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Cross sectional studies do not permit the investigation of careers because cross 1 PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF CRIME AND DELINQUENCY 2 sectional sampling includes only portions of careers for many of the individuals sampled.

Population change and population forecasts are receiving considerable attention from governmental planners and policy-makers, as well as from the private sector.

I attempted to write the book in a manner that would simultaneously be generally comprehensible to students (particularly at the graduate level) and to practitioners desiring a relatively thorough overview of the indicators literature and yet be of value to scholars desiring to explore (and hopefully advance) this field.

Research and evaluation in the human services usually involves a relatively large number of variables. This is the problem of "estimation," that is, estimating the relationships or effects between variables, taking into account their relationships with other variables.

We were then asked to reconsider the different possibilities of teaching methods and media in more detail, in terms of their differential teaching effects, costs of application, and the committee's preference for the print medium.

During the time this country has been engaged in a "war on poverty," two massive efforts to reform welfare, Richard M. In 1971, the governor of California vii viii INTRODUCTION proposed (and implemented) a major welfare reform in an attempt to stem the rapid growth of welfare caseloads that began in his state in 1967-68.

Het is mogelijk dat het orimogelijk is om iets nieuwer enjuister te zeggen, maar over al het geschrevene daalt het stof der tijden neer, en ik peins daarom dat het goed is als er om de 10 jaar een andere een kruis trekt over al die oude dingen, en de wereld-van-vandaag opnieuw uitspreekt 1 met andere woorden. -Louis Paul Boon (1972) 1.1 THE PROBLEM The distribution of labor incomes is a problem with two aspects, each of which has received ample attention in the literature. The first aspect relates to the shape of the frequency distribution of individuals according to their (labor) incomes. Analytical contributions include the so-called stochastic theories of income dis­ tribution, such as Gibrat's law of proportionate effect, Champernowne's and Rutherford's Markov-chain models, and Pigou's puzzle. The question is, If abil­ ities are normally distributed, why should the distribution of incomes deviate from this shape? This deviation is the basic fact that these theories explain: in­ come distributions, whatever the time and place of observation, are positively skewed. 2 CHAPTER 1 The second aspect of the distribution of labor incomes is the problem of wage differentials: why do wages differ, why do all workers not earn the same wage? This question has been a standard problem ever since Adam Smith dealt with it.

True, the Disillusion ment chapter is followed by many other chapters - there is, after all, some thing to be said on development economics that is worth saying - but the wording has changed, and frequently the focus as well, in comparison to the development economics of the 1950s and 'sixties.

OVERVIEW With the decline of U.S. productivity growth, interest has surged to under stand the behavior of productivity measures through time, the conceptual foundations of productivity analysis, and the linkage between productivity performance and other major forces in the economy.

The requirement that industries must abate environmental pollution leads to increased costs of production and, in turn, to higher prices, falling output in those industries, and reduced employment and income in the region where such industries are located.

In September 1977 a "Regional Science Symposium" was held at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Goningen in the Netherlands. The first theme, spatial inequalities and regional development, was chosen because of its central place in regional science.

Thus the statement that is usually made, that the standard results carry over to a world in which there is spatial choice, is too weak and fails to capture the essence oflocation theory. These considerations led to the conclusion that the role of spatial choice and the determinants of such choice would be best analysed by case study.