environmental harm in the recent past. It also makes specific recommendations addressed to the international community and the States for protecting the natural environment from the impact of weapons of war.

This book is an initial attempt to make pertinent information on Tibet readily available to an interested reader. The emphasis is on presenting biographical sketches of the relatively more important cadres to enable the analyst and reader to form an impression about the individual, his future career prospects and possibly his affiliations.

The book examines how since his appointment to China's three top posts - simultaneously for the first time in 30 years - Xi Jinping has deftly used ideology and nationalism to accumulate power and ensure the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)'s legitimacy and monopoly on power.

The volume examines the nature, dynamics and challenges of social integration and political participation by the Pakistani diaspora in the United Kingdom. It explores the political context that shapes both policy and discourse on immigrant integration with special reference to the Pakistani diaspora's lived experience in Scandinavian countries.

The book examines the various models which could be acceptable solution to the Kurdish problem in West Asian region. It also evaluates the role of the Kurdish diaspora placing Kurdish issue in the international forum.

Major Raj Pratap Singh, a combat trained solider with sharp wit and reasoning, posted in the Northeast discovers the fury of nature. The story unfolds with life at the Army Cantonment and the interaction with the civilians living in the area.The book revolves around Major Raj Pratap Singh and his interaction with a civilian child Tinku and her pet elephant. The rains and floods brings with it the calamity which is the nailbiting story of saving Tinku and her elephant from drowning.Intertwined in this story is the deep insight of the life of the Army and strong bond of the Army wives fraternity. Read the fast paced book, encompassing natural disaster, the rebellion of a lady and how the story unfolds…

This book examines the importance of aviation to the country both for military as well as or civil purposes. From here it goes on to trace the development of aviation in India. Then it examines the Indian Aircraft Industry from studying the aircraft projects carried out by India.

Pakistan Army is the most organised, powerful and influential institution in the country. It proclaims to protect not only the territorial frontiers of the state but the very ideology of the nation as well. The institution, through various means and mechanisms, controls Grand National Narrative (GNN) in Pakistan and strongly resists any attempt on part of other stakeholders to introduce changes having potential to weaken its hold in the system. It has fairly penetrated almost all sectors of Pakistani society and institutions of any significance including mass-media and academia. Its linkages with various indigenous extremist/terrorist groups is well-known and documented. Despite a severe blowback at home in the form of deadly terror strikes, the army refuses to discontinue its policy of using terror outfits as strategic assets to achieve foreign policy objectives. Against this background, the study traces the evolution of army, from scratch to the most potent force, and critically analyses the institution and its role in the country.

The current volume is a collection of articles about developments, security situations, political reforms, democratic transformation, external energy policies and trade relations among Eurasian States and their relations with India.

China, today, is the focus of discussions due to its actions, particularly in the South China Sea, where territorial disputes have affected the stability of the region. The book contends that China's actions have not contributed to promoting confidence amongst its smaller neighbours who cannot flex their muscles in any dispute. This is even more relevant in the context of China's rejection of the award by the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The wanton destruction of the marine environment by the dredging of the coral reefs to create artificial islands and build military assets only shows China in a poor light.While China claims to pursue a "peaceful periphery", unfortunately, it buttresses its claims in the region by the use of force and coercion, as well as the economic leverage. Its aggressive and assertive behaviour does not evoke confidence that China, which aspires to be the number one power in the world, is moving in the right direction. This monograph aims to examine the contours and compulsions of the related issues to arrive at templates for conflict resolution in the region.