Bücher veröffentlicht von LAP Lambert Academic Publishing

The book focuses on the duties and potential liabilities of issuing and confirming banks when they decide not to pay against a documentary presentation as provided for in Article 16 (c-f) of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, ICC publication No.600. Although the duty of the issuing and confirming banks to give notice to the presenter is clear, there are controversies around what constitutes a reasonable delay in giving notice. What constitutes notice (oral notice or by telecommunications)? What should the notice consist of? After notice has been given, what amounts to reasonable delay in returning the documents to the presenter? These are some of the issues discussed in this publication.

The monograph presents modern aspects of diagnostics and planning of surgical treatment of traumas of the zygomatic-orbital complex. The traumatic injuries of the zygomatic-orbital complex are characterized. Clinical manifestations and diagnostic principles of fractures of the zygomatic-orbital complex are evaluated. Special attention is paid to the methods of surgical treatment of the z zygomatic-orbital complex and injuries of the lower wall of the orbit. The authors have developed a method of individual computer modeling and surgical intervention on the basis of selection of the modeled individual implant at fractures of the zygomatic-orbital complex, and its efficiency is shown.The monograph is intended for practical use for doctors - maxillofacial surgeons and ophthalmologists.

Angola has one of the world's largest diamond reserves with over 150-300 million carats. Its agriculture is blessed with 58 million hectares of fertile land. Yet Angola makes 2 billion dollars a year from diamonds. Only 8-10 percent of the fertile land in Angola is arable, yielding less than 9 percent of the Angolan GDP, worth just over 100 billion dollars. This contrasts with Ukraine which has less fertile land than Angola, but racks in nearly 70 billion dollars a year from agriculture. Industrialisation sets these two countries apart. Angola needs to radically mechanise its agriculture and attract significant foreign investment for the mineral industry in public - private partnerships. It needs to privatise wisely, as much of its population is poor. The State needs to have sufficient cash flow to address the growing social challenges. Of all it needs to do, Angola must prioritise investment in its leadership capacity building programs, one leadership which must be law-abiding, altruistic, prudent with expenditure, industrialisation-focused, innovative, revenue-oriented, task-oriented and visionary. These and other suggestions are made throughout this book.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in Southern South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors in the pretest were Balance > Article > Usage > Agreement (Noun number) > Parallelism > Sentence type (Conjunction S+V, S+V), and 3) Agreement (Noun numbers) > Article > Connectives > Meaning > Preposition errors were survived at the end of the semester. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in the Southern part of South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors showed their own hierarchical order, such as sentence types and meaning > mechanics > word choice > agreement > main verb > article, and 3) Main verbs (Transitive vs intransitive) > Article (the) > Agreement in number > Preposition > Agreement in Tenses errors were survived at the end of the semester. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing can be inevitable.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a graduate school context in Southern South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study (N=13) show no progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors appeared in the pretest were Mechanics > Coherence or Cubing > Meaning > Agreement (Noun) > Article (A), and 3) Mechanics > Coherence or Cubing > Agreement (Noun) > Meaning > Preposition errors were survived at the end of the semester. Compared to the previous teaching context, my new students at a new university, called P university and graduate school students here after, show unique way of making errors in writing. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in Southern South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors in the pretest were Meaning > Paralleism > Thesis statement > Conjunction S+V, S+V > Connectives, and 3) Meaning > Sentence types (S+V) > Logic > Mechanics > Agreement (Noun numbers) errors were survived at the end of the semester. Compared to the previous teaching context, my new students at a new university, called P University, show unique ways of making writing errors. What makes this discrepancy? Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in the Southern part of South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show no progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors appeared in the pretest were Meaning > Word choice > Usage > Agreement (tense) > Agreement (Noun numbers) , and 3) Agreement (Noun numbers) > Usage > Preposition > Meaning > Agreement (Subject and Verb) errors were survived at the end of the semester. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

The idea behind this book is to combine the size dependent and alloying induced modi¿cations in the hydrogenation properties to achieve improved Pd-H interaction. To tailormade the size selected Pd, Pd-Ag and Pd-Cu nanoparticles, Gas Phase Synthesis technique is used because of its better size control over other techniques. The morphological, structural and electronic properties of the above nanoparticles were studied using XRD, TEM and XPS. TEM confirms the monodisperse and crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. XPS shows that the core level and valance band binding energies increase on decreasing the size of the nanoparticles which is consistent with the observed lattice contraction on decreasing the size as revealed by XRD studies. In-situ XRD in the presence of hydrogen predicted more hydrogen absorption in smaller nanoparticles. Elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) measurements on Pd, Pd-Ag and Pd-Cu nanoparticles, confirmed the increased incorporation of hydrogen in nanoparticles of smaller size. The increased hydrogen incorporation at smaller sizes has been attributed to the observed shift in XPS valance band binding energy away from the Fermi edge.

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in the Southern part of South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors appeared in the pretest were Agreement (Number) > Sentence types (Conjunction S+V, S+V) > Meaning > Parallelism > ST (Conjunction S+V, S+V) , and 3) Agreement (Noun numbers) > Meaning > Word Choice > Sentence types (Conjunction S+V, S+V) > Usage errors were survived at the end of the semester. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

Instrumentation in Life Sciences is a comprehensive guide that delves into the world of scientific instruments that drive the progress of life sciences. From the traditional compound microscope to advanced technologies like the Scanning Electron Microscope, Confocal Microscope, and Super-resolution Microscope, readers will explore how these instruments unlock the secrets of the unseen world. The book takes readers on an exploration of a wide array of instruments that are the cornerstone of modern life sciences research. From the Spectrophotometer - a workhorse for quantitative analysis - to cutting-edge technologies like Electrophoresis techniques, Polymerase Chain Reactions, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Positron Emission Tomography, this book provides a an-all inclusive description of how these instruments function and their vital roles in applications such as drug discovery, medical diagnostics, and structural biology. Whether you are a student embarking on your scientific journey or a seasoned researcher seeking a comprehensive reference, this book is your key to unlocking the mysteries of the micro and nano realms.

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in the Southern part of South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors appeared in the pretest were Meaning > Cubing or Coherence > Mechanics > Connectives > Word choice, and 3) Mechanics > Word Choice > Meaning > Usage > Agreement (Noun numbers) errors were survived at the end of the semester. Compared to the previous teaching context, my new students at a new university, called P university here after, show unique way of making errors in writing. What makes this discrepancy? Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

Monografiq poswqschena issledowaniü spektral'nyh swojstw, a takzhe porogowyh qwlenij dwuh i trehchastichnyh diskretnyh operatorow Shredingera na reshetke, sootwetstwuüschih sistemam dwuh i treh odinakowyh chastic (fermionow ili bozonow). Dokazano suschestwowanie beskonechnogo chisla sobstwennyh znachenij (äffekt Efimowa) dlq sistemy treh bozonow na trehmernoj reshetke. Ustanowleny suschestwowanie i konechnost' chisla sobstwennyh znachenij ätoj sistemy na odno i dwumernoj reshetkah. Nauchnoe znachenie rezul'tatow issledowaniq zaklüchaetsq w tom, chto oni mogut byt' ispol'zowany w spektral'noj teorii samosoprqzhennyh operatorow, kwantowoj mehanike, fizike twerdogo tela, kwantowoj teorii polq, w chastnosti, pri resheniqh zadach, swqzannyh so spektrom gamil'tonianow sistem dwuh i treh chastic na reshetke.Monografiq prednaznachena dlq magistrantow, doktorantow, nauchnyh sotrudnikow i prepodawatelej wuzow, interesuüschihsq spektral'noj teoriej operatorow Shredingera, sootwetstwuüschih sistemam dwuh i treh chastic na reshetke.

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in the Southern part of South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors appeared in the pretest were Agreement (Noun number) > Meaning > Mechanics > Main Verb (Transitive vs Intransitive) > Article (A) , and 3) Agreement (Noun numbers) > Usage > Preposition > Meaning > Agreement (Subject and Verb) errors were survived at the end of the semester. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing was suggested as the form of the quizzes.

We prepared composts from different organic wastes (pine needles, paper mill bagasse, pressmud and sugarcane trash) by enriched technique and evaluated their impact on soybean crop and soil physico-chemical and biological properties of soil. Supplementation of enriched compost with chemical fertilizers was better than enriched compost alone. The addition of 50 per cent recommended NPK with enriched compost was equally good as 100 per cent NPK, however, enriched compost + 75 per cent NPK performed slightly better than 100 per cent NPK. Therefore, application of enriched compost @10 t hä1 with 50 or 75 per cent NPK could easily save inorganic fertilizer to the extent of 25 to 50 per cent dose of recommended NPK for cultivation of soybean.

Har qanday sohaning o¿z terminologiyasi bo¿lishi uning istiqbollarini belgilashda muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. ¿Shaxmat terminlarining izohli lug¿ati¿ ham soha terminologik masalalarini qamrab olganligi bilan dolzarb ahamiyat kasb etadi. Albatta, barcha sport turlari qatori alohida e¿tibor qaratilayotgan shaxmatga oid terminlarning o¿zbek tilida ravon izohlangani soha taraqqiyotiga munosib hissa qo¿shadi. Qolaversa, mazkur sohaga oid terminlarning mänosi mutaxassislarga tushunarli bo¿lishi soha terminlarining tälim jarayoniga tatbiq qilinishiga ham xizmat qiladi. Zero shaxmat o¿yinini o¿ynash va o¿rgatish jarayonida terminlarning mazmun-mohiyatni chuqur anglash, ulardan to¿g¿ri foydalanish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi. Chunki bu o¿yinning qonun-qoidalarini mukammal o¿rganishni o¿z oldiga maqsad qilgan har bir insonga shaxmat terminlariga doir bilim va ko¿nikmalar nihoyatda muhim hisoblanadi.Ushbu lug¿at tizimli ravishda alifbo tartibida tuzilgan. Terminlar mohiyati aniq va tushunarli ilmiy tilda izohlangan.

CARI Shyama and Vanaraja are dual-purpose hybrids of poultry, used by the Department of Animal Husbandry (C.G.) to improve the livelihood of tribal peoples. The digestive system plays an important role in productivity, so to explore the gross, histomorphological, and histochemical characteristics of digestive system, the present investigation was undertaken. The experiment was conducted on sixty apparently healthy birds belonging to three different age groups viz. group 1 (day-old chicks), group 2 (8-week-old growers), and group 3 (16-week-old pullets). Tissues collected from these birds were subjected to gross, histomorphological and histochemical studies by employing Haematoxylin and Eosin, Van Geison¿s, Gomori¿s, Verhoeff¿s, PAS and PAS Alcian blue staining techniques. Body weight was significantly higher in growers and pullets of Vanaraja. The length of the intestine was significantly greater in chicks (31.4 ± 0.79 cm) and pullets (122.1 ± 1.40 cm) of Vanaraja. The diameter of the intestine significantly varied in different age groups of both breeds. The pancreas was composed of three lobes and significantly more weight was noticed in chicks (0.074 ± 0.0003 g) of CARI Shyama.

Nastoqschij sbornik qwlqetsq 10-m wypuskom iz serii «Problemy drewnej i srednewekowoj istorii Chacha». Sbornik sostoit iz 8 chastej. 1-q chast' sbornika «Pis'mennye istochniki» wklüchaet stat'ü H.Abdurasulowa «Panic on the grain market: Tashkent in the autumn of 1893» i stat'q A.Hodzhaewa «Voennyj pohod imperii Tan w Tashkent w 750 g.». 2-q chast' «Arheologiq» wklüchaet stat'ü G.I. Bogomolowa «K woprosu o kul'te ognq w Chache i Sogde» i stat'ü T.Norkobilowa, V. Minasqnc «Bronzowye kuwshiny X ¿ XII ww. iz Tashkentskogo regiona, hranqschiesq w sobranii GMIUz AN RUz». 3-q chast' «Numizmatika» wklüchaet stat'ü G.Babaqrowa «Nowyj wzglqd na prochtenie türko-sogdijskih monet s titulom «Farn-bag» i stat'ü A.A.Musakaewoj «Komplekt srednewekowyh raznowesow Chacha. V 4-j chasti «Toponimika» predstawlena stat'q Sh.S.Kamoliddina «K ätimologii gidronima Balhash». 5-q chast' «Istoriq kul'tury» wklüchaet stat'ü Sh.U.Bobozhonowa «Swadebnye obrqdy Tashkentskogo oazisa» i stat'ü Ya.V.Pylypchuka «Drewnie türki i ih literatura». V 6-j chasti «Recenzii» predstawlena recenziq Ya.V.Pylypchuka «Nowyj trud po sowremennoj istorii krymskih tatar». V 7-j chasti priwoditsq informaciq o nowoj knige, a w 8-j chasti - informaciq o cikle onlajn-lekcij.

In this book, the spectra of power graphs associated with finite groups have been explored. The power graph of a finite group G is an undirected graph whose vertex set is G and any two vertices in the graph are adjacent if and only if one of them is an integral power of the power. We first study the signless Laplacian spectra of the power graph of the finite cyclic group Z n and the dihedral group D n. When the number of vertices is large enough, we provide lower and upper bounds on the largest signless Laplacian eigenvalue of power graph of finite cyclic and dihedral groups. We also study the distance signless Laplacian spectra of power graphs of finite cyclic and dihedral groups.

The History of Tamang, as it is known, comes from different aspects and theories. Historians have a different view on the originality of Tamang. However, they believed their origin was of the Mongoloid stock to Tibet and later settled in the sub-Himalayan region. They also have distinct languages, customs, beliefs, rituals, and practices. The Tamang community is known for having a strong sense of community and social cohesion, so the society is based on kinship. Traditionally, Tamangs were involved in agriculture as their primary occupation and animal husbandry as their main livelihood. However, their source of income and work has changed over time, aiming or focusing on their economic development. Over a decade, Tamang has been exposed to marginalisation and dominance. However, the community has undergone lots of changes, be it socially and economically. One of the most significant impacts of the Tamang community has been on education. Education is the main pillar of development and amelioration for any society, compared to other communities.

This study was conducted to find out the effectiveness of my writing instruction and prepare for the following writing instruction in a university context in the Southern part of South Korea. To achieve the goal, three research questions were raised and answered in a given order; 1) Participants of the study did not show progress in writing in terms of accuracy and fluency, 2) The most frequently appearing errors showed their own hierarchical order, such as sentence types and meaning > mechanics > word choice > agreement > main verb > article, and 3) agreement > main verb > mechanics > sentence types > usage errors were survived at the end of the semester. Based upon the findings of the study, instructional intervention including writing can be inevitable. As for the solution, these errors were categorized suitable for the format of quizzes.

The study was undertaken to understand Carbontetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity as well as Fructose 1,6- diphosphate (FDP) protective role in rats with special reference to cellular Nitric acid Pathway. The results showed inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cellular nitric oxide synthase (cNOS) activities by CCl4 both in vitro and in vivo. However subsequent treatment of rats with FDP has restored the CCl4-induced changes in iNOS and cNOS activities reiterating the ameliorative role of FDP. Further, changes in serum NO2 - and NO3 - levels in CCl4-treated rats also registered near normalcy following FDP treatment. The study, thus highlights the fact that FDP attenuates CCl4-induced cellular toxicity in experimental animals with reference to cellular NO pathway.

In a world where data is generated at an unprecedented rate, organizations face the challenge of moving beyond conventional databases to store, manage, and derive valuable insights from their data. Data lakes, with their dynamic capabilities, provide a scalable, flexible, and cost-effective solution for the storage and processing of extensive and diverse datasets. They form the cornerstone for AI and machine learning initiatives, serving as the fertile ground for the development, training, and deployment of advanced AI models. We will delve into the monumental importance of data lakes in the AI era and elucidate how they act as enablers for the transformation of raw data into actionable insights.

This text book has been written to cater for the new Year one Computer Education syllabus trialed in Fiji secondary school for the year . It is a new text book and the first of its kind to be written locally. It is hoped that this book will be useful in implementing the syllabus but it should be understood that it is not the syllabus. The syllabus is the framework for the teacher to follow while this text book is a resource for the student. Therefore departure to other resource materials for more information will be acceptable. The text book is not the perfect piece of work as it has been prepared in a very short time, therefore suggestions for amendments will be welcomed. It is anticipated that this book will minimize the amount of time for teachers in lesson preparation and more time will be devoted to actual classroom teaching and learning. There may be a variety of opinion about the content of the topics, but for the beginner it is the best which gives the time and opportunity to become familiar with the basics before pursuing further into the field of study in greater detail.

Alanyaz¿ndaki çal¿¿malar son y¿llarda ö¿retmenlerin mesleki hayatlar¿n¿n giderek karmä¿klät¿¿¿n¿ ve yo¿unlät¿¿¿n¿; bunun da ö¿retmenler üzerinde bir strese sebep oldu¿una dikkat çekmektedir. Ö¿retmenler, tüm bilgi ve becerilerini maruz olduklar¿ bu mesleki stresle bäa ç¿kmak için kullansalar da tükenmi¿lik aç¿s¿ndan riskli meslekler aras¿nda gösterilmektedirler. Bu karmäa ve yo¿unluk insanlarla etkile¿imi yüksek olan ö¿retmenlerin i¿ verimlerini de etkilemektedir. Fiziksel aktivite ve spora kat¿l¿m¿n hem çocuklar hem de gençler üzerindeki olumlu etkilerine rämen al¿nan yeni kararlar zorunlu e¿itimin birinci kademesinde beden e¿itimi ve spor ö¿retmenlerinin ders yüklerinin ortadan kalkmas¿na, di¿er kademelerdeki ders say¿lar¿n¿n da azalmas¿na neden olmu¿tur. Her ö¿retmenin yäad¿¿¿ genel zorluklar¿n yan¿ s¿ra beden e¿itimi ve spor ö¿retmenlerinin bran¿a özgü yäad¿¿¿ bu zorluklar ve koçluk gibi ekstra rolleri göz önüne al¿nd¿¿¿nda daha fazla yük ve stresle mücadele etmektedirler. Bu arät¿rman¿n amac¿, beden e¿itimi ve spor ö¿retmenlerinin mesle¿e yönelik davran¿¿ ve yäant¿ modellerini tespit etmek ve demografik de¿i¿kenler aç¿s¿ndan incelemektir.

In this master's thesis, the issue of historical truth and its artistic interpretation in Mirmuhsin's novel "Temur Malik" is researched. In particular, historical figures such as patriot Temur Malik, Turkon Khatun, Jalaluddin Manguberdi, Genghis Khan, Muhammad Khorezmshah, fictional characters such as dancer Nigina, Aychechak, Karakoz Beka, Rukniddin reveal the unique aspects of the writer's individual style and writing skills. . The master's thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references. The first chapter is called "Mirnuhsin's place in Uzbek literature" and includes two chapters. The issue of "Historical truth and its artistic interpretation in Mirmuhsin's works" and "Mirmuhsin's ability to create an image" were studied. The second chapter is called "Historical images and depiction of social life in the novel Temur Malik" and includes two chapters. In this chapter, the problem of interpretation of "The image of Patriot Temur Malik", "Images of Muhammad Khorezmshah and the Mongol invaders" is researched.

It was aimed to develop the Metaverse Fear Scale (MFS) for secondary school students and to verify the validity, and reliability statistics using the Rasch model. The data collection process was carried out with the participation of 251 secondary school students studying at various levels. Scale development studies were formed from the steps of content, and construct validity. In the scope validity studies, the 28-item draft MFS prepared in the item pool was submitted to expert opinion. In line with expert opinion evaluations, and recommendations, 2 items were removed from MFS because they could not provide an adequate index of validity (CVI), item-content validity rate (I-CRV), and kappa values. The Rasch limitations of the MFS were realized through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and internal consistency analyses. In addition, item interactions, and test consistency of MFS were examined. In the Rasch modeling of MFS, dimensional analysis, item fit analysis, item polarities, and item calibration map were evaluated. Accordingly, in the dimensional analysis of MFS, the unexplained variance was 37.3%, and the variance of the first contrast over the entire data set was 5.7%.

The present study reveals that cent per cent of schools in Darjeeling District viewed that most of the children leave school due to stagnation, financial problems, lack of consciousness of parents, parent illiteracy, poverty and accessibility and distance of the school if the school is located very far even the parents and children shows reluctance to enrollment. It was found that accessibility to the primary schooling system was a significant factor in enrollment.Both male and female teachers are needed for every school to make the classroom effective. Still, at least one female teacher should be appointed in every school to understand the girls¿ problems, and even the female student's parents will not hesitate to send their wards to the school.

Nano-fibers have attained great research attention owing to their unique physico-chemical characteristics and broad implementation potential. These one-dimensional (1-D) nano-structures are being increasingly applied in bio-medical fields such as manufacturing the scaffolding materials for regenerate new tissues owing to their great surface area-to-volume ratio, high porosity by interrelated pore-configuration, and the suitable surface structure for cell attachment, proliferation, growth, adhesion, viability and differentiation. Nano-fibrous scaffolds with porous construction can mimic the Extra Cellular Matrix structure in providing the suitable area for cells in their micro-environment. Detailed analyses of nano-fibers effects on cellular functions have been carried out to choose the most appropriate candidates for promoting new tissue-regeneration in human body. Constructing nano-fibrous scaffolds for cell cultivating and implanting the scaffold-cell matrix in human body for tissue- regeneration is the most necessary requirement for bio-scientists nowadays. This book will consider important notes about this process briefly form novel explorations in tissue-engineering field.

Radiotherapy (RT) is the standard and widely used procedure for treating patients with head and neck cancer with successful results. In spite of the advancement of radiation techniques, this procedure is frequently associated with a wide range of oral complications, such as radiation caries, loss of taste, xerostomia, erythema, mucositis, trismus, and osteoradionecrosis, with significant impairment of the patient¿s quality of life. Hypersensitivity of the teeth, taste loss, oral bacterial shift, and periodontal breakdown are other problems of concern while treating patients undergoing radiotherapy. The postoperative complications hamper the prognosis of the treatment. Therefore it is inevitable to protect the surrounding tissues from radiation exposure. Various physical methods are also commonly used to reduce damage, including shielding, proper positioning, and multiple fields. As a preventive measure, radiotherapy protective devices/stents can be fabricated and used during the treatment. These devices are used to displace the position or shield tissues or assist in efficiently administering radiotherapy to the affected areas, thus limiting post-therapy morbidity.